Liquid Dosage Forms Research Articles

Analysis of drugs for treatment of endometritis in cows

Obstetric and gynecological diseases in cows, including endometritis, are one of the main obstetric and gynecological problems in animal husbandry. To date, the incidence rate of cows with endometritis of various etiologies is quite high and amounts to 37.5%. The arsenal of drugs used in veterinary obstetrics, gynecology, andrology and reproductive technologies is constantly growing and expanding. In recent decades, new veterinary drugs have appeared on the drug market, which are used in clinical practice to regulate reproductive function and for therapeutic purposes in domestic and wild animals. When analyzing registered veterinary drugs against animal endometritis, it showed that most of them are domestic drugs (83%), and the rest are foreign (17%). Of all drugs, the group of antibacterial drugs accounts for 44.4%: 25% of which can be attributed to the group of macrolides; 25% of the group of quinolones and fluoroquinolones; 12.5% belongs to the group of cephalosporins; 12.5% belongs to the tetracycline group; 12.5% refers to the group of aminoglycosides in combinations; 6.25% belongs to the group of penicillins; 6.25% other antibacterial drugs. A less extensive group of drugs against endometritis are antiseptic - 22.2%. Of these, 37.5% are based on iodine. Antihypoxants and antioxidants, vitamins and vitaminlike substances account for 5.6% of the total number of medicines. 22.2% includes drugs of different pharmacological groups. When analyzing the dosage forms used in the treatment of endometritis in cows, the following results were obtained: the share of liquid dosage forms for intrauterine administration accounted for 44.5%, liquid dosage forms for parenteral use 30.6%, solid dosage forms accounted for 11.1%, soft dosage forms 13.8%. A large group of drugs for the treatment of endometritis are antibacterial drugs, the choice of which is quite justified.

Review article: Atmospheric Pressure, Water with Air, Porosity and Strength of Concrete (In memory of Professor László A Gömze)

The review shows that the gas content in tablets and solutions of medicines can significantly change their physical and chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the mechanism of action of medicines when applied topically, and even allows you to turn “old” and known medicines into “new” medicines with completely new and previously unknown mechanisms of action. Therefore, artificial changes in the gas content in solid and liquid dosage forms were recommended as an original method of developing new drugs. It has been shown that this method is particularly promising for the development of new antiseptic, cosmetic and hygiene products. The fact is that the additional forced introduction of gas into a liquid or into solid through excessive pressure increases their volume, reduces their specific gravity and strength. Moreover, it allows you to “blow up” them by cold boiling. Conversely, the removal of gas from them due to vacuum reduces the volume, increases the specific gravity and strength. By analogy with the change in the physical and chemical properties of liquid and solid medicines, achieved by removing gases from them, it is proposed to reduce the porosity and volume of concrete and increase its specific weight and strength by degassing the water used for wetting cement in the concrete manufacturing process. Due to the fact that under normal conditions, the gas content in the water used for the manufacture of concrete directly depends on the atmospheric pressure, it is concluded that the production of concrete at different atmospheric pressure changes its quality. In particular, low atmospheric pressure can reduce the porosity and volume of concrete, as well as increase the specific gravity and strength of concrete. On the other hand, high air and/or gas pressure can increase the porosity and volume of concrete and reduce the concrete’s specific gravity and strength. Therefore, the amount of atmospheric pressure and/or air and/or gas pressure on concrete during its production should be included in the list of controlled indicators of concrete manufacturing technology.

Expiry of medicine in public health facilities of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: a quantitative and qualitative study

Abstract Medicines are one of the critical elements of a well-functioning healthcare system, but their expiry remains one of the significant challenges in the healthcare sector. This study aims in assessing the extent of the issue and identifying the expired medicine types and their underlying causes in some selected public health facilities of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. This study is a mixed-method, which includes both quantitative and qualitative components. The quantitative research was undertaken by retrospective data extraction of recorded medicines as expired for the specified period. At the same time, the qualitative part is a facility-based cross-sectional survey study with self-administered questionnaires and semi-structured in-depth interviews engaging the health professionals of study facilities to explore the reasons for the expiration of medicines. Fifteen health facilities were selected from the study zone. The total monetary value of expired medicines in the studied health facilities during 2017-2019 was 185,938.86 USD. In the same period, all study facilities received medicines worth 2,425,882.64 USD, resulting in an expiry rate of 7.66%. The top classes of wasted medicines through expiry in terms of value were anti-infectives (35.51%) and medicines for central nervous system (CNS) disorders (20.48%). In comparison, by dosage forms, nearly half were solid dosage forms (48.81%), followed by liquid dosage forms (41.82%). Delivery of near expiry date medicines by Ethiopia’s Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency (PSA), lack of a system to exchange nearly expired medicines between facilities, and presence of overstocked medicines due to improper forecasting of need were the common perceived factors contributing to the expiry of medicines. Thus, the Policymakers should make decisions to reduce the contributing factors of medicines expiry to reduce wastage of medicines and promote appropriate utilization of finite resources.

A Systemic Review on Micro-emulsion: Liquid Dosage form for Topical Drug Delivery System

Microemulsions (ME) is a system that combines water, oil, and an emulsifier / surfactant which is a form of volatile liquid, homogeneous and kinetically stable. Microemulsion is an attractive drug delivery system for topical administration. Due to its solubility, mild skin irritation, and watery swelling are used in the Topical Drug Delivery System (TDDS). By improving the quality of skin texture, it provides a level of penetration. The function of skin balance is to limit the penetration of bacteria, viruses, and other environmental factors. With standard drugs, skin penetration may take time and have not been able to provide immediate action. So, in this case, we used the Microemulsion-based Topical Drug Delivery system. Microemulsion increases solubility, protects the drug from environmental factors and improves drug bioavailability. MEs provide high penetration and the ability to penetrate into the skin. Because of this, the immediate action of the drug can occur in the infected area. Due to the presence of a hydrophilic and lipophilic environment, it provides outstanding biocompatibility. There are several test frames used to maintain stability, microemulsion kinetics.

Medication Dispensing Errors in Liquid Dosage Form in Some Iraqi Governorates

Domestic measures such as a tea spoon (tsp) and a table spoon (tbsp) may be confusing and result in drug dispensing errors that may eventually lead to adverse consequences, especially with drugs with a small therapeutic window. This study investigates the relationship between the unit of measure used, dispensing errors, and whether household devices mediate this relationship. The results manifested that 95% of error was made by parents when measuring the dose intended by the physician. Moreover, 99.4% made an error in measuring the prescribed dose approved by the standards of USP and BP, and 69% used a nonstandard instrument. It is best to provide standard measures with each liquid drug and avoid using terms like “tablespoon or teaspoon” in patient education as they are confusing terms.

Spray-dried nanoemulsion for improved oral delivery of silymarin against hepatic cancer cells

Silymarin recognized for numerous activities, but the use is limited due to poor aqueous solubility, inefficient intestinal permeability, and low-erratic bioavailability. The aim of the current research was formulation of spray-dried nanoemulsion to enhance the solubility of silymarin. The nanoemulsion was prepared by aqueous titration method, spray died and characterized for thermal analysis by diffraction scanning calorimetry, crystallography analysis by x-ray diffraction, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The reconstitution properties were determining for droplet size, polydispersity index and microscopic structure. Optimized nanoemulsion composed of 15% v/v of oil, 33% v/v of Smix and 52% v/v of distilled water demonstrated lowest droplet size (52.4 ± 1.63 nm) and polydispersity index (0.112), optimum viscosity (23.37 ± 2.36 cps), maximum % transmittance (94.55), optimum cloud point (88°C) and cumulative % drug release (98.43%). The microscopic structure of spray-dried nanoemulsion after reconstitution in distilled water revealed spherical shape free from any aggregation. Spray-dried nanoemulsion demonstrated amorphous sate of silymarin after fabrication into solid state. The cumulative % release of silymarin was significantly higher than marketed conventional suspension (Limarin). The developed spray-dried nanoemulsion was robust and stable for a period of 3 months that could be recommended for oral administration of silymarin after further study. Solids are preferred over liquid dosage form; the formulation may offer better patient compliance over liquid nanoemulsion. In addition, the in-vitro cytotoxicity study revealed more cytotoxicity of SD-NE than plain silymarin against HepG2 cell line after 48 h of incubation. Moreover, the HepG2 cellular uptake silymarin was found to be substantially higher from NE when compared to the plain silymarin. Further, silymarin loaded SD-NE could be potential approach against hepatic cancer.
 Keywords: Silymarin, spray-dried nanoemulsion, dextran, phase diagram, solubility, stability

Ibuprofen syrup made by mixed solubilization technique

The aim of the present study was to prepare a liquid dosage form (syrup) of a NSAID (ibuprofen) by mixed solvency technique. The syrup formulation was prepared by using mixed hydrotropic method in which potassium citrate, sodium citrate, potassium acetate and disodium hydrogen phospahte were used as hydrotropes. Glycerine and tween 80 were also used in the formulation. The syrup was prepared by agitation method. At first solubility of the model drug Ibuprofen was identified by dissolving it with different hydrotropes. It was observed that the solubility of ibuprofen increased with increase in concentration of the hydrotropes. However, it is difficult to develop a formulation with very concentration of hydrotropes. Therefore, co-solvent and surfactants were also added to enhance the solubility of the ibuprofen. Glycerine and tween 80 were used along with blends of hydrotropes to increase the solubility of Ibuprofen. The results, showed 3000 times increase in solubility of the ibuprofen drug. Also, the drug content of the prepared formulation was found to be 99.67% which proved the mixed solubilizing technique as a efficient and stable method for development of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

A REVIEW ON FAST DISSOLVING TABLET

Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) emerged as one of the popular and widely accepted dosage forms. Few solid dosage forms like capsules and tablets are present days facing the problems like difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) resulting many incidences of non-compliance and making the therapy ineffective. Specifically for paediatric patients because of incomplete development of the muscular and nervous system and case of geriatric patients suffering from Parkinson’s disorder. Oral dosage form and oral route are the most preferred administration route for various drugs with limitations like first-pass metabolism, bedridden, psychiatric patients and uncooperative patients. There is no need of excess water to dissolve and disintegrate FDT tablets. Fast dissolving tablets are designed to dissolve in within 60 seconds in saliva remarkably faster. FDTs formulations contain super disintegrants to enhance the disintegration rate of tablet in the buccal cavity. FDTs have disintegrated quickly, absorb faster so, in vitro drug release time improve and this property of drugs (dosage form) enhanced bioavailability. FDTs have advantages such as easy portability and manufacturing, accurate dosing, good chemical and physical stability and an ideal alternative for geriatric and paediatric patients. FDT formulations have advantage over both conventional tablets and liquid dosage form.

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry for the Analysis of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Tinctures

To ensure the safety of herbal medicinal products, particularly in liquid dosage forms, it is necessary to control environmental toxins to acceptable levels. However, there is no methodology for individual elemental impurities in tinctures. The aim of the study was to select sample preparation conditions for quantitative determination of heavy metals and arsenic in tinctures. Materials and methods : the study used tinctures of anomalous peony, motherwort and valerian sampled from pharmacies. Sample preparation involved microwave-assisted digestion of pre-concentrated aliquots. Quantitative determination of 16 elemental impurities (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, Hg) was carried out using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Results : according to the study results, quantitative analysis of most elemental impurities requires sample concentration at the preparation step. Due to the method sensitivity, direct quantification of individual elements in a sample is possible only at levels of not less than 0.1 mg/kg. The optimal volume of a tincture for concentration is 25 ml, both in terms of time efficiency and recovery of toxic elements. Conclusions : the proposed procedure showed the possibility of quantification of 16 elemental impurities in the tinctures. The concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic in the tinctures of anomalous peony, motherwort and valerian did not exceed 0.722 mg/kg. Zinc and manganese were the most abundant elemental impurities in the studied samples.

Soluplus® polymeric nanomicelles improve solubility of BCS-class II drugs

The issue of poor aqueous solubility is often a great hitch in the development of liquid dosage forms for those drugs that the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) includes in classes II and IV. Among the possible technological solutions, inclusion of the drug molecule within polymeric micelles, and particularly nanomicelles, has been proposed in the last years as a valid strategy. Our attention has been recently attracted by Soluplus®, an amphiphilic polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer able to form small and stable nanomicelles. The aim of this study was to characterize Soluplus® nanomicelles to enhance the apparent solubility of three model APIs, categorized in BCS class II: ibuprofen (IBU), idebenone (IDE), and miconazole (MIC). Drug-loaded Soluplus® micelles with a mean size around 60–70 nm were prepared by two methods (direct dissolution or film hydration method). The prepared nanosystems were characterized in terms of mean particle size and Zeta potential, physical stability, drug solubility, and in vitro drug release. The solubility of the tested APIs was shown to increase linearly with the concentration of graft copolymer. Soluplus® can be easily submitted to membrane filtration (0.2 µm PES or PTFE membranes), showing the potential to be sterilized by this method. Freeze-drying enabled to obtain powder materials that, upon reconstitution with water, maintained the initial micelle size. Finally, viscosity studies indicated that these nanomicelles have potential applications where a bioadhesive material is advantageous, such as in topical ocular administration.Graphical abstract

From paediatric formulations development to access: Advances made and remaining challenges.

Developing suitable paediatric formulations and ensuring access to them by the greatest number of the 2.2 billion children worldwide are equally important to provide optimal pharmacotherapy. This review focuses on the progress made over the last two decades with paediatric oral formulations with respect to evidence for acceptability and dosing flexibility of liquid and solid oral dosage forms. It also discusses the clinical needs for, and the access to, paediatric formulations for existing authorised medicines. A significant body of new knowledge now supports the acceptability of solid oral dosage forms in children, resulting in an increasing number of medicines commercialised as multiparticulates, including minitablets that are starting to be brought to market. However, there are gaps with these formulations that deserve more research. Even though efforts have been made to identify medicines in need of age-appropriate formulations, there is no common priority list shared internationally. Such prioritisation would help to develop paediatric formulations with the greatest potential for providing a health benefit to children worldwide. In addition, available data highlight that paediatric formulation access is fragmented and unequal, with commercialisation of suitable paediatric formulations too often limited to some countries/regions. We propose actions to better align decisions during the development of paediatric formulations and promote a more globalised approach to facilitate registration pathways between different jurisdictions. Furthermore, discussions about alignment between approval, pricing and reimbursement processes should also happen, leaving working in siloes behind us. It is time for adults to start thinking outside the box for children.

Compounded Nonsterile Preparations and FDA-Approved Commercially Available Liquid Products for Children: A North American Update.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of recent US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA)-approved and marketed oral liquid, powder, or granule products for children in North America, to identify the next group of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that have high potential for development as commercially available FDA-approved finished liquid dosage forms, and to propose lists of compounded nonsterile preparations (CNSPs) that should be developed as commercially available FDA-approved finished liquid dosage forms, as well as those that pharmacists should continue to compound extemporaneously. Through this identification and categorization process, the pharmaceutical industry, government, and professionals are encouraged to continue to work together to improve the likelihood that patients will receive high-quality standardized extemporaneously compounded CNSPs and US-FDA-approved products.

Types of Attractive Dosage Forms for Primary School Students and Associated Factors in Baghdad/ Iraq

The lack of age-appropriate and child -friendly formulation of medication for children poses a major challenge to pediatric therapeutic practice, adherence, and health care delivery worldwide, however, formulation acceptability and preferences facilitate medication
 
 adherence in children, and they are important factors in achieving the intended treatment outcomes in which this study looks ahead. The present study aims to determine the various medication trends of children through their parents and caregivers, child preference of certain dosage form (chewable gel) in comparison with another solid dosage forms and its popularity among Iraqi primary school, furthermore the study highlights different variables influence student preference for chewable gel. A total of 230 Iraqi primary school students were randomly selected and interviewed with the presence of their parents. It was observed that (51.3%) of the parents/caregivers reported that the liquid dosage form is the most dosage form that commonly used, (72%) of consumers revealed that the capsules and tablets are not easy to swallow, furthermore, this study revealed that (68.6%) of school students preferred to take medication as chewable gel over than other oral solid dosage forms ,and this preference varied significantly with several socioeconomic and other factors.

Quality Assessment of Extemporaneously Compounded Carvedilol Oral Suspension for Pediatric Patients at the Hospital Pharmacy

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate different quality control parameters and the stability of the carvedilol compounded extemporaneous suspensions over three months at room temperature.
 Methodology: The carvedilol compounded extemporaneous suspensions were prepared in our lab in a manner consistent with how they are prepared for pediatric patients at the hospital pharmacy. The suspensions were stored at room temperature and analyzed immediately and at 1, 2 and 3 months. Suspensions were monitored for changes in organoleptic properties, pH, particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, sedimentation volume, drug content and drug dissolution.
 Results: The results demonstrated that the carvedilol compounding protocol used in this study was reliable and able to prepare 1.67 mg/mL of carvedilol suspension by using carvedilol commercially available tablets and Ora-blend as a suspending vehicle. Also, the extemporaneously compounded suspension maintained acceptable quality attributes when stored for three months at room temperature.
 Conclusion: The extemporaneously compounded suspension enables pediatricians to administer a variable dose, which adapts to every patient’s needs, and gives the possibility of treatment when the liquid dosage form is not available.

Insulin for topical use in wound healing: opportunities and limitations

Aims: The role of insulin in the regulation of energy metabolism, protein synthesis, proliferation, migration, secretion by keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts suggests that its presence is essential for wound healing (WH). The present study aims to explore the opportunities and limitations of topical insulin (TI) formulations. Methods: To obtain a complete picture of the challenges of the local insulin formulation a chronological review of previous publications in electronic databases was performed, applying data collection and selection criteria. Results: The opportunity of topically applied insulin has shown active interest over time. According to studies, regular insulin and isophane are suitable for local use, but currently there is no consensus on the appropriate concentration. Insulin can be incorporated into cutaneous liquid, semisolid, and solid dosage forms, either by itself, or by prior nano-or microencapsulation methods. The most important limiting factors to be evaluated are the stability of the peptide and the sterility of the obtained products. Conclusion: Examination of the balance of opportunities and limitations of TI formulations, it can be concluded that the range of applicable technological methods is wide. A high-quality, safe, and efficacious form of TI would have great value from a socio-economic point of view.

Development and validation of stability indicating UV-visible spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of salbutamol sulphate and ambroxol hydrochloridein liquid dosage form

Purpose: A new, simple, precise and validated UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of salbutamol sulphate and ambroxol hydrochloride in liquid dosage form. Method: The method employed was simultaneous equation method which involves solving simultaneous equations based on measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths 224 nm and 244 nm, the λmax of salbutamol sulphate and ambroxol hydrochloride, respectively. Specificity of the method was determined by subjecting the drugs to various stress conditions like acid, alkali, thermal and photolytic degradation. Results: The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 0.1-0.6 μg/mL for salbutamol sulphateand 1.5-09 μg/mL for ambroxol hydrochloride. The proposed method was effectively applied to liquid dosage form for estimation of both drugs. The accuracy and reproducibility results are close to 100% with ≤2% RSD. The results of proposed method have been validated as per ICH guidelines. Conclusion: A novel, precise and accurate stability indicating spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of salbutamol sulphate and ambroxol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical syrup formulation.

AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO MEASURE CUSTOMER PREFERENCE TOWARDS MEDICATED LOLLIPOP IN GUJARAT STATE – A PROPOSED MODEL FOR NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

The oral medicinal course is the suitable way of administering a drug. But, the trouble of swallowing the pills is indicated in pediatric, geriatric and bedridden affected person because they are consumed with lesser portions of water, no longer capable of tolerate the flavor of many capsules at the same time as formulated as liquid dosage forms, ensuing in bad affected man or woman compliance. The medicated lollipops are flavored medicated dosage forms meant to be sucked and keep inside the mouth or pharynx. Benefits of the medicated lollipops as dosage bureaucracy encompass increase in bioavailability, bargain in gastric contamination, bypass of first skip metabolism and boom in onset of action. Medicated lollipops are prepared heating and congealing technique. A medicated lollipop has drawn interest to the researchers as capability drug delivery system and it can be a enterprise fulfillment in close to future. The study aims to measure Customer Preference towards Medicated Lollipop in Gujarat State.

Stability Studies of Daucus carota (Apiaceae) Extracts as Colourant in Paracetamol Syrup Formulation

Background: Colouring agents are pharmaceutical excipients used in imparting a distinctive appearance on pharmaceutical dosage forms thereby making them appealing, appetizing and distinctive. The stability of colourants is signifificantly affffected by environmental factors such as light, temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric oxygen. The study was carried out to determine the stability of Daucus carota (carrot) extracted pigment which was used as a colourant in paracetamol syrup formulation. Method: The dried plant material was macerated using ethanol as the extractive solvent. Paracetamol syrup was formulated using formula from the British Pharmacopoeia (BP), and the extracted pigment (20% and 40%) was added as the colourant and stored in both plain and amber coloured bottles and subsequently compared to amaranth, a synthetic colourant which was used as the standard. The effect of light and temperature at 37°Cand 52°Con the colourant was also determined over a period of 14 days. Results: All coloured formulations used for drug stability studies showed a signifificant decrease in concentration of the colourant over the study period. The result obtained from light stability studies showed better stability when stored in amber bottles than in plain bottles for all colourants however, there was a gradual decrease in the concentration of D. Carota and amaranth with increase in temperature. Conclusion: The stability and physicochemical properties of Daucus carota extract have shown its potential as a natural colourant in the formulation of liquid pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Technological aspects and method of using fast-dissolving films in veterinary medicine

In modern veterinary medicine, solid and liquid dosage forms are most commonly used. Prescribing drugs in these dosage forms is often associated with already known difficulties and side effects. Fast-dissolving films developed in pharmacy are gaining more and more popularity today.

Following drug degradation and consequent taste deterioration of an oral reconstituted paediatric suspension during dosing interval via electronic tongue

BackgroundThe taste of oral liquid dosage forms is a crucial factor that impacts pediatric patient compliance. Taste of suspensions can be typically evaluated by human volunteers. Recently, the electronic tongue (ET) has been proven as an emerging tool that could be useful to follow up various formulations’ properties like taste and composition. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of ET in assessing the taste deterioration of reconstituted oral suspensions and compare the results obtained with the typical in vivo panel taste method. MethodsFour commercially available brands of amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid suspensions (one brand and three generic formulations) were reconstituted and stored in refrigerator to assess their taste on a daily basis. The taste of these products was assessed using Alpha-Astree ET and the obtained results were compared with those obtained from an in vivo panel taste assessment using a hedonic panel test (the 5-point hedonic scale). ResultsAll evaluated suspensions exhibited similar trends. ET and in vivo analysis indicated low taste scores for all evaluated suspensions immediately after reconstitution, possibly due to the incomplete dissolution of sucrose. The scores for all formulations were higher on day 2, followed by a steady state for the next two days. After that, a significant decay in the scores was observed in the fifth day for all evaluated suspensions. ET results were in excellent agreement with the results obtained via in vivo panel test method. ConclusionThe ET seems to be promising for testing the taste of pharmaceutical liquid preparations and evaluate possible deterioration upon storage or after reconstitution. It may provide a platform to avoid the involvement of pediatric volunteers in clinical evaluation and can be employed as a quality control tool during manufacturing.