Liquid Composition Research Articles

Carbon fiber reinforced liquid crystalline elastomer composites: a dual exploration in strength augmentation and transformation flexibility through 4D printing

ABSTRACT Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCEs) are renowned for their reversible deformation capabilities. Yet, enhancing their mechanical strength while retaining such flexibility has posed a considerable challenge. To overcome this, we utilized 4D printing to develop an innovative composite of LCE with carbon fiber fabric (LCEC). This approach has notably increased the tensile strength of LCE by eightfold, all the while maintaining its exceptional capacity for reversible deformation. By adjusting the alignment angle between carbon fiber and the LCE printing direction from 0° to 90°, the LCEC demonstrates an array of new deformation patterns, including bending, twisting, wrapping, and S-shaped transformations, which are distinct from pure LCE materials. Our study unveils that LCE composites exhibit deformation processes markedly different from their pure material counterparts, with the ability of pure LCE to sustain tensile strains exceeding 1900%. These findings, previously undocumented and unexplored, represent a substantial contribution to the field of smart materials. Employing finite element analysis, we explored the carbon fiber and LCE matrix dynamics, revealing bending mechanics in LCECs. This combined experimental and simulation approach yields crucial insights for crafting durable, high-strength LCECs with diverse deformational properties, advancing smart material technology.

A study of the nonlinear dynamics inside the exoplanetary system Kepler-22 using MATLAB® software

Kepler is a discovery-class mission designed to determine the frequency of Earth-radius planets in and near the habitable zone of solar-type stars. A habitable zone of a star is defined as a range of orbits within which a rocky planet can support liquid water on its surface. The most intriguing question driving the search for habitable planets is whether they host life.
 The aim of this paper is to study the motion of a “test particle” inside the exoplanetary system Kepler-22. This system consists of a sun-like star, Kepler-22, and a terrestrial exoplanet, Kepler-22b. This exoplanet is situated in the habitable zone of its star. Kepler-22b is located about 180 pc from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 and the planet is about 2.4 times the radius of Earth. Scientists don't yet know if Kepler-22b has a rocky, gaseous or liquid composition.
 In this study, let’s derive Lagrange points and perform several numerical tests to discover different possible orbits around the star Kepler-22. From many numerical tests performed, it is also possible to found two tadpole orbits around the Lagrange points L4 and L5 and a tadpole orbit around the exoplanet Kepler-22b, which encircles the two Lagrange points L1, and L2. Some of these orbits are found in the habitable zone and others outside. We have also examined the possibility of the existence of an exomoon around the terrestrial exoplanet Kepler-22b. In this case we have considered the mass of this exomoon.
 The Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem is used in this study. If it is further assumed that the third body (for example a planet, satellite, an asteroid or just a “test particle”) travels in the same plane as the two larger bodies, then there is the Planar Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem

Petrogenesis of the Early Paleogene North Island Syenite Complex, Seychelles

The Early Paleogene (63.65 ± 0.52 Ma, 63.11 ± 0.45 Ma) North Island syenitic complex of the Seychelles microcontinent is composed principally of diorite (SiO2 ≈ 57 wt%), syenite (SiO2 = 61–65 wt%), and microsyenite (SiO2 = ∼70 wt%). The rocks are metaluminous, ferroan, and alkalic, and are compositionally similar to the A1-type granitoids. The trace element compositions of the syenitic rocks show minor spatial variability between the eastern (Congoment, Bernica) and western portions (Grand’Anse, Mt. Des Cèdres) of the island. The whole rock Sr-Nd (87Sr/86Sri = 0.704095–0.707533; εNd(t) = +1.2–+1.9) and zircon Hf ( εHf(t) = +2.1–+8.4) isotopes are indicative of a juvenile magma source. The low Th/NbPM (0.3–1.5) and high Nb/U (30.9–109) ratios do not indicate a crustal origin of the rocks nor do they suggest crustal contamination was significant. Hydrous fractional crystallization modeling shows that a mafic alkaline parental magma can yield residual liquid compositions similar to the diorites and syenites under reducing conditions ( ΔFMQ = −1) at a pressure of 0.3 GPa. However, feldspar accumulation likely occurred as some rocks have elevated Eu/Eu* (>1.1) values. The emplacement of the North Island complex is contemporaneous with the eruption of the Deccan Traps and rifting of the Seychelles microcontinent from India. Rifting and magmatism was likely related to the passage of the Indian plate over the Réunion hotspot. The modeling results of the study demonstrate that crystallization pressure has an influence on whether basalt-derived A-type granitoids will evolve to metaluminous or peralkaline compositions.

Unraveling the relationship between soil carbon-degrading enzyme activity and carbon fraction under biogas slurry topdressing

Biogas slurry, a by-product of the anaerobic digestion of biomass waste, predominantly consisting of livestock and poultry manure, is widely acclaimed as a sustainable organic fertilizer owing to its abundant reserves of essential nutrients. Its distinctive liquid composition, when tactfully integrated with a drip irrigation system, unveils immense potential, offering unparalleled convenience in application. In this study, we investigated the impact of biogas slurry topdressing as a replacement for chemical fertilizer (BSTR) on soil total organic carbon (TOC) fractions and carbon (C)-degrading enzyme activities across different soil depths (surface, sub-surface, and deep) during the tasseling (VT) and full maturity stage (R6) of maize. BSTR increased the TOC content within each soil layer during both VT and R6 periods, inducing alterations in the content and proportion of individual C component, particularly in the topsoil. Notably, the pure biogas slurry topdressing treatment (100%BS) compared with the pure chemical fertilizer topdressing treatment (CF), exhibited a 38.9% increase in the labile organic carbon of the topsoil during VT, and a 30.3% increase in the recalcitrant organic carbon during R6, facilitating microbial nutrient utilization and post-harvest C storage during the vigorous growth period of maize. Furthermore, BSTR treatment stimulated the activity of oxidative and hydrolytic C-degrading enzymes, with the 100%BS treatment showcasing the most significant enhancements, with its average geometric enzyme activity surpassing that of CF treatment by 27.9% and 27.4%, respectively. This enhancement facilitated ongoing and efficient degradation and transformation of C. Additionally, we screened for C components and C-degrading enzymes that are relatively sensitive to BSTR. The study highlight the advantages of employing pure biogas slurry topdressing, which enhances C component and C-degrading enzyme activity, thereby reducing the risk of soil degradation. This research lays a solid theoretical foundation for the rational recycling of biogas slurry.

Ionic liquid composites with garnet-type Li6.75Al0.25La3Zr2O12: Stability, electrical transport, and potential for energy storage applications

Garnet composites with ionic liquid dispersion have been prepared for electrolytic applications. Various ionic liquids (ILs) in small amounts were added to garnet type Li6.75Al0.25La3Zr2O12 (LALZO) to improve its ionic conductivity and electrode-electrolyte interfacial compatibility. The optimal composition having ∼6 wt% EMIM BF4 in LALZO showed a high ionic conductivity of 6 × 10-4 Ω-1cm-1 at room temperature, which is almost two orders of magnitude higher than the pristine garnet pellet. Such a high conductivity is attributed to the alteration of the ionic liquid-garnet interface by a weak non-uniform chemisorption. The thermal stability of the composites was confirmed by high-temperature X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic electrical transport measurements, which suggested their stability at least up to 200 °C. The electrochemical performance of the composite was evaluated by assembling 2032-type LFP//LALZO-IL//Li cell, which displayed promising candidature for energy storage applications.

Method validation of an inductive measurement system (IMS) for nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles determination in sand-packed columns

The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a rapid, non-destructive, real-time measurement system for nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles determination in sand-packed columns. This aims to provide an approach to analyse for nZVI particle transport and nZVI induced contaminant degradation reactions in 1-dimensional aquifer experiments. The inductive measurement system (IMS) was developed and tested by measuring columns filled with varying portions of nZVI and sandy aquifer material. Method validation was conducted for this innovative approach in accordance with several guidelines in disciplinary areas. The linearity of ZVI concentration and measurement signal was confirmed. Calibration curves were determined to be linear over the range of 0.11–53.50 g/L for nZVI NANOFER STAR, 0.10–81.67 g/L for nZVI BASF 1, 0.12–58.26 g/L for nZVI Carbo-Iron, 0.12–69.70 g/L for nZVI NANOFER 25DS ORM, 0.12–50.69 g/L for nZVI NANOFER 25DS, and 0.21–1613.39 g/L for nZVI Höganäs 1* (dry). This method was determined to be sensitive in nZVI, accurate (101.63 % within-run recovery, 101.85 % between-run recovery covering 76 days), and precise (0.46 % repeatability RSD, 0.85 % intermediate precision RSD covering 76 days). LOQ was determined ranging from 0.10 to 0.21 g/L for nZVI used in experiments and regression through origins was selected as the calibration model. Quality control processes were performed to assure the reliability of the results and the long-term stability. Additional data processing steps allowed to compensate for measurement deviations resulting from different liquid phase compositions, e.g. dispersants used for nZVI suspensions. This method is now successfully validated in single-laboratory conditions.

Effect of surfactant on pseudo-lignin formation

In this study, a nonionic surfactant (JFC-M) was used as an additive for hydrothermal pretreatment of crushed poplar wood. The pseudo-lignin extracted from holocellulose after hydrothermal pretreatment was characterized, and the composition of liquid and solid fractions obtained after pretreatment at different experimental conditions was analyzed. The results showed that the addition of JFC-M surfactant accelerated the dissolution of biomass cellulose and effectively inhibited the production of pseudo-lignin in hydrothermal processes, under the same hydrothermal pretreatment conditions. The pseudo-lignin yield for the control group was 14.2% (no JFC surfactant added), whereas when the JFC-M concentration was 2%, the pseudo-lignin yield was 9.8%.

Coupling coarse‐grained DEM‐CFD and intraparticle model for biomass fast pyrolysis simulation and experiment validation

AbstractThe understanding of complex fluidization hydrodynamics and chemical reactions in biomass fast pyrolysis fluidized bed reactors is lacking and requires further investigation. It is urgent to develop accurate mathematical models capable of describing the complex multiphase reaction system of biomass pyrolysis. A comprehensive multiscale model based on coarse‐grained discrete element method (DEM)‐computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was developed in open‐source MFiX code. It incorporates detailed biomass pyrolysis kinetics and an intraparticle model. To validate the model, measurements were conducted in a fluidized bed pyrolyzer, including quantifying the segmental pressure drop along the height of the bed and determining the yields and compositions of gas, liquid, and solid products. The particle mixing and segregation, axial distribution and residence time, Lacey index, and pyrolysis products were investigated. The study provides experimental and theoretical foundations for designing multiphase fluidized bed reactors and advancing biomass thermochemical conversion.

Surface Embedded Metal Nanowire-Liquid Metal-Elastomer Hybrid Composites for Stretchable Electronics.

Both liquid metal (LM) and metallic filler-based conductive composites are promising stretchable conductors. LM alloys exhibit intrinsically high deformability but present challenges for patterning on polymeric substrates due to high surface tension. On the other hand, conductive composites comprising metallic fillers undergo considerable decrease in electrical conductivity under mechanical deformation. To address the challenges, we present silver nanowire (AgNW)-LM-elastomer hybrid composite films, where AgNWs and LM are embedded below the surface of an elastomeric matrix, using two fabrication approaches, sequential and mixed. We investigate and understand the process-structure-property relationship of the AgNW-LM-elastomer hybrid composites fabricated using two approaches. Different weight ratios of AgNWs and LM particles provide tunable electrical conductivity. The hybrid composites show more stable electromechanical performance than the composites with AgNWs alone. In particular, 1:2.4 (AgNW:LMP w/w) sequential hybrid composite shows electromechanical stability similar to that of the LM-elastomer composite, with a resistance increase of 2.04% at 90% strain. The sequential approach is found to form AgIn2 intermetallic compounds which along with Ga-In bonds, imparts large deformability to the sequential hybrid composite as well as mechanical robustness against scratching, cutting, peeling, and wiping. To demonstrate the application of the hybrid composite for stretchable electronics, a laser patterned stretchable heater on textile and a stretchable circuit including a light-emitting diode are fabricated.

Depolymerization of PMMA-Based Dental Resin Scraps on Different Production Scales

This research explores the depolymerization of waste polymethyl methacrylate (PMMAW) from dental material in fixed bed semi-batch reactors, focusing on three production scales: laboratory, technical and pilot. The study investigates the thermal degradation mechanism and kinetics of PMMAW through thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses, revealing a two-step degradation process. The heat flow during PMMAW decomposition is measured by DSC, providing essential parameters for designing pyrolysis processes. The results demonstrate the potential of DSC for energetic analysis and process design, with attention to standardization challenges. Material balance analysis across the production scales reveals a temperature gradient across the fixed bed negatively impacting liquid yield and methyl methacrylate (MMA) concentration. Reactor load and power load variables are introduced, demonstrating decreased temperature with increased process scale. The study identifies the influence of temperature on MMA concentration in the liquid fraction, emphasizing the importance of controlling temperature for efficient depolymerization. Furthermore, the research highlights the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons from the remaining char, indicating a shift in liquid composition during the depolymerization process. The study concludes that lower temperatures below 450 °C favor liquid fractions rich in MMA, suggesting the benefits of lower temperatures and slower heating rates in semi-batch depolymerization. The findings contribute to a novel approach for analyzing pyrolysis processes, emphasizing reactor design and economic considerations for recycling viability. Future research aims to refine and standardize the analysis and design protocols for pyrolysis and similar processes.

Microstructure and Property Evolution of Diamond/GaInSn Composites under Thermal Load and High Humidity.

As a thermal interface material, diamond/GaInSn composites have wide-ranging application prospects in the thermal management of chips. However, studies on systematic reliability that can guide the practical application of diamond/GaInSn in the high-temperature, high-temperature impact, or high-humidity service environments that are faced by chips remain lacking. In this study, the performance evolution of diamond/GaInSn was studied under high-temperature storage (150 °C), high- and low-temperature cycling (-50 °C to 125 °C), and high temperature and high humidity (85 °C and 85% humidity). The experimental results reveal the failure mechanism of semi-solid composites during high temperature oxidation. It is revealed that core oxidation is the key to the degradation of liquid metal composites' properties under high-temperature storage and high- and low-temperature cycling conditions. Under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity, the failure of Ga-based liquid metal and its composite materials is significant. Therefore, the material should avoid high-temperature and high-humidity environments.

Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Composites and the Continuous Forming Methods

Due to the dual nature of metal and fluid, gallium‐based liquid metals with a low melting point at or around room temperature have gained growing interest recently. Although more properties of gallium are developed, their intrinsic properties are not able to meet the increasing requirement from the scientific and industrial community. To broaden its applications, many kinds of gallium‐based liquid metal composites are prepared and applied in the cutting‐edge fields like biomedical engineering, flexible robots, heat management, and so on. To summarize the latest progress and promote development, this review summarizes the recent progress of liquid metal composites and the continuous forming methods recently, including the physical and chemical properties of gallium‐based liquid metal, composites prepared through physical doping and surface modification, and the continuous forming approaches. Further outlook including expectations and challenges of gallium‐based liquid metal composites is also presented.

Electrochemical fingerprinting of complex solutions using boron-doped diamond electrodes: Advanced classifications by machine learning

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrochemical sensors exhibit high sensitivity and a wide-ranging voltammogram scan capability, facilitating the generation of unique fingerprinting information. These attributes are invaluable for the rigorous quality control and real-time monitoring of intricate liquid compositions. In this study, we present an advanced approach for the authentication of complex liquid using BDD electrochemical sensors, in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms. Leveraging the heightened sensitivity of BDD sensor signals, it was demonstrated 96 % accuracy rate in authenticity assessments from 21 distinct varieties of red wines. Additionally, high accuracy of classification by grape varieties was demonstrated using electrochemical fingerprints combined with machine learning. Our novel non-specific electronic tongue system offers multimodal electrochemical fingerprinting, ensuring fast and user-friendly measurements without relying on sensor arrays.

Thermal Performance and Reliability of Liquid Metal Pastes with Solid Metal Particles as Thermal Interface Materials for the Cooling of Computing Electronics

In recent years, we have developed a series of gallium-based liquid metal pastes containing low content solid metal particle additives (LMPMPs) to enhance thermal performance and control bondline thickness (BLT) of prepared liquid metal composites as thermal interface materials (TIMs). This new material is synthesized via in-situ by introducing gallium oxide into liquid metal alloys. In our recent research, we intensively investigated thermal properties of different primary liquid metal alloys containing small amounts of metal additives, and ran extensive reliability tests including power cycling, thermal cycling, and aging tests on the synthesized LMPMPs. In this paper, the thermal properties of the synthesized LMPMPs with different liquid metal alloys are studied with reliability tests that focus on power cycling by monitoring thermal resistance of LMPMPs over time using a custom power cycler. We have found power density, BLT, and different liquid metal alloys have a significant impact on thermal properties and reliability of LMPMPs. We also conducted thermal aging tests on Cu-LMPMPs-Cu sandwich specimens at 85°C in an ambient atmosphere to study the deterioration of thermal conductivity of LMPMPs over time, measured by laser flash analyzer using the layered structure method. Highly accelerated stress test (HAST) with a profile of 110°C, 85RH%, and 264 hours was used to study the decomposition of liquid metal alloys. Thermal cycling test with a profile of -40 to 125°C was employed to investigate the pump-out of LMPMPs. It has been proven that LMPMPs have much better thermal performances than polymer-based thermal grease.

Jet-Printable, Low-Melting-Temperature Ga-xSn Eutectic Composites: Application in All-Solid-State Batteries.

Low-melting-point Ga-xSn eutectic composites and natural silicate mineral powders were used as the electrode and solid-state electrolyte, respectively, in all-solid-state batteries for green energy storage systems. The influences of the Sn content in the Ga-xSn composite electrode on the electrochemical performance of the batteries were evaluated, and liquid composites with a Sn concentration of up to 30 wt.% demonstrated suitability for electrode fabrication through dip coating. Sodium-enriched silicate was synthesized to serve as the solid-state electrolyte membrane because of the abundance of water molecules in its interlayer structure, enabling ion exchange. The battery capacity increased with the Sn content of the Ga-xSn anode. The formation of intermetallic compounds and oxides (CuGa2, Ga2O3, Cu6Sn5, and SnO2) resulted in a high charge-discharge capacity and stability. The Ga-Sn composite electrode for all-solid-state batteries exhibits a satisfiable capacity and stability and shows potential for jet-printed electrode applications.

Parallel electromembrane extraction of peptides with monoterpene and medium-length fatty acid deep eutectic solvents

BackgroundElectromembrane extraction (EME) involves the process of mass transfer of charged analytes from an aqueous sample through an organic liquid membrane into an aqueous acceptor medium under the influence of an electrical field. Successful solvation of the analyte within the liquid membrane is of paramount importance and involves molecular interactions with the liquid membrane. In this comprehensive investigation, parallel EME was examined using a training set of 13 model peptides employing deep eutectic solvents as the liquid membrane. These deep eutectic solvents were formulated by mixing specific monoterpenes (thymol, menthol, camphor) with medium-chain fatty acids (1-octanoic acid and 1-decanoic acid). ResultsFrom an array of different liquid membrane compositions explored, it was revealed that the combination of camphor and 1-decanoic acid (in a 1:1 w/w ratio) with 2% di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) delivered the most efficient extraction system. The solvation of the model peptides within this liquid membrane predominantly relied on ionic interactions between protonated basic functionalities and DEHP, along with hydrogen bond interactions between the deprotonated acid functionalities (hydrogen bond acceptor) and 1-decanoic acid (hydrogen bond donor). Selectivity was modulated by the pH of the sample and acceptor solutions, with a direct correlation to the polarity and net charge of the model peptides. The ionization of 1-decanoic acid in the interfacial region between the sample and liquid membrane emerged as an important factor influencing the selectivity. Significance and noveltyAlthough parallel EME of peptides has been reported previously, the current liquid membrane provides an extraction system with sufficient stability for the first time. Selective extraction of peptides through EME holds substantial promise within the realm of next-generation environmentally-friendly sample preparation methodologies. The findings presented in this paper contribute significantly to our fundamental understanding of these processes, and may serve as an important reference for the development of future methods in this field.

Architected Poly(ionic liquid) Composites with Spatially Programmable Mechanical Properties and Mixed Conductivity.

Structural electrolytes present advantages over liquid varieties, which are critical to myriad applications. In particular, structural electrolytes based on polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquids) (pILs) provide wide electrochemical windows, high thermal stability, nonvolatility, and modular chemistry. However, current methods of fabricating structural electrolytes from pILs and their composites present limitations. Recent advances have been made in 3D printing pIL electrolytes, but current printing techniques limit the complexity of forms that can be achieved, as well as the ability to control mechanical properties or conductivity. We introduce a method for fabricating architected pIL composites as structural electrolytes via embedded 3D (EMB3D) printing. We present a modular design for formulating ionic liquid (IL) monomer composite inks that can be printed into sparse, lightweight, free-standing lattices with different functionalities. In addition to characterizing the rheological and mechanical behaviors of IL monomer inks and pIL lattices, we demonstrate the self-sensing capabilities of our printed structural electrolytes during cyclic compression. Finally, we use our inks and printing method to spatially program self-sensing capabilities in pIL lattices through heterogeneous architectures as well as ink compositions that provide mixed ionic-electronic conductivity. Our free-form approach to fabricating structural electrolytes in complex, 3D forms with programmable, anisotropic properties has broad potential use in next-generation sensors, soft robotics, bioelectronics, energy storage devices, and more.

Evaluating the Effects of Water Balloons on High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Treating Uterine Fibroids

ObjectiveIn the treatment of uterine fibroids with ultrasound guided high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), water balloons are considered to be a valuable aid for improving safety and efficiency. However, the water balloons worsen the pathway for acoustic transmission, causing degraded performance both in ultrasound therapy and in ultrasound imaging. This study aims at establishing a protocol to evaluate the effects of the water balloon. MethodsSimulations and experiments were carefully conducted to quantitatively investigate the effects of water ballons on the efficiency of HIFU energy delivery and on the quality of ultrasound guiding images. More specifically, HIFU-induced temperature increases in the focal region, together with spatial resolution, contrast and signal-to-noise ratio in the ultrasound guiding images were compared under the conditions with and without the water balloon. ResultsExperiment results showed that the use of water balloons led to the dropping of temperature up to 10 degrees Celsius within the focal region in some specific situations, but quality of the guiding images was relatively less affected. ConclusionThe study provided the knowledge on what influences the water balloon could have in the ultrasound guided HIFU treatment; it also established a practical and standardized evaluation scheme for further optimizing the water balloon, such as its material and internal liquid compositions. This study can potentially help improve the efficiency and safety of treating uterine fibroids with ultrasound guided HIFU systems.

Liquid Metal Composites-Enabled Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognizer with Superior Recognition Speed and Accuracy.

Prosthetic hands play a vital role in restoring forearm functionality for patients who have suffered hand loss or deformity. The hand gesture intention recognition system serves as a critical component within the prosthetic hand system. However, accurately and swiftly identifying hand gesture intentions remains a challenge in existing approaches. Here, a real-time motion intention recognition system utilizing liquid metal composite sensor bracelets is proposed. The sensor bracelet detects pressure signals generated by forearm muscle movements to recognize hand gesture intent. Leveraging the remarkable pressure sensitivity of liquid metal composites and the efficient classifier based on the optimized recognition algorithm, this system achieves an average offline and real-time recognition accuracy of 98.2% and 92.04%, respectively, with an average recognition speed of 0.364 s. Thus, this wearable system shows advantages in superior recognition speed and accuracy. Furthermore, this system finds applications in master-slave control of prosthetic hands in unmanned scenarios, such as electrically powered operations, space exploration, and telemedicine. The proposed system promises significant advances in next-generation intent-controlled prosthetic hands and robots.

Review of melt inclusions in lunar rocks: constraints on melt and mantle composition and magmatic processes

Abstract. Mineral-hosted melt inclusions provide a window into magmatic processes and pre-eruptive liquid compositions. Because melt inclusions are small (typically < 100 µm), the study of lunar melt inclusions is enabled by advancements of microbeam instrumental techniques. In the 1970s immediately following the Apollo and Luna missions, major and minor oxide concentrations of lunar melt inclusions were measured using electron microprobes. The data were used to understand magma evolution, and they revealed the immiscibility of two silicate liquids in the late stage of lunar magma evolution. More recently, the development of secondary ion mass spectrometry as well as laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry has enabled the measurement of key volatile elements and other trace elements in lunar melt inclusions, down to about the 0.1 ppm level. The applications of these instruments have ushered in a new wave of lunar melt inclusion studies. Recent advances have gone hand in hand with improved understanding of post-entrapment loss of volatiles. These studies have provided deep insights into pre-eruptive volatiles in lunar basalts, the abundance of volatiles in the lunar mantle, the isotopic ratios of some volatile elements, and the partition of trace elements between host olivine and melt inclusions. The recent studies of lunar melt inclusions have played a critical role in establishing a new paradigm of a fairly wet Moon with about 100 ppm H2O in the bulk silicate Moon (rather than a “bone-dry” Moon) and have been instrumental in developing an improved understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.