Liquid Container Research Articles

Damping control of sloshing in liquid container on cart with active vibration reducer having parallel linkage (Running on an uneven road by using both disturbance suppression control and frequency-dependent optimal servo)

Damping control of sloshing in liquid container on cart with active vibration reducer having parallel linkage (Running on an uneven road by using both disturbance suppression control and frequency-dependent optimal servo)

A technique for non-contact identification of liquids in closed containers using microwave planar metamaterial

At present, the fast non-contact identification of liquids is a real-life task for security systems and quality testing of various drinks. The possibility of identifying liquids in containers using a technique based on two oppositely connected planar photonic crystals (PPCs) with microwaves was experimentally demonstrated. The influence of the thickness of the container's walls, the container's diameter, and the inclination angle of the container axis relative to the plane of the planar photonic crystal on the reliability of the non-contact identification of liquids was experimentally investigated. The minimum change in the concentration of aqueous solutions of ethyl alcohol, sugar, and food salt that could be reliably distinguished in solutions was defined. For liquids containing water in thin plastic containers, the optimum operating frequency band (about 2 GH to 4 GHz) of the experimental setup for their identification was found. The maximum thickness of the container wall at which the required reliability of the identification of liquids was achieved was evaluated for several selected operating frequencies. The possibility of non-contact analysis of not only aqueous solutions of ethyl and methyl alcohol, but also of their mixes, was experimentally shown. The developed technique for fast non-contact identification of liquids can be applied for food quality control, security systems, and chemical technologies.

Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Helical Carbon Nanotube and Ionic Liquid Containing Ferrocene and Aldehyde Groups.

We fabricated an electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of cardiac troponin I using β-cyclodextrin-functionalized helical carbon nanotube and ionic liquid functionalized with ferrocene and aldehyde groups. β-Cyclodextrin-functionalized helical carbon nanotube was first modified on the electrode surface. Then, ferrocene- and aldehyde-functionalized ionic liquid was modified on the surface of the electrode through host–guest interaction, resulting in an interface with aldehyde groups. The aldehyde groups attached to the ionic liquid capture antibody directly, which simplifies the fabrication of immunosensor. Because of the use of ionic liquid and helical carbon nanotube, the conductivity of the sensing interface was improved. Thus, the sensitivity of the fabricated immunosensor was increased. The immunosensor for cardiac troponin I shows a linear range from 0.05 to 20 ng mL–1 with a detection limit of 0.04 ng mL–1 (S/N = 3).

Monotonic and Fatigue Performance of Double-skin Push-out and Tensile Segments of Divers Shear Connectors – Review

Double skin composite (DSC) construction or Steel/concrete/steel sandwich construction (SCSS) is an innovative and relatively new form of composite construction that can be used in submerged tube tunnels, bridges deck, nuclear structures, liquid and gas containment structures, offshore and onshore structures, military shelters, and shear walls in buildings. The system consists of a plain concrete core sandwiched between two steel plates interconnected together by various types of mechanical shear connectors. The DSC construction perceives advantages that the external steel plates act as both formwork and primary reinforcement, and also as impermeable, blast and impact resistant membranes. The major duty of the shear connectors is to withstand longitudinal shear force and beam/slab separation, while in the bi-steel type where shear connectors are friction welded at both their two ends to two parallel steel plates, the longitudinal and transverse shear force, as well as plate buckling are resisted. The present paper highlights the previous prime researches concerning the subjects of SCSS composite construction, specifically on the conducted tests (push-out tests, tensile, direct shear tests, and bending tests) in which the components of partial interaction (uplift and slip forces) are resisted by various types of shear connectors.

MPS-FEM Coupled Method for Study of Wave-Structure Interaction

Nowadays, an increasing number of ships and marine structures are manufactured and inevitably operated in rough sea. As a result, some phenomena related to the violent fluid-elastic structure interactions (e.g., hydrodynamic slamming on marine vessels, tsunami impact on onshore structures, and sloshing in liquid containers) have aroused huge challenges to ocean engineering fields. In this paper, the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method and finite element method (FEM) coupled method is proposed for use in numerical investigations of the interaction between a regular wave and a horizontal suspended structure. The fluid domain calculated by the MPS method is dispersed into fluid particles, and the structure domain solved by the FEM method is dispersed into beam elements. The generation of the 2D regular wave is firstly conducted, and convergence verification is performed to determine appropriate particle spacing for the simulation. Next, the regular wave interacting with a rigid structure is initially performed and verified through the comparison with the laboratory experiments. By verification, the MPS-FEM coupled method can be applied to fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems with waves. On this basis, taking the flexibility of structure into consideration, the elastic dynamic response of the structure subjected to the wave slamming is investigated, including the evolutions of the free surface, the variation of the wave impact pressures, the velocity distribution, and the structural deformation response. By comparison with the rigid case, the effects of the structural flexibility on wave-elastic structure interaction can be obtained.

Modeling of Liquid Hot Metal Sloshing in Ladles During Transportation by Locomotives (A Bond Graph Method)

Safe and secure transportation of liquid hot metal in steel plants is very challenging. About ninety percent of transportation is by means of locomotives. Sloshing is a common phenomenon in open container liquid transportation due to external excitation. Non-linear sloshing dynamics of liquid hot metal in ladle due to locomotive movement is the prime consideration of this paper. Liquid hot metal inside the ladle has been considered in the line of an equivalent mechanical system. Resulting forces and moments acting on the ladle inside wall are considered equal in all senses. An equivalent mechanical dynamic system representation of sloshing by bond graph modellinghas been formulated by keeping records in a satisfactory way.Future research scopes has been identifiedin parallel with an outline mapped. Hot metal liquid has two distinct components of the hydrodynamic pressure in consideration of rigid containershas been identified. Bottom segment of the molten metal column moves unison with the ladleandis directlyproportional with the acceleration of the ladle. Whereas the second one ‘convective’ pressure at the free surface, particularly experiences the sloshing tendency due to external forces.

CRYOPRESERVATION OF KAMPUNG ROOSTER SEMEN USING EGG YOLK DILUENT FROM FOUR TYPES OF POULTRY WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS

The aim of this study was to determine the type and the best concentration of egg yolk in maintaining the quality of kampung rooster spermatozoa during cryopreservation. This study used a completely randomized factorial pattern design with the first factor was the type of egg yolk (purebred chicken, kampung chicken, duck, and quail) and the second factor was the concentration of egg yolk (5%, 10%, and 15%). Semen was collected from twelve kampung roosters using massage method. Immediately after collection, the semen was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Semen with more than 70% motility was used in this study. The semen was diluted, packed in a ministraw, equilibrated, and frozen using liquid nitrogen vapor and stored in a liquid nitrogen container for 24 hours. Observation of spermatozoa motility was carried out in fresh semen, diluted semen, after equilibration and after thawing with four replications. The results showed that the type of egg yolk treatment had no effect (P0.05) on the recovery rate and motility of spermatozoa before and after cryopreservation, but egg yolk concentration had a highly significant effect (P0.01) on the quality of spermatozoa. Egg yolks in 10-15% concentration had spermatozoa motility and recovery rate higher than egg yolk with 5% concentration. In conclusion, purebred chicken egg yolk, kampung chicken egg yolk, duck egg yolk, and quail egg yolk each in diluent can be used to maintain the quality of kampung rooster spermatozoa at a concentration of 10-15% during cryopreservation.

Demonstration of Container Effects on Recognition Process of Liquids Using a Ring-Resonator Measurement Method

Before separating or classifying hazardous/unsafe liquids, a system must be identified which can best measure certain liquids. The preferred measurement system can be useful, quick response, rapid measurement and so on. However, these features are not sufficient to classify the liquids in different containers. Especially at security points, containers of liquids carried by people may be different. Therefore, it has been investigated whether classification can be made by using the response of different containers to electromagnetic radiation. When the ring resonator measurement method is used in the 1–1.4 GHz frequency range, a successful separation process is carried out, even if the containers were made of different materials. Nevertheless, a well-known k-means algorithm has been used to analyze the measurement results of selected liquids.

Experimental Investigations of Novel Compound Bearing of Superconducting Magnetic Field and Hydrodynamic Fluid Field

Long-life and high-reliability bearing is a key technology for developing the next generation of reusable liquid rocket turbopumps. We proposed a concept of superconducting compound bearing to combine the advantages of the superconducting magnetic field and the hydrodynamic fluid field. At the start-up, stop, and low-speed stages, the turbopump rotor system will be suspended by superconducting magnetic field to avoid mechanical friction and wear. The participation of hydrodynamic fluid field will ensure the stability during high-speed operational stage. An axial-type superconducting compound bearing with six tilting pads was erected, and an experimental verification of compound feasibility was conducted on an established testing device. The maximum rotational speed for experiments was 10 000 rpm, and the minimum bearing clearance was 100 μm. Due to the temperature rise on the superconducting pads during rotating, the superconducting magnetic force of the bearing decreases obviously versus the rotational speed. When the bearing clearance was decreased to 100 μm, this decay tendency was slowed down after 6000 rpm, even with an increase of 0.8 K in the cooling temperature of the liquid nitrogen container. It was attributed to the generation of hydrodynamic fluid-film force, and the value is 19.2 N at least. The monitored vibration results also reflected the different characteristics of the two physical fields. The verified superconducting compound bearing is a promising alternative for the rolling element bearings in the existing rocket turbopumps.

Numerical study on structural response of anti-sloshing baffles of different configurations in a sloshing tank considering hydroelasticity

With the enlargement of liquid containers, unexpected deformation and damage of the containers might happen. As a commonly used way to suppress intense sloshing, anti-sloshing baffles usually sustain liquid loads with a large wetted area. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the structural response of the anti-sloshing baffles taking hydroelasticity into account to guarantee the structural safety. This paper presents a numerical study on the structural response of horizontal and vertical baffles of different configurations in a sloshing tank considering hydroelasticity. Two validations on the effectiveness of the numerical methods and convergence tests are conducted. Influences of baffle height and length of the horizontal and vertical baffles on the structural response are examined through a series of simulations, from which amplitudes, frequencies of different vibration components and energy ratio of the wetted natural vibration caused by hydroelasticity are obtained and analyzed. Additionally, possible structural resonances of the horizontal and vertical baffles caused by the periodic sloshing motion and hydroelastic effects are shown, indicating the necessity of considering hydroelasticity. Meaningful conclusions are drawn on the characteristics of structural response, the effects of baffle configuration and the occurrence of structural resonance of the baffle from a structural safety point of view.

Development of a Zero Rate Evaporation Cryogenic System for 200 MeV Proton Cyclotron

Based on the collaboration of ASIPP (Hefei, China)–JINR (Dubna, Russia) for proton therapy, a 200-MeV compact superconducting proton cyclotron project (SC-200 project) has been launched at ASIPP. The superconducting coil of the main magnet system for cyclotron is cooled by liquid helium. A zero rate evaporation cryogenic system has been designed and tested for the main superconducting magnet system. Three GM-cry coolers (40 W at 50 K, 1.5 W at 4.2 K) were worked as the cold source to cooling the thermal shield, a pair of high-temperature superconducting current leads (HTSCL) and liquid helium container. The test results show that the thermal shield and HTSCL can be cooler lower than 77 K, the heat load of the cryogenic system is less than 2.8 W. The detail design of the cryogenic system and test process will be described in the paper.

A generic concept for Helium purification and liquefaction plant

This study describes and evaluates the performance of producing a pure Helium fraction from Helium extraction facility designed for cryogenic natural gas plants. A generic concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction, which has relatively lower capital and operating costs should be provided. In order to achieve this objective, a new concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction from a crude Helium fraction, is proposed based on simulations run under diverse process conditions regarding crude Helium gas’ temperature, pressure and composition. This concept is characterized by; reducing the plant safety requirements due to the extensive separation of combustible components, and compact layout of Helium extraction plant. Further re-purification is included in the subsequent Helium liquefaction step through selective adsorption, hence then increasing the purity of the Helium product and reducing the plant energy consumption required for liquefying Helium-rich fraction and the valuable Helium boil-off routed from the storage facility. The Nitrogen-rich fraction is routed to Nitrogen liquefaction installation. Liquid Nitrogen is generated within Helium recovery facility for liquid Helium shielding and container cooling. Surplus gaseous Nitrogen either can be liquefied and used within cryogenic natural gas plant as process coolant or be vented to atmosphere.

Perancangan Alat Bantu untuk Liquid Container Berdasarkan Penilaian Rapid Entire Body Assessment dan Washington State Checklist

The problem in this research is the use of liquid containers, which use as bulk cosmetic containers, which will be move from the WIP room to the product packaging room. Based on these transfer activities, there was a risk of exposure to Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), which were analyzed using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and Washington State Checklist (WSC). This study aims to design a tool for a more ergonomic liquid container to reduce the impact of MSDs on workers. Redesigning this tool uses the concept of Reverse Engineering. The design of the new liquid container transporter simulation can reduce REBA score with a WSC value of low-risk category for MSDs exposure based on the overall work environment category.

Liquescent Level Checking and Scheming System By Means of Iot

Web of things based fluid dimension observing framework is a programmed framework that gives the suggestion message or flags to the client about fluid dimension in certain tank and keeps the fluid tank from flood or undercurrent. Wastage of any liquid in the current scenario is not affordable. Through this project a way of controlling the wastage of any liquid by using internet of things is provided. This project makes use of different liquid level sensors which are placed or fixed to the container of liquid. These sensors are connected to Arduino controller which alerts the users through an android application if any overflow or underflow of liquid appears.

Evaluating Six Commercially Available Closed-System Drug-Transfer Devices Against NIOSH's 2015 Draft Vapor Protocol.

Purpose: In 2015, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published a draft vapor containment protocol to quantitatively evaluate combined liquid, aerosol, and vapor containment performance of commercially available closed-system drug-transfer devices (CSTDs) that claim to be effective for gas/vapor containment within a controlled test environment. Until the release of this proposed protocol, no standard method for evaluating airtightness of CSTDs existed. The aim of this study was to evaluate six commercially available CSTDs utilizing NIOSH draft protocol methodology to evaluate vapor containment under a robust vapor challenge. Methods: In this study, six commercially available CSTDs were tested utilizing draft NIOSH vapor containment protocol methodology to simulate drug compounding and administration using 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as the challenge agent. All device manipulations were carried out in an enclosed test chamber. A Miran sapphIRe gas analyzer was used to detect IPA vapor levels that escaped the device. Study test included the two tasks designated by the NIOSH protocol, with additional steps added to the evaluation. Tasks were repeated 10 times for each device. Results: Only three of the six tested CSTDs (Equashield®, HALO®, and PhaSealTM) had an average IPA vapor release below the quantifiable performance threshold (1.0 ppm) for all tasks performed. This value was selected by NIOSH to represent the performance threshold for successful containment. The remaining three CSTDs had vapor release above 1 ppm at various times during the IPA manipulation process. Conclusion: Equashield®, HALO®, and PhaSealTM devices tested met the 2015 NIOSH protocol quantifiable performance threshold, functioning as a truly closed system. Quantifiable effective data may be useful in product selection.

Passive Wireless UHF RFID Antenna Label for Sensing Dielectric Properties of Aqueous and Organic Liquids

The in situ wireless sensing of dielectric properties for organic aqueous solutions with a wide range of relative permittivities is presented. The use of an ultra-high frequency passive label antenna design attached to either clear borosilicate glass bottle or Petri plate is proposed, which allows for the unobtrusive, safe monitoring of the liquid solutions. The meandered dipole antenna (with a parasitic loop matching component) frequency is highly reliant on the chosen container as well as on the liquid present within, and adjusts with shifting dielectric properties. Tested solutions of high-relative permittivity (such as water) along with low permittivity, lossy liquids (such as xylene) presented distinctive frequency characteristics with read distances of up to 7 m for each type of container tested. The sensor was also able to detect `unknown' solutions and determine the dielectric properties by utilizing standard curve analysis with an accuracy of ±0.834 relative permittivity and ±0.050 S · m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> conductivity (compared to a standard dielectric measurement system available on the market). With the accuracy known, tuning the design to fit any necessary frequency is possible as a means to detect specific changes in any one liquid system. This sensor is a possible candidate for discreet real-time monitoring of liquid storage containers and an alternative for low-cost bulk liquid dielectric property identification, which could be implemented in areas requiring, constant, or remote monitoring as needed.

Analysis of real‐world implementation challenges of chipless RFID tag

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are highly sensitive to material contents of the tagged objects, especially with liquids and metals. The presence of an attached object on the tag can be detrimental for tagID detection. In this study, the RF performance of chipless RFID tag placed on different commercial objects for identification purpose is comprehensively analysed. Probable solutions are proposed for observed issues to make the chipless RFID tags readable on various items such as non-conductive objects, liquid containers and metal items. The misalignment between the reader antenna and the tag is another issue during the commercial implementation of chipless RFID system. A tri-planar positioning of the tag has been verified as an appropriate solution in this study. The chipless tag has the potential to read stacked pallets and boxes with liquid/solid contents in warehouse scenarios using the proposed solutions.

Effect of azolla supplementation in feed on semen freezability in bucks

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of azolla supplementation on semen freezability in Barbari bucks. Ten adult Barbari bucks (2–4 years old) were selected, and divided into control and treatment group (5 bucks in each group) as per completely randomized design. Bucks of control group were fed with 400 g concentrate pellet/day along with 6–7 h grazing while bucks of treatment group were supplemented with 100 g fresh azolla along with 400 g concentrate pellet and 6–7 h grazing. Semen ejaculates (8) were collected from each buck of control and treatment groups after 60 days of azolla supplementation. Immediately after collection, semen samples were evaluated for colour, volume, density, mass motility, progressive motility, live sperm count, acrosomal integrity and hypo-osmotic swelling positive spermatozoa. Then semen samples were diluted with tris–citric acid fructose diluents having 6% (v/v) glycerol as cryoprotective agent and 10% (v/v) egg yolk. After equilibration, semen samples were filled in straws and vapour frozen for 10 min 4 cm above the liquid nitrogen and finally stored into liquid nitrogen container. Post thaw motility, live sperm count, abnormalities, acrosomal integrity and hypo-osmotic swelling test were conducted to check the effect of azolla feeding on the freezability. Post thaw motility, live sperm count, acrosomal integrity and hypo-osmotic swelling positive spermatozoa were significantly higher in treatment group. It could be concluded that dietary azolla supplementation to breeding bucks improved the quality and freezability of semen favouring the use in artificial insemination program.

High-performance enzymatic biofuel cell based on flexible carbon cloth modified with MgO-templated porous carbon

We report enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) based on MgO-templated carbon (MgOC)-carbon textile composite electrodes, which are lightweight, flexible, and used as liquid containers. MgOC particles with a pore size of 40 nm were modified on a carbon cloth substrate using poly(vinylidenedifluoride) as an anodic binder and polytetrafluoroethylene as a cathodic binder. Flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) from Aspergillus terreus was used for the anode, with 1,4-naphthoquinone chosen as the redox mediator. The O2-reducing cathode contains bilirubin oxidase (BOD) from Myrocecium verucaria and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), which facilitates electron transfer between the active site of BOD and the electrode. The hydrophobicity of the gas diffusion layer in the textile composite cathode is tuned with the aid of a PTFE binder, to increase the amount of O2 supplied from the air. The open circuit potential is 0.75 V and maximum output power density is 2 mW cm−2 at 0.4 V (room temperature, without O2 gas flow). Our results clearly indicate that MgOC-textile materials are very promising for the development of high-performance, wearable EBFCs.

Machine Learning Approaches for Further Developing the Understanding of the Property Trends Observed in Protic Ionic Liquid Containing Solvents.

Ionic liquid containing solvent systems are candidates for very large compositional space exploration due to the immensity of the possible combination of ions and molecular species. The prediction of key properties of such multicomponent solvent systems plays a vital role in the design and optimization of their structures for specific applications. In this study, we have explored two machine learning algorithms for predicting the surface tension and liquid nanostructure of solvents containing a protic ionic liquid (PIL) with water and excess acid or base present. Machine learning algorithms of multiple linear regression (MLR) and Bayesian regularized artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to develop semiempirical structure-property models for the data set, which was comprised of 207 surface tension and 80 liquid nanostructure data elements which we previously reported ( Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019, 21, 6810-6827). On the basis of the models, the significance levels for the impact of the alkyl chain length and the presence of hydroxyl groups on cation, type of anion, nonstoichiometry, and presence of water were elucidated. Both models are statistically applicable for designing new PIL containing solvent systems. Furthermore, the generated models were used to create response-surface plots, for both surface tension and liquid nanostructure, interpolated across the compositional space. An additional surface tension data set with 18 new data points within the same compositional space was used to test the prediction ability of models, and the results showed all of the models were successful for prediction. These machine learning approaches are highly suited to the development of structure-property relationships for ionic liquids and particularly for the increasing use of ionic liquid-molecular solvent mixtures.