Liquid Carbon Monoxide Research Articles

Measurement of the activity of boron in liquid copper using a four-phase equilibrium technique

The purpose of this article is to report measurements on dilute Cu-B alloys at 1723 K using a new four-phase equilibrium technique. The method can be considered as an extension of the conventional procedure involving metal-slag-gas equilibration, where the gas phase containing carbon monoxide is pre-equilibrated with graphite to define the carbon and oxygen chemical potentials. Under the reducing atmosphere, liquid diboron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ) is partially reduced by graphite generating a liquid Cu-B alloy and carbon monoxide at controlled pressure. After quenching to room temperature, the concentration of B in the liquid copper is measured. The equilibrium boron concentration in copper is measured as a function of the partial pressure of carbon monoxide in the gas phase.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy of shock-compressed liquid carbon monoxide–oxygen and nitrogen–oxygen mixtures

A two-stage light gas gun and single-pulse multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) have been used to obtain carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and oxygen vibrational spectra for several high-pressure/high-temperature, dense fluid, carbon monoxide–oxygen, and nitrogen–oxygen mixtures. The experimental spectra were compared to synthetic spectra calculated with a semiclassical model for CARS intensities and using best fit vibrational frequencies, peak Raman susceptibilities, and Raman linewidths for each mixture component. Up to a maximum shock pressure of 6.75 GPa for carbon monoxide–oxygen mixtures, the CO and O2 vibrational frequencies were found to increase monotonically with pressure and depended on the carbon monoxide–oxygen mixture ratio. For the nitrogen–oxygen mixtures, the N2 vibrational frequency increased monotonically with pressure to a maximum experimental pressure of 12.9 GPa, however the O2 vibrational frequency increased with pressure to about 11 GPa and then appeared to decrease slightly as the pressure increased to the experiment maximum of 12.9 GPa. Empirical fits of the measured Raman frequencies incorporating previously published neat nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and oxygen data and using a functional form dependent on pressure, temperature, and mixture ratio, accurately describe the N2 , CO, and O2 vibrational frequency shifts for both the carbon monoxide–oxygen and the nitrogen–oxygen mixtures. The transition intensity and linewidth data suggest that thermal equilibrium of the vibrational levels is attained in less than 10 ns at these shock pressures. The vibrational temperatures obtained for the nitrogen–oxygen mixtures were used to improve the oxygen potential function used to calculate equation-of-state pressures and temperatures. The measured linewidths for CO, N2 , and O2 were different for the different mixtures and did not appear to depended significantly on mixture ratios. The broadening of all spectral lines suggested that the vibrational dephasing time for each species decreased to a few ps at the highest pressure shock states.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy of shock-compressed liquid carbon monoxide

Vibrational spectra of liquid carbon monoxide shock compressed to several high pressure/high temperature states were recorded using single-pulse multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Vibrational frequencies, third-order suceptibility ratios, and linewidths are reported for the fundamental and first excited-state transition. The observed vibrational frequency shift with shock pressure was substantially less than that observed previously in nitrogen, implying a significant difference in the details of their inter- and intramolecular potentials. The transition intensity and linewidth data suggest that thermal equilibrium of the vibrational levels is attained in less than 10 ns at these shock pressures, and the vibrational temperatures obtained are comparable to calculated equation-of-state temperatures. The measured linewidths suggest that the vibrational dephasing time decreased to ∼2 ps at our highest pressure shock state.

Vibrational frequency shifts in IR absorption and emission spectra of liquid carbon monoxide. Monte-Carlo simulation

Abstract Solvent induced frequency shifts in the IR absorption and emission spectra were simulated by Monte-Carlo procedure. The pair potential with repulsive, dispersive and electrostatic parts was used to study liquid carbon monoxide at T = 80K and ϱ = 0.7982 g/cm3. It was shown that if single molecule of the system undergoes vibrational transition, the “red” frequency shift in emission spectrum is greater than the one in the absorption spectrum. The computer simulation results predict that if all molecules of the system are excited, the frequency shift of the emitting molecule turns “blue”. This means frequency shift in the IR emission spectrum depends on the pumping intensity. The increasing number of excited molecules in the system leads to the increase of the influence of repulsive intermolecular interactions on frequency shift.

Electron thermalization-distance distributions in electron-attaching fluids

The electron ejected from a molecule by an energetic impact moves away from the resultant ion and loses energy to the molecules with which it collides. The distance such electrons travel away from their ions during thermalization can be estimated by measuring the free-ion yields as a function of electric-field strength. This was done in gaseous and liquid carbon disulfide and hexafluorobenzene over wide ranges of densities. The electron thermalization-distance distribution in C6F6 was the same as that in most other liquids; it was a Gaussian distribution with a power tail. However in liquid CS2 the distribution was different, an exponential with a power tail, as in liquid nitrogen and liquid carbon monoxide. The different distributions reflect differences in the thermalization processes. The thermalizing ability of both CS2 and C6F6 is less in the liquid than in the gas. There is an especially sharp decrease in the thermalizing ability of CS2 at the highest densities.

The structure of the molecular liquids carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) as determined by neutron scattering

We have studied the structure of liquid carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) at a temperature of 120K using the LAD time-of-flight diffractometer at the ISIS pulsed neutron source. In the case of NO we used two samples, one 14NO and one 15NO, in order to obtain more information on the partial structure factors than would be possible from just one. The structure of CO at a relatively low density is found to be described well by a simple hard sphere model. Comparison with a computer simulation suggests that orientational correlations become important at higher densities. We confirm that NO exists predominantly as a dimer in the liquid state. Our results are consistent with the usual cis-planar model of the dimer.

Molecular dynamics study of liquid carbon monoxide

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of liquid carbon dioxide near the triple point is carried out on the CRAY X-MP supercomputer. An empirical intermolecular potential is derived by use of the model proposed recently for carbon disulphide. In addition, the intramolecular degrees of freedom are introduced through a simple algorithm. Calculated results on static structure, time-dependent correlation functions, and vibrational spectra are compared with experimental data and other molecular dynamics results.

Electron thermalization distance distribution in liquid carbon monoxide: electron capture

Electron thermalization in X irradiated liquid CO is truncated by electron capture to form an anion, as it is in liquid N2. The thermalization distance distribution in these two liquids is a modified exponential, rather than the modified Gaussian obtained in liquid hydrocarbons where electron capture does not occur. The density normalized distance parameter bEPd in CO was constant, 2.8 × 10−6 kg/m2, at densities [Formula: see text], but increased somewhat at lower densities, reaching 3.3 × 10−6 kg/m2 at d/dc = 1.4. The thermalization distances in CO are about two thirds those in N2 at the same density. Electrons are captured more readily by CO than by N2.

Solid and liquid carbon monoxide studied with the use of constant-pressure molecular dynamics.

Constant-pressure molecular-dynamics calculations have been carried out for the zero-pressure condensed phases of carbon monoxide using an intermolecular potential based on previous lattice-dynamics calculations. We have explored the nature of phonons in the low-temperature cubic \ensuremath{\alpha} phase and the properties of the hexagonal plastic phase and the liquid. The proposed potential model accounts for the dynamics of the \ensuremath{\alpha} phase and gives a semiquantitative description of the phase diagram of condensed CO.

Thermodynamics of liquid mixtures of argon+ carbon monoxide

The heat of mixing of liquid argon (component 1) and liquid carbon monoxide has been measured by direct calorimetry for several mixtures of composition ranging from x 1 ⋍ 0.2 to x 1 ⋍ 0.8 at 85.79 K. At this temperature H E is positive and an almost parabolic function of mole fraction, with a maximum value of H E = 95.9 J mol −1 at x 1 = 0.569. The experimental results are compared with those derived from the Gibbons-Rigby equation of state, and from conformal solution theory.

ChemInform Abstract: SHOCK COMPRESSION OF LIQUID CARBON MONOXIDE AND METHANE TO 90 GPA (900 KBAR)

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 12, Issue 51 Article ChemInform Abstract: SHOCK COMPRESSION OF LIQUID CARBON MONOXIDE AND METHANE TO 90 GPA (900 KBAR) W. J. NELLIS, W. J. NELLISSearch for more papers by this authorF. H. REE, F. H. REESearch for more papers by this authorM. VAN THIEL, M. VAN THIELSearch for more papers by this authorA. C. MITCHELL, A. C. MITCHELLSearch for more papers by this author W. J. NELLIS, W. J. NELLISSearch for more papers by this authorF. H. REE, F. H. REESearch for more papers by this authorM. VAN THIEL, M. VAN THIELSearch for more papers by this authorA. C. MITCHELL, A. C. MITCHELLSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 22, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198151083AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue51December 22, 1981 RelatedInformation

Shock compression of liquid carbon monoxide and methane to 90 GPa (900 kbar)

Dynamic equation-of-state data for liquid CO and CH4 were measured in the shock pressure range 5–92 GPa (50–920 kbar) using a two-stage light-gas gun. The liquids were shocked from initial states near their saturation curves at 77 and 111 K for CO and CH4, respectively. The experimental technique used to double-shock CH4 is described. The CO data were examined by using three theoretical models: (1) a chemically nonreactive model, (2) a quasi-chemical-equilibrium model that allows CO to dissociate into gaseous species and graphite, and (3) a chemical-equilibrium model that also includes a dense carbon phase which exists at higher pressures and temperatures than graphite. This dense phase is assumed to be diamond. Our analysis shows that at low pressure chemical equilibrium takes much longer than a typical shock passage time. As a consequence, the experimental data initially follow the nonreactive Hugoniot to pressures well beyond the chemical dissociation limit. Both the experimental data and the Hugoniot computed with case (3) agree satisfactorily at high pressure. Further consequences of these observations to high-explosive studies are discussed. The theoretical analysis for the CH4 data was presented in an earlier paper.

Transfer and storage of vibrational energy in liquids: Liquid carbon monoxide and its solutions with argon

Liquid carbon monoxide and its solutions with argon in a five order of magnitude concentration range were vibrationally excited by pumping with a blackbody source. Infrared fluorescence decay from the excited carbon monoxide was used to explore the storage and transfer of vibrational energy in this system. In the limit of the infinitely dilute solution the storage time, 18 ms, is determined by IR spontaneous emission. For concentrations in the range 0.01–1 mole % this radiation tends to be trapped by CO self-absorption and the lifetime of the vibrational excitation lengthens. We apply a simple model to interpret this lifetime behavior. Neat carbon monoxide stores vibrational energy for 1 s. Here radiation trapping is so effective that vibrational energy is lost essentially by non-radiative processes. The 1 s lifetime allows a useful limit to be placed on the vibration to translation and rotation rate of relaxation of excited CO by its neighbors.

Determination of the refractive index of liquid carbon monoxide

The refractive index of liquid carbon monoxide at 78.3 +/- 0.5 K was measured by means of a relatively simple interferometric technique. The values obtained were n = 1.2122 for lambda = 632.8 nm and n = 1.2213 for lambda = 514.5 nm with 0.2% uncertainty.

Molecular orientation correlations and reorientational motions in liquids carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen at 77 K; A Raman and Rayleigh light-scattering study

Reorientational autocorrelation functions have been determined from measurements of depolarized vibrational Raman scattering for liquid carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen at 77 K and atmospheric pressure. The autocorrelation functions, which for these liquids are not significantly affected by vibration-rotation interaction, reveal that free rotation is an important feature of the molecular motion in liquid nitrogen but is less important for carbon monoxide and oxygen. The differences in behaviour are discussed in terms of intermolecular forces. New values for the depolarized Rayleigh scattering cross section have been determined from intensity measurements made relative to the 992 cm-1 Raman line of benzene. These values are compared to those reported previously by the authors using a different intensity standard (Chem. Phys. Lett., 31, 355 (1975)). The scattering cross sections yield the following values , where ϑij is the angle between the major axes of molecules i and j (i≠j) and P 2 indicates the second Legendre polynomial: -0·15 ± 0·2 for CO, +0·30 ± 0·2 for N2 and +0·40 ± 0·2 for O2. The large errors result from uncertainties in the local field correction factor. The negative value for CO can be explained as a result of strong quadrupole interactions which tend to align neighbouring molecules perpendicular to one another. The forms of the reorientational cross-correlation functions determined from the current Raman data and previous Rayleigh data are briefly discussed.

Depolarised Rayleigh scattering from liquid carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen

The spectral distributions and scattering cross sections of depolarised Rayleigh scattering have been determined for liquid carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen at 77 K and atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the scattering arises predominantly from molecular orientational fluctuations. The experimental scattering cross sections at 488 nm are 7 ± 1 for CO, 16 ± 1 for N 2 and 46 ± 4 for O 2 in units of 10 −30 cm 2 sr −1 molecule −1, based on a recently determined value for the absolute depolarised scattering intensity for liquid argon. The estimated proportions of induced anisotropy scattering are 10% for CO, 2.5% for N 2 and 0.8% for O 2. It is shown that there is appreciable free rotation of N 2 and CO in the liquids at this temperature but for O 2 this motion is dissipated much more efficiently by molecular interactions.

Detonation studies with nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen tetroxide, carbon monoxide, and ethylene

This paper presents the results of detonation studies conducted by the Bureau of Mines on nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen tetroxide, carbon monoxide, and ethylene to evaluate the potential hazards of these materials to explosive shock initiation. Charge arrangements, construction details, and interpretation of results are given. Nitric oxide was observed to be the simplest known molecule capable of detonation-detonating in all three phases. Nitrous oxide, as a solid, nonboiling liquid, and nitrogen tetroxide and carbon monoxide, as nonboiling liquids, could not be initiated to detonation. Ethylene, as a gas at elevated pressure, gave evidence of a mild reaction but did not detonate; as a nonboiling liquid, it could not be initiated to detonation.

Transport Properties of Liquid Carbonmonoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide from Significant Structure Theory

Transport Properties of Liquid Carbonmonoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide from Significant Structure Theory

Transport Properties of Liquid Carbonmonoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide from Significant Structure Theory

We’ve built this digital research platform to provide academics everywhere with fast, stable and secure digital access to our library of over 110,000 scholarly books and 800,000 journal articles. We’ve tested the platform in close cooperation with leading academic institutions. If you have any questions or you notice something doesn’t quite work as it should, please visit our <a href="/publishing/faq?lang=en" class="text-primary">Help/FAQ</a> page and let us know.

The Thermodynamics of Liquid Hydrogen Sulphide and Carbon Monoxide and Significant Structure Theory

The Thermodynamics of Liquid Hydrogen Sulphide and Carbon Monoxide and Significant Structure Theory