Liquid-phase Method Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of High-Purity, High-Entropy Diboride Ceramic Powders by a Liquid Phase Method

A nano-dual-phase powder with ultra-fine grain size was synthesized by the liquid precursor method at 1200 °C. A series of single-phase high-entropy ceramic powders ((Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb)B2, (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta)B2, (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Mo)B2, (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo)B2) with high purity (C content less than 0.9 wt% and O content less than 0.7 wt%) and ultrafine (average grain sizes of 340–570 nm) were successfully synthesized at 1800 °C. The sample of (TiZrHfNbTa)B2 exhibited a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure, and the metal elements were uniformly distributed at the nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale. This method did not apply to the preparation of all high-entropy ceramic powders and was unfavorable for the formation of single-phase high-entropy borides when the size difference factor exceeded 3.9%. The present work provides a guide for the development of ceramic-based composites through precursor impregnation pyrolysis.

Air-Stable Ni Catalysts Prepared by Liquid-Phase Reduction Using Hydrosilanes for Reactions with Hydrogen.

The liquid-phase reduction method for the preparation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) by the reduction of metal salts or metal complexes in a solvent with a reducing agent is widely used to prepare Ni NPs that exhibit high catalytic activity in various organic transformations. Intensive research has been conducted on control of the morphology and size of Ni NPs by the addition of polymers and long-chain compounds as protective agents; however, these agents typically cause a decrease in catalytic activity. Here, we report on the preparation of Ni NPs using hydrosilane (Ni-Si) as a reducing agent and a size-controlling agent. The substituents on silicon can control not only the size but also the crystal phase of the Ni NPs. The prepared Ni NPs exhibited high catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds, aromatics, and heteroaromatics to give the corresponding hydrogenated products in high yields. The unique feature of Ni catalysts prepared by the hydrosilane-assisted method is that the catalysts can be handled under air as opposed to conventional Ni catalysts such as Raney Ni. Characterization studies indicated that the surface hydroxide was reduced under the catalytic reaction conditions with H2 at around 100 °C and with the assistance of organosilicon compounds deposited on the catalyst surface. The hydrosilane-assisted method presented here could be applied to the preparation of supported Ni catalysts (Ni-Si/support). The interaction between the Ni NPs and a metal oxide support enabled the direct amination of alcohols with ammonia to afford the primary amine selectively.

Phytic Acid-Promoted Exfoliation of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for the Fabrication of Photothermal Antibacterial Coatings.

Medical device-associated infections (MDAI) caused by planktonic pathogens are of serious concern worldwide due to the emergence of drug resistance resulting from continuous overuse or misuse of antibiotics. Therefore, the design of non-antibiotics-based treatment for MDAI is of crucial importance. Black phosphorus (BP), a novel 2D material, has recently received much attention owing to its remarkable physical, chemical, mechanical, and functional features. However, the intricacy of the fabrication process has severely hampered the development of BP in prospective applications. In this study, a simple and eco-friendly liquid-phase exfoliation method of phytic acid (PA)-promoted exfoliation of BP nanosheets (PA@BP NSs) is developed for their potential application in antibacterial photothermal therapy. To impart the antimicrobial effects, the polydimethylsiloxane surfaces are functionalized with quaternized polymer (polyquaternium-2 or PQ) and PA@BP NSs, leading to the formation of PA-BP-PQ composite coatings. In addition to the contact-killing antibacterial effect of the cationic PQ, the PA-BP-PQ coating exhibits remarkable near-infrared irradiation-triggered bactericidal effects with low cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. This study proposes a simple liquid-phase exfoliation technique for the fabrication of BP NSs and a one-step approach for the construction of PA-BP-PQ composite coatings for bi-modal (contact-killing and photothermal) antimicrobial therapy.

Fabrication of heterogeneous bimetallic nanochains through photochemical welding for promoting the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction

Heterogeneous bimetallic nanochains (NCs) have gained significant attention in the field of catalysis due to their abundant active sites, multi-component synergistic catalytic, and exotic electronic structures. Here, we present a novel approach to synthesize one-dimensional heterogeneous bimetallic nanochains using a local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based strategy of liquid-phase photochemical welding method containing self-assembly and subsequent welding processes. Initially, we introduce additives that facilitate the self-assembly and alignment of Au nanoparticles (NPs) into orderly lines. Subsequently, the LSPR effect of the Au NPs is stimulated by light, enabling the second metal precursor to overcome the energy barrier and undergo photodeposition in the gap between the arranged Au NPs, thereby connecting the nano-metal particles. This strategy can be extended to the photochemical welding of Au NPs-Ag and Au NRs. Using electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as a proof-of-concept application, the obtained one-dimensional structure of Au5Pt1 NCs exhibit promoted HER performances, where the mass activity of the Au5Pt1 nanochains is found to be 4.8 times higher than that of Au5Pt1 NPs and 10.4 times higher than that of commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalysts. The promoted HER performance is benefited from the electron conduction ability and abundant active sites.

Enhanced anti-corrosive capability of waterborne epoxy coating by ATT exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets composite fillers

In this work, 2-amino-5 mercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole/boron nitride nanosheets (ATT/BNNS) nanofillers were prepared via using ATT as intercalating agent to exfoliate BNNS by a liquid-phase assisted ultrasound method. The FTIR and the XPS consequences testify that the corrosion inhibitor ATT is successfully grafted onto BNNS. TEM results indicate that BNNS is adequately exfoliated by ATT and the agglomeration phenomenon is alleviated. BNNS, ATT and ATT/BNNS nanofillers were processed into the waterborne epoxy (WEP) respectively, and WEP composite coatings were then fabricated by a spraying method on the copper electrode. The EIS measurements demonstrate that WEP ATT/BNNS coating displays the best protective performance in combination with optical morphology observation under saline immersion, compared with other three coatings. It is mainly attributed to the combined action of active protection from ATT inhibitor and physical barrier from BNNS. The two-dimensional BNNS nanofiller dispersed in the WEP coating plays the role of physical barrier, forms a “labyrinth effect”, extends the invasion way of corrosive media, thus enhancing the physical barrier effect in the composite coating. Furthermore, ATT inhibitor can also diffuse through the coating to the copper substrate and build a safety shield to hold back further corrosion. Importantly, after 40 days immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the value of impedance module at 0.01 Hz of WEP ATT/BNNS coating is about 2 orders of magnitude larger than that of pure WEP coating, revealing superior long-term anticorrosion performance.

Development of a new method for determination of bisphenol A based on stirrer-assisted switchable hydrophilic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction coupled with electrochemical sensor

In this work, a novel stirrer-assisted liquid-phase microextraction method using switchable hydrophilic solvents was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of bisphenol A from real samples prior to electrochemical analysis. For the first time, the effect of stirring while switching the extraction solvent (N,N-dipropylamine, DPA) was investigated, and the use of stirring instead of temperature change, which is a time-consuming process, hazardous acids (e.g., HCl), and dry ice was used for bisphenol A extraction based on switchable solvents. Various parameters such as solvent type, solvent volume, stirring time, and stirring speed were optimized. The optimized conditions were 100 μl DPA, 2 min extraction time, 30 s stirring time, 700 rpm stirring speed, and solution pH of 7.0. A theoretical study was also conducted to show the effects of stirring on the homogenization of the phases. The proposed method offers some advantages, such as simplicity, use of a small amount of inexpensive and less hazardous reagents, rapid extraction, and shorter analysis time. Under the optimized conditions for the developed method, LOQ and LOD were obtained to be 0.01 and 0.003 μM, respectively. Moreover, the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.01–250 μM. The proposed method was used for the determination of bisphenol A in food and water samples.

High-efficient photocatalytic degradation of multiple pollutants by CdPS3 nanosheets

Photocatalytic degradation technique is an effective route for degrading the polluting sources by using photocatalysts. In recent years, van der Waals material based photocatalysts has been drawing more and more attention due to their excellent photodegradation performance. In this research, we have developed a type of highly efficient layered photocatalyst, CdPS3 nano flakes prepared by the liquid-phase exfoliation method. We compared different photodegradation rates of rhodamine B (RhB) by using photocatalysts of CdPS3 ground bulk powder and CdPS3 nanosheets exfoliated by three different dispersants, i.e., N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), deionized (DI) water and sodium cholate (SC). For a complete degradation of RhB (80 mL, 100 mg/L), the SC-exfoliated CdPS3 nanosheets exhibited the highest degradation efficiency within 15 min. These SC-exfoliated nanosheets also demonstrated good potential for degrading methylene blue (MB), potassium dichromate (PD), tetracycline (TC) and methyl orange (MO). The strong dark adsorption and dye-sensitized photocatalytic properties of CdPS3 nanosheets could both contribute to high degradation efficiencies of RhB and MB, synergistically. Capture experiments revealed that superoxide radicals dominated the degradations of these pollutants. Additionally, for PD and MO, hydroxyl radicals and holes were also important active species in the photodegradation redox reactions.

Advancing liquid air energy storage with moving packed bed: Development and analysis from components to system level

Liquid air energy storage (LAES) technology is a promising large-scale energy storage solution due to its high capacity, scalability, and lack of geographical constraints, making it effective for integrating renewable energy sources. The core unit of the LAES system is the cold energy storage (CES) unit, which significantly influences its overall efficiency. However, the current mainstream liquid-phase and solid-phase CES methods have inherent drawbacks, including safety, environmental issues, and the dynamic effect of the thermocline. Moreover, previous research has often over-idealized the CES unit and neglected the actual heat transfer processes during the CES and cold energy release (CER) processes. In the innovative study, a gravity-driven moving packed bed (MPB) based LAES system (MPB-LAES) adopting quartz sand as the CES medium is proposed. A thermodynamic model for the LAES system is constructed, and the gas-solid counterflow coupling heat transfer model for the MPB is developed based on the continuous solid-phase model and finite difference method. The accuracy of the model is validated through experimentation using the constructed test apparatus. The research findings reveal the gas-solid coupling heat transfer characteristics in the low-temperature region of −180 °C to 30 °C, particularly the asymmetry during the CES and CER processes. The cold energy transfer mechanism within the CES unit is also uncovered, and the analysis of exergy destruction within various components is carried on. Through design parameter analysis and optimization of the MPB-LAES system, an impressive round-trip efficiency of 57.0% is achieved. This marks a significant breakthrough as it is the first report that a LAES system based on solid-phase CES has attained a round-trip efficiency (RTE) of over 55.0% while considering the actual heat transfer processes.

Deep eutectic solvents for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals

The harmful effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to humans and other organisms in the environment have been well established over the years, and more studies are ongoing to classify other chemicals that have the potential to alter or disrupt the regular function of the endocrine system. In addition to toxicological studies, analytical detection systems are progressively being improved to facilitate accurate determination of EDCs in biological, environmental and food samples. Recent microextraction methods have focused on the use of green chemicals that are safe for analytical applications, and present very low or no toxicity upon disposal. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as one of the viable alternatives to the conventional hazardous solvents, and their unique properties make them very useful in different applications. Notably, the use of renewable sources to prepare DESs leads to highly biodegradable products that mitigate negative ecological impacts. This review presents an overview of both organic and inorganic EDCs and their ramifications on human health. It also presents the fundamental principles of liquid phase and solid phase microextraction methods, and gives a comprehensive account of the use of DESs for the determination of EDCs in various samples.

SnO2 coating to stabilize Mn-based layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Thanks to high theoretical capacity and good ionic conductivity, Mn-based layered metal oxides are considered to be promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the irreversible structural change and oxygen loss during sodiation/desodiation processes lead to rapid capacity attenuation. Herein, SnO2 surface coating was adopted for the first time to improve the Na-storage performance of Na0.6[Li0.2Mn0.8]O2 (NLMO) through solid-phase heat treatment with a subsequent liquid-phase method. The optimized 1 wt% SnO2 coated NLMO demonstrated a capacity of 103 mAh/g at a high rate of 1C (1C = 176 mA/g) and 88 mAh/g after 40 cycles with a capacity retention of 85.4%. The SnO2 coating layer endows the NLMO structure with stable ion transport interface to facilitate sodium-ion transfer and an isolated shielding layer to inhibit oxygen loss, thus contributing to stable cycling performance and high capacity even at a high rate. This surface-coating strategy is expected to be applicable to other layered metal oxides as cathode materials to achieve good cycling stability and high-rate capacity. This work is significant for the electrochemical performance improvement of layered metal oxides applied in SIBs.

Cobalt-doped Graphene-supported Nanoscale Zero-valent Iron: Removal of Rhodamine B solution and mechanistic study

nZVI materials loaded on GO have been applied to the treatment of difficult-to-degrade organics due to their higher electron transfer rate. However, cobalt doping of GO/nZVI composites and the effect of the doped materials on difficult-to-degrade organics are not known. In this work, Cobalt-doped Graphene-supported nanoscale Zero-valent Iron (GO/nZVI-Co) was successfully synthesized via the liquid-phase reduction-suspension self-assembly method, which was composited with theoretical mass ratio of GO:nZVI:Co = 1:2:0.08. And GO/nZVI-Co was used as efficient heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) via H2O2. Characterization results show that nZVI and Co particles were successfully loaded on GO nanosheets increasing the dispersibility of particles. Under the optimal reaction conditions(the mass ratio of GO: nZVI = 1:2 and Co doping is less than 1/5), the RhB degradation rate was as high as 98.28 %. The degradation pathways of GO/nZVI-Co-HP system could better explained by the secondary kinetic model and GC–MS spectru. The main effect of cobalt doping in the GO/nZVI-Co-HP system is to increase the adsorption properties of the material on H2O2, and this facilitates the contact reaction of nZVI with H2O2. In this study, a GO/nZVI-Co material with improved electron transfer efficiency was prepared and its removal mechanism of pollutants was elucidated to provide relevant theoretical support for the treatment of difficult-to-degrade wastewater.

Multi-effective components and their target mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen in the treatment of insomnia

Insomnia is a common and refractory disease. Since more than 2000 years ago, people have been using Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS). However, there are lack of molecular mechanisms of sleep promotion effects of ZSS. The purpose of this study is to clarify the active ingredients in ZSS that are used to treat insomnia. Using a method called cellular label-free integrative pharmacology (CLIP), we established five insomnia-related target models, including serotonin (5HT2A and 5HT1A), melatonin (MT1), dopamine (D2) and epinephrine (β2) receptors. The one-dimensional (1D) fractions of ZSS extract were prepared on a RZC18 column and assayed on five models. Subsequently, the active fraction was further analyzed, fractionated and quantified using a two-dimensional (2D) liquid phase method coupled with a charged aerosol detector (CAD), This CAD-coupled 2D-LC method requires micro-fractions from the 1D separation and thus it greatly saves sample amounts and corresponding preparation time, and quickly conduct activity screening. The composition of the active 2D fractions was then determined using three-dimensional (3D) HPLC-MS, and molecular docking was separately carried out for the described compounds on the targets for activity prediction. Seven compounds were predicted to be active on 5HT2A, and two compounds on D2. We experimentally verified the prediction and found that vitexin exhibited D2 agonistic activity, and nuciferine exhibited 5HT2A antagonistic activity. This study revealed the effective components and their targets of ZSS in the treatment of insomnia, also highlighted the potential of the CLIP technique and bioactivity guided multi-dimensional HPLC-MS in molecular mechanism elucidation for traditional Chinese medicines.

Large-energy mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on indium antimonide as a modulator

Large energy mode-locked pulsed fiber lasers have great potential, especially for a wide range of applications in human eye safety lidar. In our work, we have obtained stable large-energy mode-locking pulse phenomena by making saturable absorbers (SA) from indium antimonized (InSb). InSb-SA was obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation method. A large energy mode-locked pulse of 10.89 nJ was obtained at a pump pulse of 620 mW and a repetition frequency of 469 kHz, with an output power of 5.09 mW. Our research shows that InSb has more advantages compared with commonly used optical modulators. The experimental results can provide a reference for future research on large-energy mode-locked pulses.

Electrospun starch-based nanofiber mats for odor adsorption of oyster peptides: Recyclability and structural characterization

The off-odor of seafood, which negatively affected its flavor and quality, was removed mainly by non-recyclable liquid-phase deodorization methods at present. In this work, octenylsuccinylated starch (OSS)-pullulan (PUL) nanofiber mats were regenerated after physical adsorption and thermal desorption of off-odor compounds in oyster peptides. The mat structure was characterized and the adsorption process was investigated. The regenerated nanofiber mats maintained a favorable appearance and microscopic morphology even after 25 adsorption-desorption cycles, with a reduction in average fiber diameter and average pore area, an increase in hydrophobicity and alterations in surface groups. Their adsorption rate first decreased and then stabilized as the number of cycles increased and was as high as 81.76% after 25 cycles. Correlation analysis revealed that the adsorption efficiency of regenerated nanofiber mats was related to their microstructure, surface groups and hydrophobicity. These findings could provide a theoretical basis for odor removal by electrospun nanofiber mats and their recycling.

SiC/Co composite fibers with enhanced conductivity and magnetic coupling developed for reinforcing and high-efficiency electromagnetic absorbing (EMA) materials

For the design requirements for structural/functional integrated components, it is urgent to find EMA materials combining high-efficient EMA performances and load bearing capacity. Herein, high-strength SiC fibers are modified by Co nanoparticles to construct SiC/Co composite fibers by the liquid-phase method and subsequent hydrogen-thermal annealing. The conductivity of single SiC/Co fiber can be improved by increasing the diameter and content of Co nanoparticles, which leads to enhanced conduction loss and then dominates the dielectric loss. The cross-linked SiC/Co fibers with high conductivity also contribute to significant eddy current loss. Micromagnetic simulation based on Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation (LLG) quantificationally reveals that reducing Co diameter from 140 nm to 30 nm can enhance the ferromagnetic loss by 17.19 times, and this law also can be confirmed by the effect medium theory. Maximum reflection loss (RLmax) can reach −78.0 dB at 11.8 GHz and effective absorbing bandwidth with RL < −10 dB (ERL10) of 6.6 GHz can be observed in these SiC/Co-400 filled specimens with the thickness of only 2.7 mm. These SiC/Co fibers present excellent absorbing performances and display the potential for developing into load-bearing and high-efficiency EMA materials.

Preparation and Catalytic Properties of Graphene Oxide/ Phosphotungstic Acid Composites

Background: Cellulose structures are in stable crystallineform. The hydrolysis of cellulose to small reducing sugars is difficult, but essential for its utilization Objective: To investigate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) loading on the catalytic performance of phosphotungstic acid (HPW) for the catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose, with the purpose to get high yield of total reducing sugar (TRS). Methods: Graphene oxide/phosphotungstic acid (GO/HPW) composites were prepared using a liquid-phase composite method. The materials were applied to catalyze hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole chloride ionic liquid ([Bmim]Cl). The samples were characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM), pyridine IR and acid-base chemical titration. Results: The Brønsted acidic sites were the main source of acidity in the composites and its concentration was determined to be 0.96 mmol/g. With the use of the GO/HPW composite as catalysts for cellulose hydrolysis, TRS yield of 90.5 % was obtained. Conclusion: GO/HPW composites retained the functional groups of both materials. It was the Brønsted acidic sites in the materials that effectively promoted the cellulose hydrolysis reaction. The structures of GO/HPW with the agglomeration of HPW scattered on GO had high accessibility of acidic sites and fast mass transfer of the reducing sugars to the outside of the catalysts in time to prevent their further conversion into by-products. TRS yield of 90.5 % was obtained from the hydrolysis of cellulose catalyzed by the GO/HPW (1:1.5) composites at 115 ℃ for 4 h using catalysts to cellulose 1:1 ratio.

Synthesis of calcium silicate hydrate nanoparticles and their effect on cement hydration and compressive strength

This study aims to synthesize calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) nanoparticles at room temperature using a liquid-phase reaction method, to incorporate the synthesized material into a cement composite, and to study its hydration characteristics. The optimal amount of polycarboxylate-based dispersant, in terms of nanocrystal size and CSH particle aggregation state, was obtained using scanning electron microscopy. The concentration of the generated harmful ions during the synthesis was reduced via a cleaning procedure. The experiments confirmed that the CSH nanoparticles acted as nucleation sites. Moreover, the initial hydration calorific value and early-age compressive strength increased with the amount of CSH nanoparticles.

Superhydrophobic and Photocatalytic Synergistic Self-Cleaning Coating Constructed by Hierarchically Structured Flower-like Hollow SiO2@TiO2 Spheres with Oxygen Vacancies.

The self-cleaning coating has both superhydrophobic physical and photocatalytic chemical self-cleaning properties, which has attracted the wide attention of researchers in recent years. First, the flower-like hollow SiO2@TiO2 spheres with oxygen vacancies (rFHSTs) were prepared by the liquid-phase reduction method, in which several different functional components were integrated. Meanwhile, the influence mechanisms of the physical structure and chemical composition on the photocatalytic properties are discussed in detail. The results proved that rFHSTs exhibited the enhanced photoresponse range and photocatalytic degradation performance in visible light because of the synergistic effect of the microstructure (internal cavity, 3D flower-like nanosheet), SiO2/TiO2 heterojunction structure, and oxygen vacancies. After that, superhydrophobic modified rFHSTs were used as fillers to fabricate PVA/PFDTS-rFHSTs composite coatings with both physical and chemical self-cleaning properties. The self-cleaning performances and principles of the composite coating were examined and explored. The results showed that the low surface energy of the hydrophobic chain segment, the inherent particle effect, and the photocatalytic activity of rFHSTs were responsible for the superhydrophobic and photocatalytic effects, finally endowing the composite coating with self-cleaning performance. In short, this study is profound for the development and application of self-cleaning coatings with both physical and chemical performances.

Enhanced electrochemical properties of nickel-cobalt hydroxide nanosheet by high-gravity liquid phase modification

Nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (Ni-Co LDH) nanosheet has a low specific capacity and poor rate capability. This study uses an anionic surfactant to modify Ni-Co LDH by the high-gravity liquid-phase method. The results reveal that the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) adsorption and intercalation can increase electrode interface area, enlarge interlayer spacing of Ni-Co LDH, accelerate the diffusion of electrolyte ions, and thus improve its specific capacity and rate capability. Compared with the stirred flow field, the high gravity further intensifies the surface adsorption and substitution intercalation of SDBS, resulting in a bigger interface area and interlayer spacing of Ni-Co LDH, which is more favorable to its specific capacity and rate capability. The specific capacity of Ni-Co LDH after high-gravity modification is 984 C g−1 (2187 F g−1, 2 A g−1), and its capacity retention rate reached 80 % (1–30 A g−1), significantly higher than that of the untreated one. Besides, an electrochemical kinetic study shows that a high gravity modification substantially enhances the ion diffusion rate. The modified materials under a high gravity field are utilized as anode materials and activated carbons (ACs) as cathode materials to construct supercapacitors. The Ni-Co LDHs//AC has a 50 Wh kg−1 energy density with well cycling stability. The paper proposes a high-gravity liquid-phase modification method to explore potential high-performance electrode materials.

Deep mineralization of VOCs in an embedded hybrid structure CoFe2O4/MoS2/PMS wet scrubber system

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes in liquid phase systems can actively degrade toluene. In this work, the catechol structural surfactant was introduced to synthesize the dispersed and homogeneous CoFe2O4 nanospheres and embedded into MoS2 nanoflowers to form magnetically separable heterojunction catalysts. The innovative approach effectively mitigated the traditionally low reduction efficiency of transition metal ions during the heterogeneous activation process. In CoFe2O4/MoS2/PMS system, the toluene removal efficiency remained 95% within 2 h. The contribution of SO4⋅-, ·O2-, ·OH, and 1O2 was revealed by radical quenching experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results illustrated that MoS2 offers ample reduction sites for facilitating PMS activation via Fe3+/Fe2+ redox interactions. Furthermore, an investigation into the toluene degradation pathway within the CoFe2O4/MoS2/PMS system revealed its capability to suppress the formation of toxic byproducts. This ambient-temperature liquid-phase method presented promising route for the removal of industrial volatile organic pollutants.