List Of Parameters Research Articles

Specification of the Procedural Programming Language

A simple procedural programming language is considered, each program of which can input integer values, process them and output new integer values as result. A program is a block with description of local integer variables and procedures and a list of statements. The language has data processing statements: assignment, input, output, conditional, loop, procedure call and block. Main purpose of the block is to enter local data (integer variables and procedures) that are used in the body of the block – a list of operators. The scope of the name of the local data described in the block is the text of the block except for nested blocks, where this name is redefined. A mechanism of automatic memory allocation for variables entered in the block is also associated with the block. Memory for local variables is allocated when entering a block, and freed when exiting a block. A block containing only a list of statements is valid. The procedure has a name, list of formal parameters, and a body – a statement (most often a block). Formal parameters are applied only in its body. A procedure is calculated by the procedure call statement, whose actual parameters are only variables. Parameters are passed by reference (pass-by-reference).A formal specification of a programming language is a description of its syntax and semantics. A concrete syntax, finite set of rules, singles out syntactically correct sequences of symbols of the alphabet of language. To describe the semantics of a language, as a rule, abstract syntax is used, adding contextual conditions to it. The task of semantics is to introduce the denotations (“meanings”) of the basic constructions of language and semantic functions that build the denotations of complex syntactic constructions based on the denotations of their components, including the program.The article provides a specification of a procedural programming language that uses the extended Backus-Naur form to describe a concrete syntax, and the tools of the functional language Haskell to describe other parts. Abstract syntax is defined by the types Program, Proc, Stmt, Expr and Op. Additional contextual conditions are predicates that use information about program data. Most of the context conditions are related to the correct use of data in the program. The leading predicate that checks the context conditions of the program pr is iswfProgram pr.The language denotations are based on the Work type. The value of this type – a tuple (inp, stg, out) models the environment in which the language program is executed: inp - input data, stg – memory containing variable values, out – resulting data. The semantics of main constructions procedure, statement and expression are functions of the type Work -> Work or Work -> Integer. The semantics of the program is a function of the type [Integer] -> [Integer]. Semantic functions build these denotations according to syntactic constructions, which are described by abstract syntax – Proc, Stmt, Expr, Program types. The semantics of the program (Program) pr is built by function iProgram pr.All functions: contextual conditions, denotations and semantic functions are pure functions. Using Haskell tools, a function called parsePLL is built, which connects concrete and abstract syntax. It is shown how by combining the functions parsePLL, iswfProgram and iProgram you can get a procedural language – a pure function with the name interpret.

Toward More General Turbulence Models via Multicase Computational-Fluid-Dynamics-Driven Training

The accuracy of machine-learned turbulence models often diminishes when applied to flow cases outside the training data set. In an effort to improve the predictive accuracy of data-driven models for an expanded set of cases, an extension of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-driven training framework consisting of three key steps is proposed. Firstly, a list of candidate flow-related parameters is selected to supplement Pope’s general tensor basis hypothesis. Secondly, modeling an additional production term may benefit the overall predictions in certain situations. Finally, the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) evaluations of candidate models are performed on several different flows simultaneously during the model training iterations. Five free-shear and five wall-bounded flow cases are chosen to train or test data-driven turbulence models. It is shown that the machine-learned models from the present multicase CFD-driven framework can significantly improve the predictive accuracy for the test cases where the baseline RANS results showed significant error from the ground truth. Meanwhile, for cases in which the baseline produced good results, the new models do not perform worse. Further analysis shows that the new models can adapt to opposite trends of turbulent diffusion required for the different cases with a common correction. Moreover, the trained models can be simplified and still achieve similar improvement as the whole expressions.

Parametric study on lateral behaviour of composite shear walls with high-strength manufactured sand concrete

The traditional reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall showed limited seismic performance under extreme earthquakes when deployed at the bottom of high-rise buildings, due to the presence of high axial compression ratios. In this study, a novel composite shear wall was proposed to improve the seismic performance at high axial compression ratios, in accordance with recent demands for eco-friendly materials. The novel composite wall integrated the high-strength manufactured sand (MS) concrete, ring-stirrup and steel tube to fully maximize material efficiency and achieve inter-enhancement. A quasi-static test was at first carried out on the proposed composite shear wall, which validated the expected enhancement on its lateral mechanical behaviour preliminarily. On this basis, a refined finite element (FE) model was established for the test specimen by considering the nonlinearity and cyclic behaviour of materials, in order to provide further insights into its behaviour under lateral loads. The established FE model was verified against the test data, which showed a good agreement between the numerical prediction and the test result. Meanwhile, a list of key parameters was identified according to their influence on the lateral behaviour of the composite wall, including the axial compression ratio, yield strength of steel tubes, compressive strength of concretes, reinforcement ratio in concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns, and space between ring-stirrups. On this basis, a series of parametric investigations were carried out with the validated FE model, by varying the selected key parameters. In general, the research output offered a constructive guideline and data support for the expected engineering application of the proposed composite shear wall.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Wetland Ecosystems Using Bayesian Belief Networks

Wetlands are valuable natural capital and sensitive ecosystems facing significant risks from anthropogenic and climatic stressors. An assessment of the environmental risk levels for wetlands’ dynamic ecosystems can provide a better understanding of their current ecosystem health and functions. Different levels of environmental risk are defined by considering the categories of risk and the probability and severity of each in the environment. Determining environmental risk levels provides a general overview of ecosystem function. This mechanism increases the visibility of risk levels and their values in three distinct states (i.e., low, moderate, and high) associated with ecosystem function. The Bayesian belief network (BBN) is a novel tool for determining environmental risk levels and monitoring the effectiveness of environmental planning and management measures in reducing the levels of risk. This study develops a robust methodological framework for determining the overall level of risks based on a combination of varied environmental risk factors using the BBN model. The proposed model is adopted for a case study of Shadegan International Wetlands (SIWs), which consist of a series of Ramsar wetlands in the southwest of Iran with international ecological significance. A comprehensive list of parameters and variables contributing to the environmental risk for the wetlands and their relationships were identified through a review of literature and expert judgment to develop an influence diagram. The BBN model is adopted for the case study location by determining the states of variables in the network and filling the probability distribution tables. The environmental risk levels for the SIWs are determined based on the results obtained at the output node of the BBN. A sensitivity analysis is performed for the BBN model. We proposed model-informed management strategies for wetland risk control. According to the BBN model results, the SIWs ecosystems are under threat from a high level of environmental risk. Prolonged drought has been identified as the primary contributor to the SIWs’ environmental risk levels.

Herbicide Fate and Transport in the Great Barrier Reef: A Review of Critical Parameters

Herbicides used for weed management on agricultural land in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef catchments are a key concern for its ecosystem, including the lagoon’s marine plants and corals, whose productivity has been found to decline. The most reliable way to assess herbicide risk is by monitoring a site regularly, but this is costly and time-consuming, so numerical simulations and computer models are an alternative method. Despite the availability of low-cost and less labor-intensive modelling methods, they have been limited in their effectiveness due to a lack of specific herbicide usage data and an inadequate understanding of the breakdown and transport processes of herbicides after application. This paper reviews current findings regarding herbicide risk in all Great Barrier Reef catchments according to their agricultural land use, and the most recent Reef Water Quality Protection Plan recommendations. The various pathways for fate and transport of the herbicides were also examined, and a list of critical parameters was developed to help with computer simulations. The accuracy and reliability of modelling can be improved by including aerial drifts, interceptions by crop residues, mechanisms within the root zone, and subsurface and groundwater contributions to the herbicide load in the GBR lagoon. Moreover, the findings will provide new directions for management practices adoption data with the fate and transport model from paddock to reef and improve the reliability of model results.

PROPOSALS TO IMPROVE THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS FOR QUALIFICATION OF JUDGES

Abstract: the article points out the imperfection of the legal regulation of the qualification certification of judges and suggests some changes aimed at optimizing this important component of the formation of a highly qualified judicial corps. The author formulated the purpose and objectives of the qualification certification of judges. A list of additional information submitted to the judge's attestation case is proposed. Taking into account the analysis of foreign experience, the list of parameters by which the judge should be evaluated is highlighted. Evaluation criteria, their content and sources of information for each criterion are defined for each parameter. Qualification certification of judges is classified by type (scheduled, un-scheduled and repeated), their purpose is disclosed. The conclusion is made that the negative result of the qualification certification should be considered as a reason for an appropriate verification of facts and circumstances with the conclusion that there are or are not signs of disciplinary misconduct in the actions (inaction) of the judge, or that the judge does not meet the requirements established by regulatory legal acts or the Code of Judicial Ethics, or insufficient qualifications. Measures to eliminate conflicts of interest in the certification process are proposed.

Using early health economic modeling to inform medical innovation development: a soft robotic sock in poststroke patients in Singapore.

Based on a real-world collaboration with innovators in applying early health economic modeling, we aimed to offer practical steps that health technology assessment (HTA) researchers and innovators can follow and promote the usage of early HTA among research and development (R&D) communities. The HTA researcher was approached by the innovator to carry out an early HTA ahead of the first clinical trial of the technology, a soft robotic sock for poststroke patients. Early health economic modeling was selected to understand the potential value of the technology and to help uncover the information gap. Threshold analysis was used to identify the target product profiles. Value-of-information analysis was conducted to understand the uncertainties and the need for further research. Based on the expected price and clinical effectiveness by the innovator, the new technology was found to be cost-saving compared to the current practice. Risk reduction in deep vein thrombosis and ankle contracture, the incidence rate of ankle contracture, the compliance rate of the new technology, and utility scores were found to have high impacts on the value-for-money of the new technology. The value of information was low if the new technology can achieve the expected clinical effectiveness. A list of parameters was recommended for data collection in the impending clinical trial. This work, based on a real-world collaboration, has illustrated that early health economic modeling can inform medical innovation development. We provided practical steps in order to achieve more efficient R&D investment in medical innovation moving forward.

ОБЛІКОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЯК ЕЛЕМЕНТ ПІДГОТОВКИ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ РІШЕНЬ

The article describes the problems of information support for the development of management decisions when using target indicators of the strategic development of the enterprise. It is substantiated that under modern conditions, the information resource becomes a leading element in the system of factors that influence the construction of an effective enterprise management strategy. The research focuses on the concept of using a system of complex indicators as a basis for management, which helps to transform complex, vague concepts into precise criteria, which will ultimately help top managers realize the main goal. The communication process for clarifying the strategy should become an incentive for actions aimed at achieving corporate goals. The presence of feedback during the arrangement and balancing of the indicator system helps every employee of the company to realize: separate areas of activity become a single whole, and the own position of the structural unit affects the final result. The process of planning, formulating tasks and strategic initiatives should determine specific quantitative indicators of the company's activity in view of a balanced set of factors that led to these results. A comparison of the desired indicators with the actual ones should reveal gaps and shortcomings against the background of the implementation of the necessary strategic initiatives. Therefore, a qualitative set of certain information should be not only a list of change parameters, but also an indicator for the formation of a certain management mechanism. Information support should be the main component of the process of harmonizing the structure and methods of management, combining the latter into a system that would make it possible to manage the enterprise and be oriented towards the effective achievement of operational, tactical and strategic goals. It was determined that with the transition from traditional methods of accounting, planning, analysis and control to a single system of receiving, processing information and making management decisions based on it, new methods of information support for strategic decisions become relevant.

Sustainable City Evaluation Using the Database for Estimation of Road Network Performance

This article introduces the Database for Estimation of Road Network Performance (DERNP) to enable wide-scale estimation of relevant Road Network Performance (RNP) factors for major German cities. The methodology behind DERNP is based on a randomized route sampling procedure that utilizes the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) in combination with the tile-based HERE Maps Traffic API v7 and a digital elevation model provided by the European Union’s Earth Observation Programme Copernicus to generate a large set of independent and realistic routes throughout OpenStreetMap road networks. By evaluating these routes using the PHEMLight5 framework, a comprehensive list of RNP parameters is estimated and translated into polynomial regression models for general usage. The applicability of these estimations is demonstrated based on a case study of four major German cities. This case study considers network characteristics in terms of detours, infrastructure, traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions. Our results show that DERNP and its underlying randomized route sampling methodology overcomes major limitations of previous wide-scale RNP approaches, enabling efficient, easy-to-use, and region-specific RNP comparisons.

Parametric analysis of Russian-Persian dictionaries of military terms

This article is devoted to the analysis of Russian-Persian military dictionaries by J.M. Mirzabekyan, G.G. Aliyev and Kh.B. Mavlyutov, which are by far the most authoritative dictionaries among Iranian translators. The mega-media and microstructure of the mentioned military dictionaries are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as some problems of Persian equivalents representation in these dictionaries are considered. Since the main objective of this research work is the study of Russian-Persian dictionaries that are accepted by translators of military terms, an attempt was made to present a parametric analysis of the micro-, media- and macrostructure of the mentioned dictionaries. The parametric analysis is the most effective tool for typological description; it is universal in the sense that it allows you to expand the list of parameters. Considering these dictionaries as the major dictionaries in the military sphere, the authors attempted to show the need to update not only their structure, but also their Persian equivalents. The results of the analysis reveal some problems arising primarily out of the fact that some terms are outdated and no longer in use in modern Persian terminological language. Any a new Russian-Persian dictionary in this field should be aimed at clarifying and specifying term equivalents. As for the megastructure of dictionaries, they contain applications that provide extralinguistic information necessary for translating texts in this field that should be included in new dictionaries. In the considered dictionaries, the media structure is rarely framed, and thematic and semantic relationships between vocabulary units are not established. The design of the media structure of the dictionary gives it an additional educational character, which makes it of practical significance for students of technical universities, the main users of the new dictionary.

STUDIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE PRODUCTION OF GRINDING BALLS FROM THE REJECTION OF RAIL STEEL ON THEIR IMPACT RESISTANCE

Based on the conducted research, a list of technological parameters of steelmaking and rolling processing that have a significant impact on the impact resistance of grinding balls from the rejection of K76F grade rail steel in the conditions of JSC "Guryev Metallurgical Plant" has been determined. Using standard methods of statistical and metallographic analyses, the degree and nature of the influence of these parameters on the rejection of grinding balls based on the results of copra tests has been established. It is determined that an increase in the content of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur in steel leads to an increase in the rejection of grinding balls according to the results of impact resistance tests. At the same time, the influenceof carbon is associated with the formation of cementite–type carbides when the carbon content increases to over-eutectoid values, the influence of hydrogen is associated with the formation of floccenes, and the influence of sulfur is associated with the formation of non-plastic sulfides. According to the rolling conversion, a significant effect of an increase in the temperature of rolling balls on an increase in their impact resistance was established, due to an increase in the plasticity of K76F steel in the actual rolling temperature range (an increase in the probability of defects brewing during deformation). It is determined that the total relative degree of influence of the parameters of steelmaking and rolling processing on the rejection of balls during impact resistance tests is 71%, the remaining 29% relate to the influence of the parameters of the heat treatment of balls, which is confirmed by the results of metallographic studies (quenching cracks were detected in the fracture of the balls).

Semi-detached double-lined eclipsing binaries with Gaia DR3 data

Semi-detached double-lined eclipsing binaries (SD DLEB) play an important role in our understanding of basic properties of interacting binaries. We have collected data on semi-detached systems with available light and radial velocity curve solutions, and have compiled the most comprehensive list of SD DLEB, containing astrophysical and orbital parameters. The goal of this work was to make a cross-identification of the catalogued objects with Gaia DR3 archive. We have supplied our catalogue with data from Gaia DR3 as well as multicolor photometry from SIMBAD, and make a preliminary analysis of the results.

Using the potential of the creative economy to restore Ukraine

Abstract The concept of the creative economy in the modern global world is filled with new meanings and acquires many qualitatively new features and properties. The article describes the development of creative economy models. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the creative economy in EU countries and Ukraine was carried out. Through statistical analysis of creative activities in the economy of Ukraine, we determined the list of growth parameters. Using analysis of the studies on the creative economy in Ukraine, we determined the peculiarities and problems of its formation to formulate the principles and priorities of the state policy for the development of the creative economy in Ukraine. The modern model of the creative economy of Ukraine is proposed to be supplemented by the development of creative human potential.

Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of regional infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities in the context of the synergy effect: analysis, formation and study

The objective of the study is to develop a method for the evaluation of efficiency of the regional infrastructure facilities for the support of scientific, research, technical and innovation activities. This paper presents an analysis of the methods currently used in Russia and abroad, identifying their advantages and disadvantages. Based on the analysis, the author suggests a list of parameters characterizing the given domain, and develops a system for the integrated parameter calculation; a list of the regions is provided with the potential for the most objective efficiency evaluation and testing of the developed method; conclusions are made based on the demonstrated calculations. As a result, the developed method is considered effective and promising. Regardless of the composite index currently being in the stability zone, some of its components may lie in the catastrophic risk zone, posing potential threats to the further innovative development of the subject. At the same time, it is found out that an important role in the efficient functioning of the infrastructure supporting the scientific, research, technical and innovation activities belongs to the legislative environment and the closed innovative cycle (synergy effect).

Advertising Content of Video Bloggers: Determining the Optimal Parameters

Video hosting has received rapid development at the present time. This has led to its use for advertising and marketing purposes. The article presents the results of the author's empirical research. The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal parameters of advertising in video blogs. Through a survey of video blog users the authors identified a number of parameters: the degree of user confidence in the opinion of bloggers and in the goods advertised by them; the correlation between the status of a blogger and the degree of user confidence in advertising posted on his video blog; the most attractive products or services for advertising in video blogs; the most attractive video blog advertising format; the optimal duration of the commercial in the video blog; the attitude of video blog visitors to pop-up ads; the optimal location of advertising in the video blog; and change of the purchasing behavior of users under the influence of advertising in a video blog. The results obtained made it possible to present a list of parameters for the effective use of advertising in video blogs. An attempt to determine these characteristics is important as it allows us to answer many questions related to the use of advertising in video hosting. The authors gave recommendations for future studies of advertising in video blogs.

Cardiopulmonary long-term effects in patients after hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection

Abstract Background Multiple studies have described acute effects of the Covid-19 infection on the heart, but little is known about the long-term cardiac and pulmonary effects and complications after recovery. The aim of this analysis was to deliver a comprehensive report of symptoms and possible long-term impairments after hospitalization because of Covid-19 infection as well as to try to identify predictors for Long-Covid. Methods This was a prospective, multicenter registry study. Patients with verified Covid-19 infection, who were treated as in-patients at our dedicated Covid hospital (Clinic Favoriten), have been included in this study. In all patients, testing was performed approximately 6 months post discharge. During the study visit the following tests and investigations were performed: detailed patient history and clinical examination, transthoracic echocardiography, electrocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest computed tomography (CT) scan, lung function test and a comprehensive list of laboratory parameters including cardiac bio markers. Results Between July 2020 and October 2021, 150 patients were recruited. Sixty patients (40%) were female and the average age was 53.5±14.5 years. Of all patients, 92% had been admitted to our general ward and 8% had a severe course of disease, requiring admission to our intensive care unit. Six months after discharge the majority of patients still experienced symptoms and 75% fulfilled the criteria for Long-Covid. Only 24% were completely asymptomatic (figure 1). Echocardiography detected reduced global longitudinal strain (GLS) in 11%. Cardiac MRI revealed pericardial effusion in 18%. Furthermore, cardiac MRI showed signs of former peri- or myocarditis in 4%. Pulmonary CT scans identified post-infectious residues, such as bilateral ground glass opacities and fibrosis in 22%. Exertional dyspnea was associated with either reduced forced vital capacity measured during pulmonary function tests in 11%, with reduced GLS and/or diastolic dysfunction, thus providing evidence for a cardiac and/or pulmonary cause. Independent predictors for Long-Covid were markers of a more severe disease course like length of in-hospital stay, admission to an intensive care unit, type of ventilation as well as higher NT-proBNP and/or troponin levels. Conclusion Even 6 months after recovery from Covid-19 infection, the majority of previously hospitalized patients still suffer from at least one symptom, such as chronic fatigue and/or exertional dyspnea. While there was no association between fatigue and cardiopulmonary abnormalities, impaired lung function, reduced GLS and/or diastolic dysfunction were significantly more prevalent in patients presenting with exertional dyspnea. On chest CT approximately one fifth of all patients showed post infectious changes in chest CT including evidence for myo- and pericarditis as well as accumulation of pericardial effusions. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Major fund

Objective assessment of vehicle controllability in straight-line motion

Introduction (statement of the problem and relevance). The problem of vehicle handling and stability during rectilinear motion was raised in the first half of the 20th century, and today this issue is still relevant. The requirements for handling, including during rectilinear movement of modern cars, are getting tougher. Straight-line stability and long-distance directional stability affect driver's fatigue, his driving safety and pleasure, as well as car fuel efficiency. Besides it, to provide modern driver assistance system, the car should possess good straight-line stability. At the same time, the design mustn't be affected by unbalanced forces and torques that could cause the trajectory deviation of the vehicle. There comes a need for an objective controllability and stability assessment of the car in a straight line.The purpose of the research was to analyze the existing methods for studying rectilinear motion controllability, to develop objective parameters for evaluating such motion, and to apply the worked out solutions when analyzing vehicle tests results.Methodology and research methods. Mathematical analysis, comparison, experiments, measurements were applied as research methods.Scientific novelty and results. The results have been presented in the form of a developed straight motion evaluation parameters list and were processed by calculating objective evaluation parameters. The scientific novelty is presented by the parameters of the driver's work objective assessment, and the first step has been made to correlate the objective and subjective assessment of the test driver.Practical significance. The developed method of the objective assessment can be applicable to all vehicles with traditional steering control.

DENTAL STATUS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH MOUTH BREATHING

There is an increase in the number of children who have complicated nose breathing and its oral type. Preschool children are of particular concern according to clinicians. These circumstances contribute to the occurrence of a cariogenic situation in the oral cavity, namely, a violation of the quantitative and qualitative composition of oral fluid, a decrease in its remineralizing ability, a deterioration of oral hygiene and an increase in the population of cariogenic microflora. The purpose of our study was to assess the dental status of preschool children with oral breathing to develop more effective methods of preventing caries of temporary teeth that can be applied chairside during the dental appointment.
 During the research two groups of examined children 3 to 6 years old were formed: Group I 89 people with oral breathing (35 with allergic rhinitis, 42 with adenoids hypertrophy, 12 with open bite); II group (control) – 76 somatically healthy children without signs of orthodontic pathology. The presence of oral breathing was determined using a functional breathing test. Dental status was assessed by caries indices, Fedorov-Volodkina hygiene index and oral fluid pH.
 Research results and their discussion. According to the results of the examination it was found that there was no significant difference in the prevalence and intensity of caries of deciduous teeth, oral hygiene and the pH of oral fluid in children with oral breathing depending on the presence of allergic rhinitis, adenoid hypertrophy and bite pathology (р≥0.05). Therefore, there is no need to consider each of the groups separately in further research.
 According to the obtained data we have a significant difference in the prevalence and intensity of caries of deciduous teeth between both research groups. According to the results of examinations the prevalence of caries in children with oral breathing is almost 2 times higher than in practically healthy children. The same situation is observed when determining the caries intensity parameters, both according to the index DEF (teeth) and DEF (surfaces).
 Having evaluated the results of hygiene index determination the same dependence was obtained, namely, significantly higher indicators are noted in children with oral breathing. According to the data it was found that the oral hygiene of children of the research group with caries was at the level of “poor”, without caries – “unsatisfactory”. The participants of the control group with caries corresponded to the lower margin of the “satisfactory” level and the subjects without caries corresponded to the upper limit of the “satisfactory” state of oral hygiene. Survayed with caries have significantly higher parameters than those without it in both groups (≤0.05).
 According to the results of the pH index determination of oral fluid in preschool children, the same significant dependency between the data was found, as in previous studies. A significant difference was also found between the pH values of the oral fluid depending on the presence tooth caries. The acidity of mixed saliva was always higher in children with dental caries than in children without it in both research groups. The highest values were more distinctive for children with oral breathing (р≤0.05).
 A lower oral hygiene level was found in children with oral breathing, which provokes a shift of the pH balance of the oral fluid to the acidic direction compared to practically healthy subjects. This situation is complicated by the presence of caries of deciduous teeth. The deterioration of the studied parameters with age is also noted, which allows us to assume the dependence of the oral hygiene condition, the pH index of mixed saliva with an increase in the occurrence of oral breathing and the duration of the adjunct pathology. The physical parameters of the oral fluid have a direct effect on the neutralization of acids and the improvement of the cleaning quality of hard tissues.
 Conclusion. Therefore, the obtained data can serve as a background for the prescription of the previously proposed complex of treatment and preventive measures in children with hypertrophy of adenoids [8] for persons with concomitant diseases characterized by oral breathing.
 The perspective of further research is the study of a more extended list of parameters of oral cavity homeostasis in children with oral breathing as well as the study of the influence of the treatment and prevention complex on these parameters.

Selection of Stationary Phase and Mobile Phase in High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Selection of ideal mobile phase and stationary phase is very important to get accurate separation of mixtures or impurities as a whole. There indeed are parameters which are explained in this article, important to be kept in mind while a method development of HPLC method. But as such there is no list of such parameters and their accurate limits can be applied while method development. In this article, there have been mention of certain parameters which are generally looked for, and not exact, but optimal application of such has been discussed. When we talk about stationary phase, parameters which we tend to optimize very often include mostly commonly the pH of the analyte as well the mobile phase used and stability of the column packing material over a range of temperature. Choosing of stationary phase greatly depends on the nature of analyte. Stationary phase will depend and vary simultaneously if analyte is lipophilic or an ionic compound. In order to increase separation and increase mass transfer there have been new addition to column packing material apart from the widely used silica. New advances result into greater column loading, better flow, reduced plate height and reduced back pressure. Leaving alone stationary phase, mobile phase selection is also a task of its own. Very commonly used mobile phase solvents include acetonitrile, methanol, THF, water and buffer of salts like acetate, phosphate, etc. Apart from these traditional choices, there have been use of pressurized hot water and ionic liquids as mobile phases which are termed as “Environmental-friendly” because these solvents are devoid of any organic counterpart or organic modifier in them, which produces harmful fumes on getting heated. Apart from the environmentally friendly mobile phase options, we have some specific chemicals to be used when chemical property of the analyte is specific.

Effects of spray-drying parameters on physicochemical properties of powdered fruits

This review features different powdered fruits with optimal storage stability and physiochemical parameters. Spray-drying parameters, such as temperatures and flow rate, can affect the physical properties of powders. Carrier agents provide powders with various favorable qualities, e.g. good flow rate. Commercial spray-drying of fruit juice knows different carrier agents. 
 The review involved scientific and methodological publications, conference papers, patents, regulatory papers, and Internet resources. They were subjected to grouping, categorization, comparative analysis, and consolidation. 
 Inlet temperature, maltodextrin concentration, and air flow rate of spray-drying increased the powder yield but decreased the moisture content. Inlet temperature, maltodextrin concentration, and feed flow rate affected the solubility. Effects of atomization rate, air flow rate and free flow rate were assessed in terms of yield, moisture content, hygroscopicity, and solubility. 
 The article introduces the fundamentals of spray-drying and describes the effect of each spray-drying parameter on the powder quality. The list of parameters included inlet air temperature, atomization rate, air flow, and feed flow rate. We also evaluated the impacts of various carrier agents on the powder quality. The article contributed to a better understanding of how variable parameters affect the quality of food powders. The results provide the food industry with better choice options to adopt certain parameters for specific production needs.