Language Literature Research Articles

Dynamics of Language Processes, Literary Language Norms and Phenomena Under Reconstruction Or Crises of Communication In Bulgarian Society

The article traces the dynamics of several linguistic processes related to: the use of diminutive forms in contemporary Bulgarian language as dynamics and as a challenge of mastering these forms in Bulgarian language as a native and as a foreign language; the development of the grammatical category of definitiveness of the names of institutions, placing the emphasis on the vacillations of the literary requirement by means of the article morpheme to clearly underscore that a single referent is what is meant and this singleness is grammaticaly unfolded by using article morphemes; the processes of derflexivization of verbs like ‚be afraid of‘, ‚be ashamed‘ of, ‚smile‘, among others.

The Influence of Digital-Based Gamification on Student Engagement and Language Literacy Skills: A Study at Madrasah Tsanawiyah

The Influence of Digital-Based Gamification on Student Engagement and Language Literacy Skills: A Study at Madrasah Tsanawiyah

On Promoting Literacy in Regional and Minority Languages: Some Potential Pointers from Central and Eastern Europe for Trinidad English Creole

Based on current initiatives to promote literacy in several Central and Eastern European minority languages, the present article provides a reflective overview of a range of pointers that these case studies could potentially offer for Trinidad English Creole, a creole language spoken widely in the Caribbean twin-island nation of Trinidad & Tobago but which does not have official status in that jurisdiction. Though the case study may at first seem unusual, the article justifies the selection by briefly comparing and contrasting the relevant historical factors which have influenced the modern-day usage of several minority languages in Central and East Europe with the situation regarding Trinidad English Creole, drawing attention to shared factors such as the prevalence of language contact, diglossia, and sociocultural domination by external influences. After sketching the current state of the art regarding the usage and the wider (lack of) recognition of Trinidad English Creole, the study then outlines the chosen methodological approach, which is qualitative and desk-based in purview, and linking it to the author’s existing research studies which have centred on these themes and geographical areas. Subsequently, taking the Central and East European context as a point of departure, the study then outlines the different potential pointers which could lead to the promotion of greater literacy in Trinidad English Creole, noting that up until now the focus of governmental and educational efforts has coalesced around encouraging the uptake of Spanish as an additional language in Trinidad & Tobago. In observing changing attitudes to creole languages in the wider English-speaking Caribbean, the first point centres around awareness- raising, advocating for the existence of a specialist university-based institution to promote the research and academic study of Trinidad English Creole, thus emulating examples taken from other minority languages in Central and Eastern Europe such as Rusyn, South Estonian, and Kashubian. The second point relates to the potential development of intensive training courses (of several months’ duration) for Trinidad English Creole which could incorporate a literacy-based component. In presenting the Central and East European context, it gives a cursory overview of the possibilities for such courses, profiling the recent addition of specialised long-term courses designed to promote the uptake and spread of Lower Sorbian, whilst acknowledging the success of such programmes for Breton. In addition, similarly to the case of other Central and East European minority languages, such schemes could also encourage the production of necessary and relevant pedagogical materials to study, learn, and teach Trinidad English Creole in an effective and sustainable manner. Linked to the previous one, the third point relates to the potential development of language certification schemes for Trinidad English Creole, noting the existence of similar schemes for Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian. It also draws attention to the myriad other factors which are involved in creating and developing training programmes, including the potential viability and prospects of such initiatives.

Лексические особенности малкинского говора кабардино-черкесского языка

The purpose of the study is to determine the lexical features and main differences with the literary Kabardian language in the speech of the indigenous inhabitants of the villages of Batekh and Etoko in the lower part of the village of Malka (Hajihable) Zolsky district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time since the 50s of the twentieth century, the lexical features of the Malkin dialect of the Kabardian language have been comprehensively studied and characterized. The article analyzes the main differences in the vocabulary of the Malkin dialect in the context of the data of the literary language, reveals the lexical differences themselves, when identical concepts in the literary language and dialect are expressed in different lexical units, traces some differences in the design of the form of words that are common to the Malkin dialect and the literary language. The article also describes some inconsistencies in the semantics of lexemes in the studied dialect with the norms of the literary language. The obtained results show that the main lexical differences in the structure of the dialect and the literary language at the present stage can be divided into conditional groups: lexical ones, when the same concepts in the literary language and dialect are designated by different lexical units; discrepancies in the form of words that are common to the Malkin dialect and the literary language.

Early Language Literacy and Numeracy Skills of Kindergarten Learners in Talakag Bukidnon

In the contemporary context, young Filipinos from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds are encountering challenges in mastering fundamental language and numeracy skills, impeding their educational advancement. To address this issue, a study was conducted in Talakag District 1, Bukidnon during the 2022-2023 academic year, focusing on kindergarten learners aged 4-5. The study aimed to outline the participants’ characteristics, evaluate their proficiency in early language literacy and numeracy during the 1st and 2nd Quarters of the school year, and establish links between their learning skills and backgrounds. With 154 kindergarten learners involved, the study employed a descriptive correlational research approach, analyzing data using descriptive statistics and Spearman Correlation to identify significant relationships between language and math skills and participants’ profiles. The findings indicated a predominance of female participants with parents engaged in farming, holding a high school education, and earning a household income of P 9,999 or less. Moreover, the study revealed that the learners’ performance in early language literacy and numeracy neared proficiency levels in the specified quarters, emphasizing a noteworthy connection between their skills and background factors, particularly the mothers’ educational attainment. Recommendations included a focus on enhancing early language and math skills by the Department of Education and encouraging teachers and parents to allocate more time to enrichment activities.

The use of a computer-based program focused on the syllabic method to support early literacy in children with cochlear implants

BackgroundChildren with cochlear implants (CIs) often lag behind children with normal hearing (NH) in early literacy skills. Furthermore, the development of language skills associated with their emergent literacy skills seems to depend on good auditory access. Supporting language acquisition and early literacy in children with CIs may prevent difficulties in primary school. The use of technology may facilitate auditory and speech recovery in children with CIs, but evidence on computer-based early literacy programs is limited. ObjectiveThis study investigates (a) the effects of a computer-based program focusing on the syllabic method on the literacy skills of children with CIs (CIs group), comparing them with the literacy skills of a group of age-matched NH (normal hearing) peers (NHs group); (b) the associations between language and early literacy skills in the NHs group and between language, auditory and early literacy skills in the CIs group. MethodNine prelingually deaf children with CIs (M = 61.11, SD = 6.90) with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss and nine age-matched NH children participated in the program. Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) as measures of children's auditory skills were collected. All participants were tested on phonological, morphosyntax (grammatical comprehension and repetition), and early literacy skills (syllable blending and segmentation, syllable and word reading) (T1). Next, all children participated in the computer-based program for 12 weeks. After the program was completed (T2), only early literacy tests were administered to the children. ResultsAlthough, on average, both groups obtained higher scores in all literacy tasks at T2, the CIs group scored lower than the NHs group. In the CIs group, at T2 we found significant improvements in syllable segmentation (p = 0.042) and word reading (p = 0.035). In the NHs group, at T2 we found significant improvements in syllable segmentation (p = 0.034), syllable blending (p = 0.022), syllable reading (p = 0.008), and word reading (p = 0.009). We also found significant associations in both groups between measures of morphosyntax at T1 and measures of early literacy at T2. In addition, for the CIs group, we found significant associations between children's auditory performance at T1 and measures of morphosyntax at T1 and early literacy at T2. Conclusiona computer-based program focused on the syllabic method could support children with CIs in acquiring emergent literacy abilities. The auditory performance of children with CIs seems to influence their morphosyntax and later early literacy skills.

Validity and reliability of the translated Marathi version of the 14-item health literacy scale.

Various tools for measuring health literacy are designed to assess reading comprehension and numeracy in English speakers. There is a need to develop a tool in the vernacular language and estimate health literacy levels in Indian settings. The present study was conducted with the objectives to develop a Marathi version of a 14-item health literacy scale (HLS-14) to test the reliability and validity of its Marathi version and to estimate the health literacy among patients attending the out-patient department at a tertiary care centre. The present study was conducted among 50 adult patients attending the out-patient department of a tertiary hospital from July 2022 to December 2022. The 14-Item Health Literacy Scale available in English was translated into Marathi and back-translated to English, and the final version was developed. Bilingual study subjects were asked to fill the scales on day 0 and on day 7. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for internal validity, and the correlation coefficient was calculated for the reliability of the tool and health literacy was estimated. When items of the Health Literacy Scale were analysed, all the items barring 2, 6, and 10 gave an r-value of more than 0.70, which shows good reliability of each translated item. The Cronbach's alpha value found for the current translated Marathi questionnaire is 0.66. Internal consistency is good. The mean total health literacy score was 51.16 ± 6.81. A translated Marathi version of HLS-14 is developed, which is valid and reliable. The health literacy among the study participants is marginal.

A. N. Radishchev as an "archaist and innovator": linguopoetic and linguostylistic features of the great book (to the 275th anniversary of the birth)

The article considers the most important linguopoetic and linguostylistic characteristics of A. N. Radishchev’s "A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow". The research also focuses on the precedent phenomena in the text of the book, its connections with the European artistic tradition, and influence on the Russian literary language evolution, as well as on particular genres of Russian literature. The text is examined against the background of the dominant literary canons of sentimentalism at the time of its writing; the author creatively mastered some of these canons. Radishchev developed his individual style which synthesised three main linguistic elements: emotional-sensual, civic rhetorical, and common colloquial. Each of them is characterised by a certain set of linguistic means that are compositionally anchored in the text. The figurative devices of classicistic poetics, tropeic expressiveness, refined linguistic expressions borrowed from Western literature, and vocabulary new for the late 18th century form the compositional parts characteristic of the journey as a distinct literary genre. A. N. Radishchev uses Slavicisms, archaic morphological forms and obsolete syntactic constructions, neologisms based on Church Slavonic patterns to create high civic pathos and embody freedom-loving ideas. Low colloquial speech, folk phraseology, folklore inserts, aphorisms, and mixtures of styles shape the author’s narrative fragments and reflections related to specific life situations.

Travels with BERT: Surfacing the intertextuality in Hans Christian Andersen's travel writing and fairy tales through the network lens of large language model‐based topic modeling

AbstractHans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have garnered the greatest popular and scholarly attention despite the interdependence of works across the broad range of his artistic production. We read Andersen's fairy tales in concert with his travel writing to highlight the intertextual aspects that cross these seemingly distinct genres. We leverage recent advances in large language models (LLM) and network theory to generate representations that facilitate user exploration of these intertextual interdependencies across genres and across time. In the first part of our study, we use BERTopic and an LLM model fine‐tuned for nineteenth‐century Danish literary language to present independent and combined topic models of the two corpuses. This approach supports multi‐scalar analysis of intertextual elements within and across these corpuses, thereby implementing a method for macroscopic reading. In the second part of the study, we develop a series of networked representations of the dependencies between fairy tales, where these dependencies are generated on the basis of the shared intertextual topic space of the fairy tales and the travel writing.

POPULAR SCIENCE LINGUISTIC DISCOURSE IN MASS MEDIA: UPDATING LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE

The article deals with the specifi cs of functioning of popular scientifi c linguistic discourse in mass media. Popular science content is not mandatory for mass media. The main task of mass media is to communicate relevant information to the addressee. The functioning of popular scientifi c linguistic discourse in media sources of this type is conditioned by a number of factors that make scientifi c information relevant to the mass addressee. Based on the analysis of three print media (the newspapers Argumenty i Fakty, Izvestia and Kommersant) three factors of actu-alization of scientifi c linguistic knowledge have been revealed: 1) intellectual; 2) pragmatic; 3) informational and entertaining. The popular scientifi c linguistic discourse, the actualization of which is conditioned by the intellectual factor, helps the reader to comprehend actual facts and events. Linguistic information in this case can be presented in diff erent amounts and represented in diff erent ways. But at the same time popular scientifi c linguistic discourse is not independent, it is presented in the context of an event relevant to the reader. With the help of scientifi c knowledge, the mass addressee gets an opportunity to critically evaluate this event. Popular scientifi c linguistic discourse, the relevance of which is conditioned by the pragmatic factor, can be used by the addressee in practical speech activity. These are materials about the normative use of individual units of the Russian literary language and articles about the rules of speech interaction. The relevance of popular scientifi c linguistic discourse can be conditioned by the informational-entertainment factor: the reader as a language user shows interest in certain linguistic phenomena. On the basis of thematic analysis, the spheres of linguistic knowledge which are of the greatest interest to the mass addressee are singled out: 1) history of words and phraseologisms; 2) lexical meaning of obsolete and new words (neologisms); 3) the use of proper names. As the analysis has shown, popular scientifi c linguistic discourse in mass media is subordinated to the main principle of content formation — the principle of relevance. Communicative, genre and style specifi city, as well as the way of representation of linguistic information are determined by the in-tellectual, pragmatic or informational and entertaining factors of actualization of this discourse.

Developing multiple literacies in an EAP direct entry pathway program through integrated assessments

The multiliteracies framework provides a pedagogical approach relevant to English language direct entry pathway (DEP) programs at university, recognising that education and communication in a multicultural, multimodal, and globalised world involves more than language literacy. Integrated assessments, in which some combination of listening, speaking, reading, and writing are included and assessed, offer an appropriate form of assessment for this pedagogical context, but limited research explicitly connects the specific challenges and affordances of integrated assessments for assessing multiple literacies. The aim of this project was to consider how multiple literacies could be assessed through integrated assessment by conducting a review of the literature and applying this research to the collaborative development of an integrated listening-into-speaking task and rubric for use in our DEP programs. The proposed task and an approach to collaborative rubric development for integrated tasks is outlined.

MƏTNDƏKİ BƏDİİ DİLİN TƏSİRLİ ÇATDIRILMASINDA OXUNUN ROLU

The Role of Reading in The Effective Transmission of Literary Language in Text Summary The artistic nature of literature, resulting from the figurativeness of words, leads to the formation of such a field as the art of words. Taking into account the peculiarities of artistic language in the text when reading, giving life to words, touching the human soul largely depends on the smooth and expressive reading of works. The specificity of the form of existence of the artistic word depends on taking into account the characteristics of the artistic language when reading the fact that it gives endless beauty to works in this area, reflects the artist’s colors in the word, and resembles the human soul. In the process of learning to read texts, one cannot be satisfied with the ability of students to express their opinions in a communicative way. At the same time, the content of the work should not mean only a coherent idea. Because the text may be a story with communication, but it does not evoke any feelings in the other side, it does not excite him. So, in addition to communication, storytelling should include figurative language and expressiveness. Key words: reading text, artistic features of language, artistic expression, imagery, expressive reading

INNOVATIONS IN THE LEXICOGRAPHICAL PROCESSING OF ONYM LEXICON

The aim of the article is to analyze the innovativeness of the lexicographical interpretation of the corpus of proper names used in literary texts on Hutsul themes, in the appendix to the two-volume dictionary "Hutsul Dialect Lexicon and Phraseology in Ukrainian Literary Language" — "Onym Lexicon". The object of the study is the appendix "Onym Lexicon" to the two-volume dictionary "Hutsul Dialect Lexicon and Phraseology in Ukrainian Literary Language". The subject of the research is the innovativeness of the aforementioned appendix "Onym Lexicon". The main method of the research was the analytical-descriptive method. The result of the study is the identification and substantiation of the innovativeness of the lexicographical interpretation of the corpus of onyms in the format of the "Onym Lexicon" dictionary, created as an appendix to the two-volume dictionary "Hutsul Dialect Lexicon and Phraseology in Ukrainian Literary Language". This approach to the study of proper names through the prism of literary language has proven to be quite effective. It complements the methodology of dictionary interpretation of proper names with new theoretical and practical developments. A formula for the interpretation of each type of onym has been developed, taking into account the nominative-significative nature of each. At the same time, the results of this approach contain valuable information that is important for modeling and analyzing the regional-dialectal worldview through the prism of literary language. For example, oikonyms, and their prevalence in literary texts, indicate the significance and priority of certain settlements in the life of the Hutsuls. They record key centers of economic, historical-political, cultural-artistic, and religious spheres of the highlanders. Anthroponyms contain information about the connections of the Hutsuls with other peoples. Oronyms, from an informative point of view, are linguistic units that convey the harsh living and farming conditions of mountain dwellers and their love for their native land. Hagionyms and eortonyms contain information about the religiosity and piety of the Hutsuls. Other onyms also carry important information about the regional-dialectal worldview of the Hutsuls. The Hutsul linguistic worldview in its literary version would be impoverished and incomplete without the knowledge and information expressed by proper names. We see the prospects for further research on this topic in deepening the study of the possibilities of the "Onym Lexicon" dictionary-appendix for scientific understanding of the literary onomasticon and for modeling the regional-dialectal worldview of the Hutsuls.

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE NAMES OF NUTS IN THE DIALECTS OF THE MIDDLE BUG AREA

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of the names of nuts preserved in the dialects of the Middle Bug area. The object of the study is the specified layer of botanical vocabulary. The subject of the study is the phonetic, lexical-semantic and grammatical features, etymology and spatial distribution of colloquial names of nuts, their varieties (including Juglans regia L., Corylus avellana L., Arachis hypogaea L.), fruits and cultivars. The sources of the factual material are audio recordings of vernacular speech, made in 74 settlements of the Middle Bug area during the period of 2014–2016. The article uses general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis and observation. The expeditionary method made it possible to communicate directly with informants and record live vernacular speech using a voice recorder. Such special linguistic research methods as questionnaires and interviews contributed to the documentation of dialect speech. The descriptive method was used in the analysis of colloquial speech, while the method of linguistic geography made it possible to illustrate the areology of the recorded floranomens. We managed to record and introduce into scientific circulation 54 floranomens (taking into account descriptive constructions, phrases, diminutive forms and phonetic variants of some words), including 43 names for Juglans regia L., its fruits and cultivars, 5 names for Corylus avellana L. and 3 names for Arachis hypogaea L. Floranomens for hazel and peanut were documented on occasion. At the same time, we carried out a multilevel linguistic analysis of the corresponding floranomens, taking into account their phonetic, accentual, lexical-semantic, and partially syntactic features; clarified the motivation and etymology of the names, documented their spatial distribution in the Middle Bug area. We have provided samples of colloquial speech that complement and specify the information on nut cultivation in the surveyed area and are also valuable in terms of dialectology, phonetics, lexicology, grammar, ethnography, horticulture, etc. We drew parallels between colloquial vocabulary and the vocabulary represented in the Ukrainian literary language. The prospect of further research lays in the continuation of the description of the names of fruit trees in the dialects of the specified area.

SEMANTIC DYNAMICS OF BUSINESS IN STYLISTICS OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

The article is devoted to the linguistic and stylistic motivation of the "business" nature in the time and space of culture. The research idea regarding the need for professional analysis of the evolution of business is formulated and argued: from the primary meaning of the word to the modern one, which reflects the values and priorities of the development of the modern world, verbalized as a result of active processes of literary language development. The functioning of "business" concept in heterogeneous communicative fragments — in the structure of word combinations and fixed expressions — is studied, which explains the nature and scope of its application and the effective expediency of its use in multilingual contexts. The status of business in the language consciousness of society and the general state of business activity are considered through a diachronic comparison of the semantics of the term "business" in general language dictionaries of different editions. Therefore, attention is focused on common and professional definitions of the concept of business, their features and differences. For the dynamics of the objectivity of stylistic studies of business communication, it is determined that it is relevant to characterize the nature of business as a phenomenon, its strategies and tactics, which appear as systematized communicative intentions of speakers and determine effective models of their verbal interaction in this area. At this stage, we consider such tasks to be promising for further research, since business linguistics aspectology is projected onto the system of current issues that determine the vectors of development of national linguistics. Taking into account the development of multimedia technologies, which today actively affect all spheres of public communication, determine the dynamic nature of their functional and stylistic adaptation to the priorities and values of the mass audience, the task of the research perspective of creating and implementing an effective functional model of business communication, in particular, in the media space, was formulated.

A bilingual-bicultural literacy programme for deaf learners in Namibia

The poor academic performance and literacy level of deaf learners in Namibia are a major concern, and it is necessary to understand the center of the situation. Even though deaf learners can become proficient readers and writers, the challenge remains in finding an appropriate instructional approach to attain these results. This presents an even greater challenge, as deaf learners not only differ from their hearing peers, but also significantly differ from one another in terms of their various familial and social contexts, language use, and overall holistic development. The Bilingual-Bicultural approach is considered a good approach for teaching deaf learners, and it offers them the chance to become biliterate; therefore this study explored the impact of a Bilingual-Bicultural literacy program on 41 d/hh learners (age = 7-13 yrs). Through a one-group pre-test post-test design, a group of participants were pre-evaluated, followed by an intervention and post-evaluation. The intervention's main goal was to implement practical teaching strategies using a Bilingual-Bicultural teaching approach that can reduce the delay and gap in language learning and literacy for deaf learners. Results from t-tests calculated to determine the statistical significance of the pre and post-test with regard to the total scores and all the sub-tests for NSL as well as Written English skills indicated significant results (p< 0.05). The study offers insight into the psychology of teaching deaf learners while also advancing the theory and application of the Bilingual-Bicultural approach. Additionally, it promotes debate of the best practices for ensuring that deaf learners receive a quality education and full participation in society.

О механизмах влияния на речевой узус в эпоху консциентальной войны

Russian language preservation in modern geopolitical conditions is the subject of the article: during the war to defeat consciousness in everyday speech communication, there is a struggle for the preservation of the Russian language, culture, and mentality of the nation. The article says that the national language is preserved only through the use of a literary language. The author shows the mechanisms of influence on speech use by artificially forming the evaluative background of an utterance in order to influence the motivational aspect of a linguistic personality – its pragmaticon.The article describes how humanitarian intervention creates factors of destruction of culture and national language: historically established ethical rules of communication are broken, stylistically reduced speech patterns, false concepts are introduced, the prestige of a high level of language proficiency is denied. The author identifies channels of powerful influence on the Russian language from the English language:the language of the media, professional speech, and the design of the visual space of all public venues. The author shows that the issue of literary language protection affects a wide range of humanitarian problems in the life of the country, that the introduction of Anglicisms harms the lexical diversity of the Russian language and leads to a simplification of the cognitive picture of the world of native speakers. The article says that speech practice is the subject of research in various modern sciences about the life of language in society.

When the parish turns into a classroom: teaching pluriliteracies in regional collateral languages through place-based education (the case of Latgalian)

ABSTRACT Our paper discusses ways of connecting the acquisition of a regional language with learning processes related to specific places. For this aim, we relate the investigation of the Linguistic Landscape (LL) to the pluriliteracies teaching approach and to place-based learning. As an example, we use the case of Latgalian in Latvia: How can local multilingual and sociocultural realities as identified in the linguistic landscape enrich disciplinary content in regional language teaching, while also enhancing language awareness and active engagement among the students? And how can place-based education be used for developing (pluri)literacy in regional collateral languages? To this end, the paper first provides the background to place-based education, before turning to roles of Latgalian in public space and a recent LL study in Latgale. Then, we provide suggestions of how to ‘turn the parish into a classroom’, but also of how ‘to bring the parish into the class’ by using digital resources, e.g. language corpora. Finally, we suggest a set of components that influence place-based education for developing literacy in a regional collateral language and which may be taken into consideration when preparing educational projects. This paper is complementary to two other papers on Latgalian in this special issue.

Assessing multiliteracies: a systematic review and a perspective from Singapore

ABSTRACT The literacy demands on our students in the contemporary digital age goes beyond the reading of linguistic texts to include the viewing and representing with multimodal texts that make meanings across semiotic modes. Students need to possess multiliteracies to navigate the complex multimodal communication landscape and schools are responsible to both teach and assess multiliteracies. In this paper, we perform a systematic review of studies from 2013 to 2023 on multiliteracies and assessment in the English language classrooms and identified the themes of the importance of a metalanguage of multiliteracies for assessment, the productivity of multimodal analytical frameworks for assessment of students’ artefacts, and the preoccupation with language and print literacies in multiliteracies assessment. We reflect on these themes in relation to our multiliteracies project in Singapore and discuss how we have engaged with the issues on multiliteracies and assessment. Our findings attest to the need for a commonly shared pedagogic metalanguage to assess students’ learning of multiliteracies and the need to move beyond the focus on language and print literacy in assessment. Our paper contributes towards initiating a conversation on how multiliteracies can be equitably assessed in anticipation of the changes that must come in today’s digital age.

Analisis Redaksi Kinayah dalam Al-Qur’an Surah Thaha Ayat 110

Kinayah is a pronunciation of something, while what is meant is not what is said, even if that meaning is used linguistically. Example: tall stature (because the person is tall), what is meant is not just the linguistic meaning, but more than that, such as high dignity. The Qur'an was revealed in very clear Arabic and literature with very beautiful wording and was easily understood by all audiences, in fact it could beat the language of the poets of that century. Al-Qur'an al-Karim is the greatest Islamic miracle in the following centuries. The language style of the Qur'an is full of essence (original meaning), majaz (non-original meaning), isti'arah (borrowing one word for another word) and kinayah (specific allusion). During the period of ignorance, the Arabs already had a very high style of literary language because they were always trained in arguing, praising and flattering and demeaning someone using language as a medium. This can be seen from the many al-mu'allaqat hanging from the Kaaba as a tribute to poets who were instrumental in producing beautiful literary works in their poetry. On the other hand, Arabic literature at its peak had no value when compared with the Koran, so that the literary language that was famous at that time, such as mua'laqatt, felt bland when compared with the language of the Koran. He can even beat the literary language of his time until now. This is because the advantage of the language of the Koran is that it has a very selective language style in choosing appropriate, beautiful, easy and harmonious vocabulary, so that it can touch the mind and heart so that many people are interested in learning and understanding it. On the other hand, the Koran is a guide to human life because it provides clear instructions for carrying out every daily activity. The Koran includes all the rules that humans need to interact with each other, as well as the rules with the natural environment and especially the rules with the Creator. In a not too long period of time, the beauty of the language of the Koran spread throughout social life. This was acknowledged by famous Arab poets at that time, as explained in the history of Ibn Abbas, that Walid bin Mughirah came to the Prophet and the Prophet read the Koran to him. So Walid's heart softened because of it.