Liquid Glucose Research Articles

Application of Glazing for Bread Quality Improvement

Glazing is a surface coating method for enhancement of the quality factors of bakery products. This study was intended to investigate the effect of different bakery glazing groups such as natural, polyols, sugars, and hydrocolloids on Barbari flat bread. Some quality attributes of bread such as moisture content, water activity, specific volume and width/height ratio (0 day) and hardness, crumb, and crust moisture (0–12 days) were evaluated. Results showed that vegetable oil treated samples had the lowest water activity and moisture content. Also, xanthan treatment provided the greatest effect on the specific volume of fresh bread, which enhanced it from 3.94 to 5 cm3/g. Vegetable oil, glycerol, dextrose, liquid glucose, and guar treatments had more significant effect on width/height ratio in comparison to nontreated (unglazed) bread. Evaluation of crumb hardness and moisture during 12 days storage implicated water, egg yolk, starch, and propylene glycol treatments were able to diminish the bread staling and these treated samples had the lowest crumb hardness. Crumb moisture of Barbari bread was affected mostly by water and starch treatments at day 12. Finally, our finding approved that using of glazing as a novel method is an effective technique for improvement of overall quality of flat bread and its application is suggested for large-scale production of other bakery products.

Solubility of Glucose in Ionic Liquid + Antisolvent Mixtures

An extended study on the solubility of glucose in ionic liquid (IL) + antisolvent mixtures has been performed to find a way to separate glucose from ILs. These ILs, commonly used in cellulose conversion processes, are based on combination of cations of 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium and anions of chloride, bromide, acetate, and hydrogen sulfate. Effects of temperatures, antisolvents, ILs, mass ratios of antisolvent to IL, and water contents on the solubility of glucose have been investigated in this work. The results demonstrate that the solubility of glucose increases with decreasing mass ratio of antisolvent to IL and elevating temperatures. The solubility of glucose in IL + ethanol mixtures increases in the following order: [emim][Br], [bmim][Cl], [hmim][HSO4], [bmim][CH3COO], and [emim] [CH3COO]. The addition of water can increase the solubility of glucose in IL + antisolvent mixtures. Ethanol can be selected as a better antisolvent to separate glucose from IL than methanol, acetone, and acetonitrile.

Pd-modified TiO 2 electrode for electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine, formaldehyde and glucose

The electrocatalysis of the oxidation of hydrazine, formaldehyde and glucose on a nanoporous Pd-modified TiO 2 electrode, prepared by the hydrothermal process, was investigated in 0.1 M NaOH solutions. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pd-modified TiO 2 electrode for the electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine, formaldehyde and glucose is characterized by the low onset potentials of −0.80, −0.70 and −0.85 V (vs Ag,AgCl), respectively. Compared to the oxidation of formaldehyde and glucose, the hydrazine oxidation on the Pd-modified TiO 2 presents the highest anodic oxidation current densities, showing that the Pd-modified TiO 2 electrode is more electro-active for the hydrazine oxidation than for the oxidation of formaldehyde and glucose. Chronoamperograms at different concentrations of hydrazine and formaldehyde showed that the Pd-modified TiO 2 electrode is a promising electrochemical sensor for the detection of hydrazine with a sensitivity of 0.554 mA cm −2 mM −1 and a detection limit of 0.023 mM, and for the detection of formaldehyde with a sensitivity of 0.20667 mA cm −2 mM −1 and a detection limit of 0.015 mM. However, it was found from the chronoamperometric responses at various glucose concentrations that a linear plot of the anodic oxidation current density versus glucose concentration developed only in the range of 7–35 mM glucose while an obvious deviation from the linear relationship was observed at both low and large glucose concentrations. Results show that the prepared Pd-modified TiO 2 electrode could be applied to the direct liquid (hydrazine, formaldehyde, and glucose) fuel cells as an effective anodic catalyst, in addition to be a promising electrochemical sensor for the detection of hydrazine and formaldehyde.

Effect of a Soluble Cocoa Fiber-Enriched Diet in Zucker Fatty Rats

The effects of a soluble cocoa fiber (SCF) were studied in Zucker fatty rats. Two groups of Zucker fatty rats were fed the following diets: standard diet and 5% SCF-enriched diet. A group of Zucker lean rats fed the standard diet was used for results comparison with obese Zucker animals. Solid and liquid intakes, body weight, plasma glucose, lipid profile, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were recorded weekly. At the end of the experimental period insulin was determined, and fat apparent digestibility (FAD) and insulin resistance were calculated. The Zucker fatty rats fed 5% SCF-enriched diet showed less weight gain and food intake than those fed the standard diet. The group fed the fiber-enriched diet showed lower values of the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and triglyceride levels than the standard group. FAD was also lower in the fiber group. Both SBP and DBP were decreased. In addition, SCF reduced plasma glucose and insulin, and as a consequence the insulin resistance was also decreased. Our data demonstrate that SCF resulted in an improvement of the studied risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disorders.

Spray-drying of ginger juice and physicochemical properties of ginger powders.

The maturity of ginger rhizomes was studied by measuring their moisture content, fibre, density, and 6- gingerol content. Ginger rhizomes were harvested and divided into three groups according to their age of 4-6, 7-9, and 10-12 months. The results revealed that as ginger rhizomes age, moisture content and density decreased, while fibre and 6-gingerol content increased. Therefore, ginger maturity with the age of 10-12 months was used in the drying process. The effects of the drying aids maltodextrin and liquid glucose and inlet air temperatures on the properties of ginger powders were assessed. Moisture content, water activity, bulk density, water adsorption index, 6-gingerol content, and colour values of ginger powders decreased with increasing inlet air temperatures. Particle size, solubility, and water solubility index increased with increasing inlet air temperatures (p 6 0.05). Moisture content, water activity, water adsorption index, and particle size decreased with increasing the drying aids. Solubility, water solubility index, and yield increased with increasing the drying aids. The addition of 5% liquid glucose and an inlet air temperature of 120 °C resulted in good properties and the highest 6-gingerol content of the ginger powders. It was noted that liquid glucose could function as a drying aid and as an encapsulating agent.

Airway epithelia regulate airway surface liquid glucose concentration

The airway epithelium is lined by a small amount of airway surface liquid (ASL). Studies of exhaled breath condensate suggest that this liquid has a low glucose concentration. We investigated the mechanism that maintains a transepithelial glucose gradient in well‐differentiated human airway epithelia (HAE) grown at the air‐liquid interface. We found that HAE do not have electrogenic glucose transport, suggesting absence of sodium‐glucose cotransporters (SGLT). Polarized HAE cultures maintained a glucose gradient with low apical levels. In bidirectional flux assays, we found that HAE have low paracellular permeability to L‐glucose. Moreover, 2‐deoxyglucose fluxes favored basal to apical transport. Immunofluorescence showed that the facilitated diffusion transporter GLUT‐1 is expressed in the basolateral membrane and GLUT‐10 is expressed in the apical membrane. Finally, we found that increasing ASL glucose results in increased infection with P. aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that either increased serum glucose concentration or disruption of the paracellular barrier could result in increased glucose in the ASL and increased risk of pulmonary infection.

Electrodeposition of chitosan–ionic liquid–glucose oxidase biocomposite onto nano-gold electrode for amperometric glucose sensing

A sensitive glucose biosensor was fabricated by electrodepositing chitosan–ionic liquid–glucose oxidase biocomposite onto nano-gold electrode. First, nano-gold electrode was constructed by electrochemically depositing gold nanoparticles onto a flat gold electrode surface. Then the nano-gold electrode was immersed in the bath containing p-benzoquinone (BQ), chitosan (CS), glucose oxidase (GOD) and ionic liquid (IL) for electrodeposition of enzymatic electrode. The proton consumption during electroreduction of BQ increased the local solution pH near the electrode surface and led to the deposition of CS hydrogel on the electrode surface. Co-deposition of GOD and IL with the CS hydrogel was achieved. The proposed biosensor exhibited a fast amperometric response (<5 s) to glucose. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed biosensor exhibited a high current sensitivity (14.33 μA mM −1 cm −2), which was 2.8 times of the biosensor prepared by electrodepositing CS–IL–GOD biocomposite on flat gold electrode. The detection limit for glucose was 1.5 μM, which was 20-fold lower compared to the biosensor prepared on flat gold electrode. The linear range for glucose detection was wide from 3.0 μM to 9.0 mM. Moreover, the proposed biosensor exhibited high reproducibility, long-time storage stability and satisfactory anti-interference ability. The applicability of the proposed biosensor to serum samples analysis was also evaluated.

Glucose homeostasis across human airway epithelial cell monolayers: role of diffusion, transport and metabolism

Glucose in airway surface liquid (ASL) is maintained at low concentrations compared to blood glucose. Using radiolabelled [(3)H]-D: -glucose and [(14)C]-L: -glucose, detection of D: - and L: -glucose by high-performance liquid chromatography and metabolites by nuclear magnetic resonance, we found that glucose applied to the basolateral side of H441 human airway epithelial cell monolayers at a physiological concentration (5 mM) crossed to the apical side by paracellular diffusion. Transepithelial resistance of the monolayer was inversely correlated with paracellular diffusion. Appearance of glucose in the apical compartment was reduced by uptake of glucose into the cell by basolateral and apical phloretin-sensitive GLUT transporters. Glucose taken up into the cell was metabolised to lactate which was then released, at least in part, across the apical membrane. We suggest that glucose transport through GLUT transporters and its subsequent metabolism in lung epithelial cells help to maintain low glucose concentrations in human ASL which is important for protecting the lung against infection.

Changes in the Chemical Composition of Reduced Cooked Musts during the Heating Process

Cooked must is the starting raw material in Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena (ABTM) production, and the cooking process is a crucial step to ensure quality and safety standards. In particular, the furfural content has to be strictly monitored. In this study, we followed, directly at the production plant, nine cooking processes, differing for grape type and process conditions in order to monitor the actual variability in cooked must reduction. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and furfural contents were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique and glucose, fructose, and tartaric and malic acids by gas chromatography (GC) technique. Furthermore, some bulk properties, such as the water content, refractive index, density, and total acidity, were also measured. The obtained results show that the product undergoes, in the worse operating conditions, remarkable degradation, leading to extremely high levels of furfurals (5-HMF and furfural), corresponding to a water content lower than 40%. On the basis of these results, a first draft of an optimal heating protocol may be suggested in order to guarantee the safety and quality of the final product.

Quantitative Characterization of Nonstructural Carbohydrates of Mezcal Agave (Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dick)

Fructans are the reserve carbohydrates in Agave spp. plants. In mezcal factories, fructans undergoes thermal hydrolysis to release fructose and glucose, which are the basis to produce this spirit. Carbohydrate content determines the yield of the final product, which depends on plant organ, ripeness stage, and thermal hydrolysis. Thus, a qualitative and quantitative characterization of nonstructural carbohydrates was conducted in raw and hydrolyzed juices extracted from Agave salmiana stems and leaves under three ripeness stages. By high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fructose, glucose, sucrose, xylose, and maltose were identified in agave juice. Only the plant fraction with hydrolysis interaction was found to be significant in the glucose concentration plant. Interactions of the fraction with hydrolysis and ripeness with hydrolysis were statistically significant in fructose concentration. Fructose concentration rose considerably with hydrolysis, but only in juice extracted from ripe agave stems (early mature and castrated). This increase was statistically significant only with acid hydrolysis.

Quantitative Analysis of Alpha‐D‐glucose in an Ionic Liquid by Using Infrared Spectroscopy

The applicability of infrared (IR) spectroscopy for quantitative concentration measurements in mixtures of carbohydrates and ionic liquids (ILs) is investigated. The compound 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [EMIM][OAc]-an "enzyme-friendly" ionic liquid with great application potential in the dissolution of various biomasses-is used as solvent in combination with alpha-D-glucose. Our study establishes a new way to monitor the concentration of sugars in ILs, thus providing a convenient method to follow the kinetics of, for example, enzymatic reactions in [EMIM][OAc]. As a first step, we present the IR spectrum of pure [EMIM][OAc] (this constitutes the first vibrational study of this particular IL). Although numerous lines overlap in the fingerprint region of the spectrum, characteristic features can be assigned to the corresponding vibrational modes of both ions. Secondly, we study different mixtures of the IL with alpha-D-glucose (in the concentration range: 0-20 mass % glucose) and analyze them by means of IR spectroscopy, followed by computational methods, thus demonstrating the great potential of this spectroscopic technique in quantitative measurements.

Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase based on its direct immobilization on carbon ionic liquid electrode and glucose sensing

Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase (GOx) has been achieved by its direct immobilization on carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) with a conductive hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-butyl pyridinium hexafluophosphate ([BuPy][PF 6]) as binder for the first time. A pair of reversible peaks is exhibited on GOx/CILE by cyclic voltammetry. The peak-to-peak potential separation (Δ E P) of immobilized GOx is 0.056 V in 0.067 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.98) with scan rate of 0.1 V/s. The average surface coverage and the apparent Michaelis–Menten constant are 6.69 × 10 −11 mol·cm −2 and 2.47 μM. GOx/CILE shows excellent electrocatalytic activity towards glucose determination in the range of 0.1–800 μM with detection limit of 0.03 μM ( S/ N = 3). The biosensor has been successfully applied to the determination of glucose in human plasma with the average recoveries between 95.0% and 102.5% for three times determination. The direct electrochemistry of GOx on CILE is achieved without the help of any supporting film or any electron mediator. GOx/CILE is inexpensive, stable, repeatable and easy to be fabricated.

Consensus List of Signals to Detect Potential Adverse Drug Reactions in Nursing Homes

To develop a consensus list of agreed-upon laboratory, pharmacy, and Minimum Data Set signals that a computer system can use in the nursing home to detect potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Literature search for potential ADR signals, followed by an internet-based, a two-round, modified Delphi survey. A nationally representative survey of experts in geriatrics. Panel of 13 physicians, 10 pharmacists, and 13 advanced practitioners. Mean score and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each of 80 signals rated on a 5-point Likert scale (5=strong agreement with likelihood of indicating potential ADRs). Consensus agreement indicated by a lower-limit 95% CI of 4.0 or greater. Panelists reached consensus agreement on 40 signals: 15 laboratory and medication combinations, 12 medication concentrations, 10 antidotes, and three Resident Assessment Protocols (RAPs). Highest consensus scores (4.6, 95% CI=4.4-4.9 or 4.4-4.8) were for naloxone when taking opioid analgesics; phytonadione when taking warfarin; dextrose, glucagon, or liquid glucose when taking hypoglycemic agents; medication-induced hypoglycemia; supratherapeutic international normalized ratio when taking warfarin; and triggering the Falls RAP when taking certain medications. A multidisciplinary expert panel was able to reach consensus agreement on a list of signals to detect potential ADRs in nursing home residents. The results of this study can be used to prioritize an initial list of signals to be included in paper- or computer-based methods for potential ADR detection.

Kinetics of nitrogen and carbon removal in a moving-fixed bed biofilm reactor

A mathematical model of nitrification and denitrification in a moving-fixed bed biofilm reactor has been developed to describe ammonium utilization by nitrifying biomass as well as nitrate and organic carbon utilization by denitrifying biomass, respectively. The model incorporates the mechanisms of diffusive mass transport and Monod kinetics. The model was solved using a combination of orthogonal collocation method and Gear’s method. The model solutions included the concentration profiles of NH 4 + – N , NO 3 - – N and glucose (as COD), the growth of suspended and attached biomasses and the effluent concentrations of NH 4 + – N , NO 3 - – N and glucose (as COD) in bulk liquid. The batch kinetic tests were independently conducted to determine biokinetic parameters used as an input in the model. A pilot-scale moving-fixed bed biofilm reactor including suspended and attached growths of nitrifying and denitrifying biomasses was set up to verify the model system. The experimental results of NH 4 + – N , NO 3 - – N and glucose (as COD) effluents show a good agreement with model prediction. The removal efficiencies of NH 4 + – N , NO 3 - – N and COD in specific area and volumetric loadings were about 75%, 92% and 70% at a steady-state condition, respectively. The approaches of modeling and experiments presented in this study could be employed for the design of a full-scale moving-fixed bed biofilm process to remove nitrogen and carbon simultaneously in waters and wastewaters.

Investigations of the capability of Fusarium isolates from corn for biosynthesis of fusariotoxins

The aim of this paper was to investigate the potential of zearalenone (ZEN) and type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenole - DAS) for biosynthesis by Fusarium spp. isolated from corn kernels contaminated by mycotoxins. The samples of corn kernels (2004 and 2005 harvest) originating in different regions of Backa (Vojvodina, Serbia) were tested. Mycotoxicological investigations showed in most cases a significant contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON 200 - 2,460 ?g/kg) and ZEA (520 1,680 ?g/kg). Isolations and identifications of fusaria established only the presence of species F. verticillioides, after one month storage in freezer conditions, in fusariotoxin positive samples. The control cultures known as ZEA producers - F. graminearum GZ-LES, i.e. T-2 toxin and DAS producer - F. sporotrichioides KF-38/1/R were also tested. In vitro toxicological investigations of isolated fusaria were performed in liquid semisynthetic media (GPK or SPK), and on wet sterilized corn kernels, respectively. Under testing conditions, analyzed F. verticillioide and F. sporotrishioides isolates were not ZEA producers. Contrary to them, F. graminearum GZ-LES pure culture was very good producer of fusariotoxins; it biosynthesized max. 465,900 ?g/kg DON, and 4,416 ?g/kg ZEA, respectively. Cultivation conditions influenced a great deal of T-2 toxin production under laboratory conditions. In most cases, higher yields were obtained during the cultivation of F. verticillioides in liquid glucose medium (80-240 ?g/L). Contrary to the control strain F. sporotrichioides KF-38/1/R that under the same conditions synthesized, besides T-2 toxin (4.000 ?g/L) and DAS (240 ?g/L), isolates of F. verticillioides from corn grain did not show that ability.

Whey protein hydrolysate: Functional properties, nutritional quality and utilization in beverage formulation

The objective of the study was to analyze the functional and nutritional properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate (WPC) and to formulate a beverage mix. WPC hydrolysates were produced using fungal protease and papain, at time intervals of 20, 40 and 60 min and were analyzed for proximate composition and functional properties. A beverage was formulated with hydrolyzed WPC, skim milk powder, cocoa, liquid glucose, sugar and vegetable fat and analyzed for physicochemical properties, sensory attributes and keeping quality. Results revealed that the protein content of WPC was 75.6% and decreased slightly on enzyme treatment (69.6%). The water absorption capacity of WPC was 10 ml/100 g and increased in enzyme treated samples from 16 to 34 ml/100 g with increase in the time of hydrolysis. Emulsion capacity (45 ml of oil/g of control WPC) showed a decreasing trend with increasing time of hydrolysis. Enzyme treatment slightly increased the foam capacity in three samples but lowered foam stability in all. The gel filtration pattern of enzyme treated samples showed an increase in low molecular weight fractions. The amino acid profile showed higher content of methionine in samples treated with enzymes, compared to the control. The in vitro protein digestibility of untreated WPC was 25% and increased in all treated samples to varying degrees (69–70%). Formulated beverage had 52% protein, 10% fat and 6.6% ash. There were no significant differences in the sensory attributes of formulated and commercial beverage. The formulated beverage could be stored well in a PET container for 30 days.

Meal-induced insulin sensitization in conscious and anaesthetized rat models comparing liquid mixed meal with glucose and sucrose

We have recently shown that meal-induced insulin sensitization (MIS) occurs after feeding and decreases progressively to insignificance after 24 h of fasting and is caused by action of a hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS). In order to carry out quantitative studies of MIS, some standardized meal intake is required. Our objective was to establish animal models to be tested in both the conscious and anaesthetized state using intragastric injection of liquid meals in order to quantify MIS. Insulin sensitivity was assessed before and 90 min after the meal using the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST) which is a transient euglycaemic clamp. Rats tested in the conscious state were instrumented under anaesthesia 6-9 d prior to testing with catheters in the carotid artery, jugular vein and stomach. Meals, injected into the stomach, consisted of a liquid mixed meal, sucrose, glucose or water. The glucose sequestration in response to insulin increased by 90 % and 61 % following the liquid mixed meal (10 ml/kg) in conscious and anaesthetized rats, respectively. Glucose, sucrose and water did not effectively activate MIS. MIS was completely reversed in the conscious model by atropine and completely prevented from developing in the anaesthetized model that had previously undergone hepatic denervation. Gastric administration of a liquid mixed meal but not glucose or sucrose is capable of activating MIS for purposes of mechanistic studies and quantification of the MIS process. The feeding signal is mediated by the hepatic parasympathetic nerves.

Development of Cookie Test for the Simultaneous Determination of Glucose Intolerance, Hyperinsulinemia, Insulin Resistance and Postprandial Dyslipidemia

A new cookie test was developed for the simultaneous evaluation of multiple risk factors such as glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and postprandial dyslipidemia. The cookie consisting of 75 g carbohydrate and 25 g fat is ingested and the blood samples are obtained at 0, 1 and 2 hours later. When the two carbohydrate sources, liquid glucose and test cookie, were compared as a glucose load within 3 months, the 2 hr plasma glucose levels were not statistically different, proposing the use of the same criteria at 2 hour glucose level for the diagnosis of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in subjects without exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. In addition, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (AUC insulin, and/or AUC insulin X AUC glucose), and postprandial hyperlipidemia (DeltaTG, Triglyceride; DeltaRLP, remnant like particles) have been simultaneously uncovered. Reactive hypoglycemia with adverse epigastric discomfort was observed in 26.3% of the control subjects with liquid glucose, while it was observed in only 1 case (5.3%) without any symptom with cookie tests. In fact, one reactive hypoglycemia out of 5 with liquid glucose turned out to be IGT with cookie test. In 64 subjects with lifestyle-related diseases, cookie test revealed hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in 56% respectively, postprandial hyperlipidemia in 39%, diabetes and IGT in 22-23% of each of the subjects and all showed at least one abnormal value. In contrast, in university students with exercise habit, all showed normal results with cookie test. In addition, improved insulin sensitivity over non-exercise group was obverved. In summary, the cookie test provided more informations compared with OGTT using liquid glucose and with fewer side effects. Simultaneous evaluation of glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and postprandial hyperlipidemia was also possible.

低温醪及び並行複発酵培地における清酒酵母の含硫物蓄積とメチオニンアデノシルトランスフェラーゼ活性

Effects of fermentation temperatures on amounts of intracellular sulfur compounds in yeast and the activity of methionineadenosyltransferase (MATFase) during fermentation in sake mash and in parallel fermentation media were studied using Kyokai No.7 yeast. Result showed there was no difference in the activity of MATFase in K-7 yeast cultured between 10°C and 15°C. It is clear that there were no relations between the accumulation of s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and activity of MATFase intracellularly during mash fermentation at low temperature. We propose a parallel-fermentation for sake moromi mash, using a GYP-rich agar medium, component of glucose, yeast extract and polypepton with a liquid glucose medium in the flask. The phenomenon of an accumulation of SAM in intracellular yeast at low temperature, which occurred only with the moromi mash, could be confirmed with this medium. From the above, it seems important that amino acids be supplied little by little during fermentation. It is suggested that parallel-fermentation is concerned with the uptake of methionine of the yeast at low temperatures.

Exercise and Newer Insulins: How Much Glucose Supplement to Avoid Hypoglycemia?

To determine the glucose supplement required to prevent hypoglycemia during moderate-intensity exercise in Type 1 diabetic patients using newer analog insulins. Nine subjects performed 60 min of ergocycle exercise (50% VO2max), 3 h after a standard breakfast in three different conditions. Subjects were randomly assigned to preexercise liquid glucose supplement of 0 g of glucose (0G), 15 g of glucose (15G), and 30 g of glucose (30G). Blood glucose (BG) was measured before, during, and following the exercise. All subjects used Humulin N (N) and analog insulin Humalog (Lispro). A dextrose infusion was initiated when BG fell below 5 mmol x L(-1). There was no significant difference in the magnitude of the decrease in BG exercise-induced when comparing the three experimental conditions. However, the quantity of dextrose infused was significantly higher in the 0G (10.5 +/- 3.2 g) than in the 15G (3.5 +/- 1.8 g) or the 30G conditions (1.6 +/- 1.0 g). The addition of a glucose supplement (15G or 30G) significantly prolonged the delay before the need for dextrose infusion (31.7 +/- 7.5, 51.3 +/- 4.2, and 55.6 +/- 2.6 min; 0G, 15G, and 30G, respectively). The quantity of dextrose infusion was plotted against the three preexercise glucose supplements and a regression equation obtained. Solving this equation, a glucose supplement of 40 g was estimated in order to maintain BG levels within the normal range during and after exercise. For 60 min of late postprandial exercise followed by 60 min of recovery, an estimated 40 g of a liquid glucose supplement, ingested 15 min prior exercise, would seem likely to help maintain safe BG levels in subjects using N-Lispro.