Liquid Dosage Forms Research Articles

Compounded medications for cardiovascular use in neonatology: an integrative review.

ABSTRACTObjective:To analyze the profile of the compounded cardiovascular medicines prescribed in neonatology in Brazil.Data source:An integrative bibliographic review was carried out, including studies published in the last 20 years. The used descriptors were: Intensive Care Neonatal, Off-Label Use, Pharmaceutical Preparations, in the databases Virtual Health Library (VHL), PubMed, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Review articles and guidelines were excluded. The quality of the evidence was analyzed, and 10 articles were selected to integrate the study.Data synthesis:The profile of routine prescrption in the neonatal unit was evaluated. The main cardiovascular medications prescribed as compounding formulation were: Spironolactone, Captopril, Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Propranolol, Amiodarone, Nifedipine, Carvedilol, Digoxin, Enalapril, Epinephrine, and Hydralazine. The drugs were obtained from adaptations of dosage forms, through the transformation of capsules or tablets into liquid formulations, as a solution, suspension, or syrup, as well as in the form of solutions prepared from active pharmaceutical ingredients. The compounding of medications made drug therapy possible in neonatology, considering that such medications do not have registration of the oral liquid dosage form in the country, despite being part of the List of Essential Medicines for Children of the Word Health Organization.Conclusions:It was possible to analyze the profile of compounded cardiovascular medicines prescribed in neonatology in Brazil. The results showed the need for the development of medications suitable for the neonatal population, and the standardization of operational procedures for preparing extemporaneous formulations in neonatology to increase drug safety.

Opportunity for real time release testing in liquid dosage forms

Opportunity for real time release testing in liquid dosage forms

Thermal-cycling stress studies to support transport and distribution of liquid dosage forms

Thermal-cycling stress studies to support transport and distribution of liquid dosage forms

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Desloratadine Sugar Free Oral Liquid Dosage Form

The aim of the present work is to formulate and evaluate Desloratadine Sugar free oral liquid dosage form. Desloratadine is an anti-histamine drug which is used to treat allergic reactions such as chronic utricaria, watery eyes and runny nose. In this Present work Desloratadine sugar free oral liquid dosage form was formulated by using artificial sweeteners with the help of simple mixing technique and subjected to various evaluation tests. The Pre-formulation studies like identification of pure drug by melting point method, solubility, Drug-Excipients compatibility studies by FTIR studies were evaluated. Post formulation studies like oranganoleptic properties, Physico-chemical properties, Assay, Related substances and Microbial examination were evaluated. Organoleptic property has shown that the all formulations was found to be clear orange and complies with innovator. Assay of Desloratadine and sodium benzoate of all six formulations F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6 were determined and found to be 99.1%, 99.8%, 100.1%, 100.2%, 100.1% and 99.9% respectively. Related substances of all the formulations were determined and the impurities A and B were found to be within the limits and there is no any unspecified impurity. Microbial examinations of all the formulations are determined and the total bacterial count and fungal count are within the limits and E.coli is absent. The formulation of Desloratadine sugar free oral liquid dosage form by using artificial sweeteners was Developed and evaluated.

Effervescent Tablets: Everything You Need To Know

Oral dosage forms are the most popular way of taking medication, despite having some disadvantages compared with other methods like risk of slow absorption of the medicament, which can be overcome by administering the drug in liquid form, therefore, possibly allowing the use of a lower dosage. However, instability of many drugs in liquid dosage form limits its use. Effervescent technique can be used as alternate to develop a dosage form which can accelerate drug disintegration and dissolution, is usually applied in quick release preparations. Along with the development of new pharmaceutical technique, effervescent tablets are more and more extensively to adjust the behavior of drug release, such as in sustained and controlled release preparations, pulsatile drug delivery systems, and so on. In this review we have discussed about formulation, evaluation, advantages of effervescent tablets and also demonstrated the new applying of effervescent technique in effervescent tablets. Keywords: Effervescent tablets. Carbon tablet, Effervescent granules.

Analysis of Pharmaceutical Market of Glucocorticosteroids in the Kyrgyz Republic

This article presents the results of a study of the pharmaceutical market for glucocorticosteroids in the Kyrgyz Republic. Objects and Methods. The objects of the study were: The State Register of Medicines, price lists of pharmacy retail organizations. Research methods: during this research we used the methods of content analysis, observation, comparison, grouping, ranking, as well as structural and logical analysis. Conclusions. To date, 86 glucocorticosteroids trade names are officially allowed for use in the Kyrgyz Republic, taking into account the assortment variety; the leading type of dosage forms are liquid dosage forms, accounting for 46.5%; in the structure of supplies by country — the manufacturer is dominated by drugs from non-CIS countries — 57%, by the number of glucocorticosteroids supplies, the leaders are Turkey and Russia — 23.2% each (20 drugs each under trade names); the main glucocorticosteroids segment — 33% (28 trade names) is purchased at a price of over 500 soms ($6) per package.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORAL SOLUTION FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Background: Arthritis is becoming more prevalent with time in Pakistan. An autoimmune and inflammatory condition, rheumatoid arthritis mostly affects the joints. Since most immune suppressants are injectable, it was very difficult for patients to follow their treatment regimen on a daily basis. Aims: To develop a liquid dosage form with minimal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with immuno-suppressants. Methodology: For this purpose, a combination of aloe vera with anti-inflammatory effects and prednisolone with immunosuppressant effects is used. Firstly, aloe vera extract was taken and blended with distilled water, sweetened with sucralose and added in prednisolone solution along with other excipients. The results of efficacy, density, viscosity and specific gravity were as within ranges. Result: There is no discoloration and cloudiness. The results of efficacy, density, viscosity and specific gravity were as within ranges. Conclusion: Aloe juice has synergistic effects as an anti-inflammatory agent. This combination lessened the ADRs associated with prednisolone, however it doesn’t compromise the therapeutic effects.

Overview on Dravaka Kalpana w.s.r. to Shankha Dravaka

Rasashastra is the Iatrochemistry of Ayurveda which deals with formulations containing herbals, minerals and metals. Various Kalpanas are mentioned in Rasashastra such as Pottali Kalpana, Kharaliya Kalpana, Parpati Kalpana. Dravaka Kalpana is one among them which is made out of predominately “Lavana- Kshara” Dravyas. Dravaka Kalpana is a liquid dosage form that is prepared either by using Agni or without the use of Agni. Shankha Dravaka is one such Dravaka Kalpana that is mentioned in the different classical texts. It is indicated in various diseases such as Gulma (abdominal lump), Shoola (pain), Yakrit Dosha (disorders of the Liver), Pliha (splenic disorders), Ashmari (calculus) etc. It is used in less dosage by diluting with water. Different Acharyas have mentioned different methods of its preparation. This article compiles review of Ayurvedic literature on Shankha Dravaka. This literature review is carried out to create the base for undertaking future research work because without research efficacy, the utility cannot be established

An assessment of the current practice of community pharmacists for the disposal of medication waste in the United Arab Emirates: A deep analysis at a glance

ObjectiveThe study aimed to identify the current practice carried out by community pharmacists to dispose of expired medications in their workplace and assess any practical steps utilized to reduce medication waste. MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The participants were asked about their routine practice in disposing of different expired medications and the current actions taken to reduce the number of disposed medicines. ResultsThe study included (n = 418) community pharmacists. More than a third of expired liquid, solid, and semi-solid dosage forms were collected by licensed contractors. In addition, more than a third of the pharmacists disposed of different dosage forms via unauthorized methods (general garbage, sink and toilet). Most expired drugs were skin and hair products, antibiotics and analgesics. The majority of pharmacists (68.4 %, n = 286) agreed that expired pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical products, other than those disposed of via contractor, should be done through a specialized centre. This opinion was found to be strongly associated with years of practice as community pharmacists (P < 0.05). ConclusionPart of the existing disposal practices for expired pharmaceutical products in the UAE is carried out by contractors licensed by health authorities. However, concern remains regarding some pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical products that have not been disposed of correctly. Additionally, there is a need for a specialized center for medication disposal (p < 0.05). A stock limitation is the best practice for managing medication quantities in stock (p < 0.05).

Development and Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulations for Hepatoprotective Activity

Background: Liver is one of the most important human organs and is a sensitive target for chemicals that modulate biotransformation. The present study aimed to develop a polyherbal formulation in the form of both capsules (solid dosage form) and suspensions (liquid dosage form) with the combination of powders of Ricinus communis leaves, Allium sativum cloves, and Piper nigrum seeds and evaluated for hepatoprotective activity. Methods: Three batches of each formulation (CF1, CF2, CF3 for capsules and SF1, SF2, SF3 for suspensions) were developed by varying starch (as binder) concentration for granulation in capsules and by varying concentrations of sodium CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) a thickening agent in suspension formulations. These were initially evaluated for in-vitro parameters. Then calculated OD (overall desirability) factor for both formulations based on good flow properties and pourable viscosity of capsules and suspensions, respectively. Results: It was found that CF2 and SF1 formulations were selected as the best. Hence, these two formulations were considered for further pharmacological evaluation by ex-vivo studies using rat liver slices with CCl4 triggered lipid peroxidation assay and reduced glutathione assay, which revealed that the CF2 and SF1 formulations effectively prevented lipid peroxidation and considerably increased the glutathione levels. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation in both dosage forms could be used for the hepatoprotective activity to treat liver toxicities for adults (capsules) and for pediatric and geriatric (Suspension) patients.

Andrographis paniculata Dosage Forms and Advances in Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems: An Overview.

Andrographis paniculata is a well-known Asian medicinal plant with a major phytoconstituent of diterpene lactones, such as andrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, and neoandrographolide. A World Health Organization (WHO) monograph on selected medicinal plants showed that A. paniculata extracts and its major diterpene lactones have promising anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. However, these active phytochemicals have poor water solubility and bioavailability when delivered in a conventional dosage form. These biological barriers can be mitigated if the extract or isolated compound are delivered as nanoparticles. This review discusses existing studies and marketed products of A. paniculata in solid, liquid, semi-solid, and gaseous dosage forms, either as an extract or isolated pure compounds, as well as their deficits in reaching maximum bioavailability. The pharmaceutics and pharmacological activity of A. paniculata as a nano-delivery system are also discussed.

Formulation and Evaluation of Naproxen Orodispersible Tablets

Background: In the treatment of variant disease, oral administration is the main choice in society, especially in children. Orodispersible tablets have been more popular among children in recent years than oral liquid dosage forms. An Orodispersible tablet disintegrates in the oral cavity and the drug gives pharmacological and therapeutically responses as the faster onset of action. &#x0D; Purpose of the study: Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used to treat mild to moderate pain and arthritis. In this study, super disintegrant agents Crospovidone and Croscarmellose Sodium were used to make Naproxen orodispersible tablets utilizing a direct compression approach. &#x0D; Research rationale: The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate orodispersible naproxen tablets in order to improve their disintegration and dissolving profiles.&#x0D; Method: Direct compression techniques were used to manufacture naproxen orodispersible tablets, which disintegrate in the oral cavity without the need for water in a matter of seconds when placed on the tongue.&#x0D; Results: FTIR and PXRD were used to investigate the drug-excipient interaction. The pre-compression and post-compression properties of the prepared tablets were assessed. The formulated tablets show a disintegration time of 32-53 seconds with In vitro drug release of 100% within 15 minutes. Weight variation, Friability, and Hardness were all found to be within acceptable limits. &#x0D; Conclusions: Naproxen orodispersible tablets containing croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, and other excipients provide improved disintegration and a more complete drug release profile.

Optimizing the design and dosing of dry powder inhaler formulations of the cationic liposome adjuvant CAF®01 for pulmonary immunization

Thermostability is one of the product characteristics preferred by WHO for vaccines against respiratory infections due to ease of administration, pain minimization, and low costs. Thermostable dry powder inhaler (DPI) vaccine formulations can induce protective antibodies and T cells at the site of infection in the lungs. However, the majority of licensed human vaccines is based on liquid dosage forms, and there is no licensed mucosal adjuvants. The cationic adjuvant formulation 01 (CAF®01) is a liposome-based adjuvant system that (i) induces robust T cells and antibodies, (ii) is safe and well-tolerated in clinical trials, and (iii) induces mucosal immune responses after pulmonary administration. However, the optimal DPI formulations of CAF®01 for pulmonary immunization are not known. Here, we show that DPI formulations of CAF®01 spray-dried with a combination of sugars and the amino acid leucine exhibit optimal aerosolization properties and distribute in the lung lobes upon pulmonary administration. We demonstrate that the type of amorphous sugar used as stabilizer and the amount (w/w) of leucine used during spray drying affect the physicochemical properties and aerosol performance of DPI formulations. By systematically varying the ratios (w/w) of trehalose, dextran and leucine used as excipients during spray drying, we manufactured DPI formulations of CAF®01 that displayed (i) a spherical or wrinkled surface morphology, (ii) an aerodynamic diameter and particle size distribution optimal for deep lung deposition, and (iii) solid-state and aerosolization properties suitable for lung delivery. Using a design-of-experiments-based approach, we identified the most optimal process parameters in an in vivo aerosol generator, i.e., the PreciseInhale® system, which was used to measure the flowability of the aerosols. We found that the DPI formulation of CAF®01 spray-dried with trehalose and dextran (70% w/w) and leucine (30% w/w) displayed the most optimal physicochemical, morphological, solid-state, and aerosolization properties for deep lung deposition. Upon pulmonary administration, this DPI formulation distributed in the lung lobes in a way that was almost identical to the biodistribution of the non-spray dried formulation. Hence, DPI formulations of CAF®01, prepared with trehalose and dextran sugar matrix and a leucine shell, display physicochemical and aerosol properties suitable for inhalation.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat dengan Pendampingan Formulasi Handsanitizer Standar WHO di Kelurahan Mojosongo, Surakarta

INCREASING PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE WITH ASSISTANCE IN WHO STANDARD HANDSANITIZER FORMULATION IN MOJOSONGO VILLAGE, SURAKARTA. The Applied Pharmacy Research Group has a service roadmap that examines medicinal products, supplements, cosmetic and traditional medicines that can contribute and be adopted by society. One of the issues is liquid dosage form formulation. Alcohol is the one of choice after washing hands with soap. The use of hand sanitizer can deactivate microorganisms that stick to hand. This increase in use because pandemic covid-19 that made many people take preventive action. One way to prevent the spread of the Corona virus is maintain cleanliness such as diligently washing hands with soap and water. In the other hand the use of handsanitizer is also recommended when you cannot reach water and soap. Activity community service in Mojosongo Village, focuses on increasing public knowledge in formulate liquid Handsanitizer that is practical and simple according to the standards requirment by WHO (World Health Organization). The results of the questionnaire conducted before and after assistance in making hand sanitizers stated that most of the respondents had showed an increase in knowledge related to components in the manufacture of handsanitizers

Ground-based selected ionizing space radiation effects on stability of APIs and their formulations

Primary goal of any space mission is to keep astronauts healthy and fit during entire mission. One of the important challenges for that is providing a safe and effective pharmacy with the capabilities to address both scheduled and unanticipated medical conditions that may arise during spaceflight. Extended exposure to space environmental conditions may trigger drug deterioration, impacting quality, effectiveness, and safety. To assess the influence of space ionizing radiations on the stability of medicines launched aboard spacecraft, a preliminary ground-based ionizing radiation drug interaction study was carried out at different doses in the present work. Four different types of radiations - proton, neutron (thermal, fast), gamma and heavy ions (56Fe) were used to irradiate selected drugs namely diclofenac, ciprofloxacin and metoprolol along with their formulations. Chemical stability of each irradiated sample was checked using high performance liquid chromatographic method. Significant degradation was observed in even solid-state during proton irradiation in both Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and tablet dosage form. Solution of active pharmaceutical ingredient and liquid dosage forms were prone to degradation in presence of gamma radiation. No physical and chemical changes observed after neutron and 56Fe irradiation. Irradiation of the same drug with different radiations demonstrated varying HPLC chromatographic profiles in terms of %degradation as well as proportion of same degradation products. This indicates possibility of different degradation pathways to generate degradation products.

Usability of administration devices for oral and respiratory medicines: Views from a UK primary school

The correct use of medicine administration devices is pivotal for optimal drug therapy in children. Little is known about end users’ perspectives on administration device use. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a survey to gain information and opinions from caregivers and children regarding the usability of paediatric medicine administration devices.A survey was conducted at a primary school in the United Kingdom in children aged 10–12 years and their caregivers. It focused on oral and respiratory devices and comprised two identical parts: 1) for the caregivers, 2) for the children with parental consent. Ethics approval (REC4612-016) was obtained.A total of 57 caregiver-child pairs accessed the survey and it was completed by parents only (n = 4), children only (n = 31) or jointly (n = 22). Most participants (65 %) had taken liquid dosage forms (e.g., syrups/suspensions) compared to solid dosage forms (34 %). Oral devices most frequently used were oral syringes (42 %), measuring spoons (22 %), and household spoons (18 %), with parents most frequently demonstrating device use to their children.Respiratory devices were used less frequently, and pressurised metered-dose inhalers with/without spacer (pMDIs) were the most commonly used devices (11/13). Instructions on use were provided by healthcare professionals to both caregivers and children.Generally, oral and respiratory devices were considered easy to use and instructions were clear. However, for both oral and respiratory devices, some suggestions for device improvement were provided by participants.Education/training by healthcare professionals and clear supplier instructions (e.g., pictograms) may be especially effective in ensuring that caregivers and children are able to use administration devices appropriately and receive sufficient information on their correct use.

Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drug Ezetimibe by Developing Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System

Objectives: To enhance solubility, dissolution, and permeability of poorly water-soluble drug Ezetimibe (EZE) using a self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Methods: Initially, the solubility of the EZE was determined in various oils and buffers. Surfactants and co-surfactants were screened based on the solubility of the drug in oil as per the emulsification efficacy test. Liquid SNEDDS was developed and characterized. Solid SNEDDS was developed and characterized using optimized liquid SNEDDS followed by the development of EZE-loaded Tablet SNEDDS. Finding: Liquid SNEDDS (LSNEDDS) was formulated using Capmul MCM C8 EP, Cremophore RH 40, and Labrafil M 2125 CS as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant respectively. Optimized L-SNEDDS formulation was found to be efficient with an average %T of 99.5%, drug content of 98.43%, flask inversion 0 numbers, and the average particle size of 36.7 nm, zeta potential of -57.5 mV, Polydispersibility index in of 0.119. Also, the in vitro release profile of drug from L-SNEDDS encapsulated in hard gelatin capsules was evaluated in different dissolution media viz. simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. For the drug, more than 95% cumulative release was observed within 30 min exclusive of the pH of the medium. The L-SNEDDS were adsorbed on a solid support and then mixed with tablet blends and compressed into tablets. Further, no adverse changes in globule size, shape, the zeta potential of SNEDDS, and dissolution profile were apparent on conversion to solid powder form and tablet form. Novelty: The developed liquid SNEDDS form of EZE showed enhanced solubility, dissolution, and permeability in comparison to pure drugs. Conversion of L-SNEDDS to PSNEDDS would be a novel approach to overcome the limitations associatedwith liquid dosage forms. Keywords: Ezetimibe (EZE); Selfnano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS); liquid SNEDDS (L SNEDDS); powder SNEDDS (PSNEDDS); Tablet SNEDDS (TSNEDDS)

Expired medications and disposal practices in Arab households.

Over the past few decades, the accumulation of expired and unused medications in households has become a concern. Most people are unaware of how to properly dispose of unused and/or expired medicines. Our objective was to inspect the extent of expired medications within Arab households in United Arab Emirates (UAE), to determine which therapeutic groups yield greater amounts of unused medications, and evaluate drugs' disposal practices. This descriptive study was written in accordance with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist for cross-sectional studies. It was conducted among Arab households in UAE (n = 503) using an online questionnaire between November 2020 and January 2021. Questions were related to participants' socio-demographics, the prevalence of expired medications in households and their disposal. Around 58% of the respondents had expired medications in their houses and 74% had drugs that were never used. The most common medicines left unused were analgesics (34%) followed by cosmetics (27%) and antibiotics (26%). More than 42% of expired medications were in solid dosage forms, 28% were semisolid and 24% were liquid dosage forms. The predominant disposal method among the surveyed participants was throwing medications into the garbage (86%). Large quantities of expired medications in Arab households exist with a high prevalence of analgesics, antibiotics and cosmetics. Arab households are unaware of the proper drug disposal procedures. Therefore, community pharmacists are recommended to offer training on proper medication disposal practices and to encourage the public to return medications to pharmacies.

Physico Chemical Analysis of Asanavilwadi Tila Tailam and Asanavilwadi Kera Tailam

Taila Kalpana- A liquid dosage form of Ayurveda used for both external and internal application, has an important role in clinical practice. Asanavilwadi taila is a preparation mentioned in Sahasrayogam taila prakaranam and in Chikitsa manjari Siro roga chikitsa. It is used in the treatment of diseases of eye, ear and head and found to be very effective. Based on the data collected about the production of Asanavilwadi tailam from various manufacturing companies, it was noted that large amount of Asanavilwadi tila tailam and Asanavilwadi kera tailam are produced. In the present scenario there is increase in the number of manufacturing companies, increased production of formulations and there is decreased availability of raw drugs. So, it is necessary to confirm the genuinity of formulations available in the market. But Asanavilwadi tailam has not been standardized yet in API. This work was initiated to develop a standard analytical parameter for Asanavilwadi tila tailam and Asanavilwadi kera tailam. Asanavilwadi taila is prepared both in the media of Tila taila and Kera tailam as both samples are used for clinical practice and physico-chemical analyses were done. Standard analytical protocol proposed by Pharmacopoeial Laboratory of Indian Medicine (PLIM) and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India were taken as the study tool.

Probiotic Formulation Development and Local Application with Focus on Local Buccal, Nasal and Pulmonary Application

Abstract:These days, probiotics are commonly used in functional foods or as dietary supplements. But its positive effect goes far beyond the digestive tract. Local effects of probiotics are currently being studied intensively. The local effect of probiotics in the oral cavity and in the nose has already been examined in some clinical studies. A local pulmonary effect is also of particular interest. In this case, however, studies were only carried out on animals but already elucidated its potential. Various solid and liquid dosage forms are suitable as vehicles for local application. An improved formulation of probiotic products based on pharmaceutical formulation development might bring many different advantages for the effectiveness and duration of action, but also the stability of the probiotic products. Possibilities for the development of suitable probiotic formulations using different methods are presented and explained in more detail. The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of the current state of clinical research of local application of probiotics and to present the benefits and opportunities of probiotic formulation development.