Liquid Carbon Monoxide Research Articles

Sol gel fabrication of CeO2/SnO2 nanocomposite films for habilitation in optoelectronic and sensing properties

This study investigated the synthesis and characterization of CeO2/SnO2 composite powders and films by varying CeO2 concentration ranging from 2 to 10 mol%. The sol-gel process was utilized to create composites. X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the resulting CeO2/SnO2 powders were polycrystalline, whereas the composite films had amorphous structures. The morphology of the produced samples was studied with SEM and TEM. Also the specific surface area was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique and the optical characteristics were assessed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The absorption coefficients, energy gaps, and refractive indices of the composite films were determined. Direct and indirect energy gaps were from 3.71 to 3.27 eV and 2.70 to 2.26 eV, respectively. The refractive index increases from 1.61 to 1.7 as the CeO2 concentration increases. The variation in the energy band gap and refractive index values indicate that CeO2/SnO2 nanocomposite films are a viable composite film for optoelectronic devices. The investigated films have electrical conductivity values ranging from 10−2 to 10−8 Ω−1 cm−1. The gas sensing test was studied using different gases as liquid petroleum gas (LPG), carbon monoxide (CO), and Hydrogen sulfide (H2S). CeO2/SnO2 films demonstrated the highest sensitivity for hydrogen sulfide (H2S), with a sensitivity of 0.988 % and a response time of 40 s.

Safety of ammonia as a hydrogen energy carrier

The safety of ammonia was divided into a fire hazard (flammability) and a health hazard. The flammability of ammonia decreased compared to other hydrogen energy carriers and carbon-based fuels because of the high flash point. The health hazard (frostbite and toxicity) of ammonia was large (3) and same as those of liquid hydrogen, LNG and carbon monoxide. Tolerance concentration in ACGIH was used as a ranking of toxicity. The tolerance concentration increased with decreasing the vapor concentration and the fuel content in water. The insoluble ammonia-absorbed zirconium phosphate has a large ammonia storage capacity of 10 wt%, a small vapor concentration in the presence of water and a small ammonia content in water below 1 ppm. It will be a candidate to reduce the toxicity of the leaked ammonia in a closed space.

Re-investigation of the infrared spectrum of the NCN radical by laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The laser magnetic resonance (LMR) spectroscopic technique has been used to reinvestigate the mid-infrared spectrum of the NCN free radical in its Σg-3 ground electronic state. A liquid nitrogen-cooled carbon monoxide (CO) laser was used as a source of strong coherent radiation in the 1442–1484 cm−1 region of the infrared. Vibration-rotation transitions were brought into resonance with the laser frequency using magnetic flux densities up to 1.4 T. Spectra were recorded in both parallel (ΔMJ = 0) and perpendicular (ΔMJ = ±1) polarizations with ten CO laser lines. Over one hundred new absorption lines were observed in the LMR spectra and have been subsequently assigned to transitions in either the 301 fundamental band (near 1466.5 cm−1) or the 211301 hot band (near 1455.6 cm−1) of NCN in the Σg-3 ground state. An improved set of molecular parameters for NCN has been determined from a least-squares fit of all the available data on the infrared spectrum, provided by Fourier transform and LMR spectra. In the wake of an exhaustive analysis of the LMR spectra, several additional lines remain. Although chemical tests indicate these lines do not belong to NCN, it has not proved possible to identify their carrier(s).

Oral Carbon Monoxide Therapy in Murine Models of Sickle Cell Disease: Beneficial Effects on Vaso-Occlusion, Inflammation and Anemia

Carbon monoxide (CO) at low, non-toxic concentrations has recently emerged as a powerful biological response modifier that exerts anti-inflammatory protection in many animal models of tissue inflammation and injury including sickle cell disease (SCD). The protection observed was associated with modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response and restoration of tissue and organ function. CO may also have a role as an antipolymerization hemoglobin S agent. Inhaled CO gas has been used to generate the majority of preclinical and clinical data regarding CO. However, inhaled CO is challenging to precisely dose given the variability of patient ventilation. Furthermore inhaled CO has environmental safety concerns for patients, as it requires the presence of large amounts of compressed CO gas in cylinders. Oral administration of CO avoids many of the issues associated with gas administration and provides a platform for outpatient administration. An oral formulation that would deliver low, non-toxic concentrations of CO, might be a better alternative for treating SCD patients.To test the efficacy of oral administration of CO, a liquid CO formulation (HBI-002) was administered by gavage to NY1DD and Townes-SS transgenic mouse models of SCD. Blood CO-hemoglobin (COHb) levels peaked within 5 minutes of oral administration. Baseline COHb levels were 1.6% and 1.8% in vehicle-treated NY1DD and Townes-SS sickle mice, respectively, compared to 0.9% in untreated Townes AA control mice (p<.05). Five minutes after oral gavage with HBI-002 (10 ml/kg, ~0.2 ml/mouse), COHb levels peaked at 5.4% in NY1DD mice and 4.7% in Townes-SS mice (p<.05 compared to vehicle).Oral CO (10 ml/kg) administered once daily for 1, 3 or 5 days inhibited hypoxia-induced microvascular stasis in NY1DD SCD mice in a duration dependent manner. Stasis was 27% in vehicle-treated mice, 21% when oral CO was administered 1 hour before hypoxia and 16% when administered 24 hours before hypoxia. Stasis was 10% after 3 daily treatments, and 6% after 5 daily treatments (Figure). In Townes-SS mice, stasis was 33% in vehicle-treated mice and 10% after 5 daily CO treatments (p<.01, CO versus vehicle).The effects of oral CO on blood counts were examined in Townes-SS mice treated with oral CO (n=4) or vehicle (n=3) (10 ml/kg, once daily X 10 days). Hemoglobin levels rose from 5.3 g/dL in vehicle-treated mice to 6.3 g/dL in CO-treated mice (p<.05). Similarly, red blood cell counts rose from 2.36 X 106/µL in vehicle-treated mice to 2.89 X 106/µL in CO-treated mice (p<.05). In concordance with these findings, hematocrits rose from 26.3% in vehicle-treated mice to 30.0% in CO-treated mice (p<.05). The percent reticuloctyes was not significantly different: 48.4% in vehicle-treated mice and 45.0% in CO-treated mice. The percentage of stained F-cells was similar (16%) in both treatment groups. White blood cell counts decreased from 29.1 X 103/µL in vehicle-treated mice to 20.3 X 103/µL in CO-treated mice (p<.01). Hepatic expression of two key anti-inflammatory proteins, Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), was increased in CO-treated SS mice. In agreement with these findings, hepatic expression of two pro-inflammatory proteins, NF-κB phospho-p65 and VCAM-1, was decreased in CO-treated SS mice.These data suggest that once daily oral CO treatment, at COHb levels below known toxicity, may have therapeutic potential in SCD. Further research is needed to carefully elucidate the safety and benefits of this potential gasotransmitter therapy in SCD patients who have many pathophysiological complications of this devastating disease. [Display omitted] DisclosuresBelcher:Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: I have an SBIR grant from NHLBI with Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.. Gomperts:Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties. Levy:Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Other: Senior Medical Advisor. Otterbein:Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Other: Principal Scientific Advisor. Vercellotti:Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: I have an SBIR grant with Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.

Reductive photo-chemical separation of the hexafluorides of uranium and molybdenum

Two new techniques are described for the separation of molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6) from uranium hexafluoride (UF6). Both separation techniques utilize the differences displayed by the hexafluorides in their ability to absorb light in the near UV region. Because UF6 absorbs light in the near UV region and MoF6 does not, this observation was used to selectively reduce UF6 to uranium pentafluoride (UF5) through irradiation with 395 nm light in the presence of a suitable reducing agent. Two reducing agents were chosen for this study: gaseous, liquid, or super-critical carbon monoxide (CO) and liquid sulfur dioxide (SO2). Since MoF6 is not reduced under the reaction conditions described here, it may be removed via distillation from the uranium-containing sample after complete reduction of UF6 to solid UF5. The molybdenum- and uranium-containing samples were measured for purity through elemental analysis using microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). Elemental analysis showed more than 98.8 % of the Mo had been removed from the U-containing samples. Further analyses of the samples were performed by X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy.

Sensors for Cryogenic Isotope-Separation Column.

Cryogenic isotope-separation equipment is special, encountered in relative few research centers in the world. In addition to the main equipment used in the operation column, a broad range of measuring devices and actuators are involved in the technological process. The proper sensors and transducers exhibit special features; therefore, common, industrial versions cannot be used. Three types of original sensors with electronic adapters are presented in the present study: a sensor for the liquid carbon monoxide level in the boiler, a sensor for the liquid nitrogen level in the condenser and a sensor for the electrical power dissipated in the boiler. The integration of these sensors in the pilot equipment is needed for comprehensive system monitoring and control. The sensors were tested on the experimental equipment from the National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies from Cluj-Napoca.

Three-dimensional cubic ordered mesoporous carbon with chitosan for capacitive deionization disinfection of water.

Three-dimensional cubic ordered mesoporous carbon with chitosan (Ia3d-CS), which was synthesized via exothermic reaction between liquid potassium and carbon monoxide gas, was coated on the active carbon (AC) electrode as a capacitive deionization (CDI) disinfection electrode. The results showed that Ia3d-CS-2 as CDI electrode exhibited the quick ion diffusion and strong charge transfer performance, due to the three-dimensional pore structure and specific surface area. The electrode of Ia3d-CS-2 displayed a specific capacity of 191.22F/g at a scan rate of 100mV·s-1 in 0.5M NaCl aqueous solution. In a CDI recycling system, Ia3d-CS-x electrode showed good cyclic stability, and the electrosorption capacity of Ia3d-CS-2 electrode can achieve 1.31mg/g at 1.2V in 100mg/l NaCl aqueous solutions. Subsequently, Ia3d-CS-2 electrode had an excellent disinfection efficiency of killing about 99.99% Escherichia coli within 30min during the CDI process at applied 1.2V. Considering those excellent properties of the fabricated Ia3d-CS-x electrode, which should be a better candidate for high-performance deionization application.

One-step synthesis of high surface-area honeycomb graphene clusters for highly efficient capacitive deionization

Capacitive deionization (CDI) can realize ion adsorption efficiently by forming electrochemical double layers on electrode surfaces. This potential-driven adsorption process requires electrode materials possessing a large surface area as well as a rapid and easy electrolyte-diffusion pathway. In this respect, we designed and synthesized a novel honeycomb graphene cluster (HGC) based on one-step exothermic reaction between liquid lithium and carbon monoxide gas. The obtained HGC electrode, as both cathode and anode in a CDI cell, exhibited excellent desalination performance. Its electrosorption capacity reached 14.08 mg/g in a batch-mode system with continuously recycled 28 ml of 5 mM NaCl solution. This high-level desalination ability can be attributed to the effective utilization of HGC materials: its large surface area of up to 1962 m2/g can provide abundant sites for ions adsorption, and three-dimensional mesoporous frameworks can facilitate ion transport. Thus, HGC electrodes can achieve electrosorption capacity of twice that of activated-carbon electrodes, indicating promising applications in the CDI field.

Design and Optimization of System of CSTR for Methanol Production

Mathematical model for design, sizing cum optimization of a system of continuous stirred tank reactor CSTR in series maintaining isothermal process at steady state is unveiled. A methanol chemical production utilizing liquid carbon monoxide at and reacting with liquid hydrogen process conditions a king place in a CSTR in series of three reactors was subjected to an economic analysis [cost] for the best reactor; while taking the kinetic balance effects of the reactors actions and power utilization rate for running the reactors. Sizing the three reactors volume was achieved as basis for good criteria for judgment on the three reactors. The mat-lab version 7.7 Software gave a simulation and profile plots of reaction rate, reactor volume, reactor diameter, mixer revolution, cost of reactor, space time and space velocity against molar conversion rate figures . . . .And, results obtained showed that molar conversion rate for a single-CSTR higher than a CSTR in series, and is more economical in terms of cost.

3D Channel-structured graphene as efficient electrodes for capacitive deionization

Capacitive deionization (CDI), which is one of up-and-coming water treatment technologies, is based on ion electrostatic adsorption on electrode surface. Herein, three-dimensional channel-structured graphene (CSG), which was synthesized via exothermic reaction between liquid potassium and carbon monoxide gas, was demonstrated as an efficient electrode material for CDI. Namely, the CSG electrode exhibited a specific capacity of 207.4 F/g at 0.2 A/g in 1 M NaCl aqueous solution. In a batch-mode recycling system, the electrosorption capacity of CSG can achieve 5.70 and 9.60 mg/g at 1.5 V in 50 and 295 mg/l NaCl aqueous solutions, respectively. The excellent electrosorption capacity of CSG, especially under low saline concentration, can be attributed to the synergistic effect of its large surface area (711.9 m2/g), unique channel structure, and oxygen functional groups.

Oral carbon monoxide therapy in murine sickle cell disease: Beneficial effects on vaso-occlusion, inflammation and anemia.

Carbon monoxide (CO) at low, non-toxic concentrations has been previously demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory protection in murine models of sickle cell disease (SCD). However CO delivery by inhalation, CO-hemoglobin infusion or CO-releasing molecules presents problems for daily CO administration. Oral administration of a CO-saturated liquid avoids many of these issues and potentially provides a platform for self-administration to SCD patients. To test if orally-delivered CO could modulate SCD vaso-occlusion and inflammation, a liquid CO formulation (HBI-002) was administered by gavage (10 ml/kg) once-daily to NY1DD and Townes-SS transgenic mouse models of SCD. Baseline CO-hemoglobin (CO-Hb) levels were 1.6% and 1.8% in NY1DD and Townes-SS sickle mice and 0.6% in Townes-AS control mice. CO-Hb levels reached 5.4%, 4.7% and 3.0% within 5 minutes in NY1DD, SS and AS mice respectively after gavage with HBI-002. After ten treatments, each once-daily, hemoglobin levels rose from 5.3g/dL in vehicle-treated Townes-SS mice to 6.3g/dL in HBI-002-treated. Similarly, red blood cell (RBC) counts rose from 2.36 x 106/μL in vehicle-treated SS mice to 2.89 x 106/μL in HBI-002-treated mice. In concordance with these findings, hematocrits rose from 26.3% in vehicle-treated mice to 30.0% in HBI-002-treated mice. Reticulocyte counts were not significantly different between vehicle and HBI-002-treated SS mice implying less hemolysis and not an increase in RBC production. White blood cell counts decreased from 29.1 x 103/μL in vehicle-treated versus 20.3 x 103/μL in HBI-002-treated SS mice. Townes-SS mice treated with HBI-002 had markedly increased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression and decreased NF-κB activation compared to vehicle-treated mice. These anti-inflammatory effects were examined for the ability of HBI-002 (administered orally once-daily for up to 5 days) to inhibit vaso-occlusion induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation. In NY1DD and Townes-SS sickle mice, HBI-002 decreased microvascular stasis in a duration-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings support HBI-002 as a useful anti-inflammatory agent to treat SCD and warrants further development as a therapeutic.

Ab initio simulations of liquid carbon monoxide at high pressure

Carbon monoxide occurs as a volatile species in the interiors of terrestrial planets, and as a disequilibrium atmospheric constituent in the giant planets. It plays an important role during the accretionary stages of planet formation reacting with gases to form compounds such as CH4 and H2O. The structure of carbon monoxide is unknown over the majority of the temperature and pressure regime in giant planet interiors. Here we perform ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to characterize CO to 140GPa and 5,000K. We find that CO is stable as a molecular liquid at lower P-T conditions, as a polymeric liquid at higher P-T conditions found in ice giant interiors, and as a plasma at high-T.

Digital Design of Robust Fractional PID Controller for Uncertain Systems

This paper deals with digital fractional order PID controller design. A numerical constrained optimization and a bilinear transform to convert continuous-time system to discrete-time system and vice-versa are used in this design method. To obtain the fractional controller parameters a design approach uses bilinear transforminstead of analog design. Then to discrete the controller a simple substitution is used.By considering explicitly the parameters uncertainties, the proposed method offers more robustness for digital control system. A numerical example and an application to the liquid carbon monoxide level control are considered to show the efficiency of theproposed methodespecially in term of robustness and in calculation time by the use of higher sampling period.

The suspending role of H2O and CO on catalytic hydrotreatment of gas-oil; myth or reality?

During co-hydroprocessing of petroleum fractions with liquid biomass, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) constitute some of the main by-products which take place due to the oxygen content of biomass. This study focuses on determining the H2O and CO effect on HDT reactions, as there is a certain controversy associated with their role. H2O and CO are artificially added during gas-oil catalytic hydrotreatment to investigate their influence in the potential biomass (i.e. lipids, bio-oil, tallow oil) catalytic co-hydroprocessing with fossil-based fractions for the production of hybrid fuels. Based on the experimental results, it is clearly inferred that the H2O role is neutral on heteroatoms' removal. On the contrary, CO has a suspending role not due to the resulting hydrogen partial pressure reduction, but rather to the inhibition of the catalyst active sites.

Bode shaping-based design methods of a fractional order PID controller for uncertain systems

This paper deals with robust fractional order PID controller design via numerical optimization. Three new frequency-domain design methods are proposed. They achieve good robustness to the variation of some parameters by maintaining the open-loop phase quasi-constant in a pre-specified frequency band, i.e., maintaining the iso-damping property of the controlled system. The two first methods are extensions of the well-known Monje-Vinagre et al. method for uncertain systems. They ameliorate the numerical optimization algorithm by imposing the open-loop phase to be flat in a frequency band not only around a single frequency. The third method is an interval-based design approach that simplifies the algorithm by reducing the constraints number and offers a more large frequency band with an iso-damping property. Several numerical examples are presented to show the efficiency of each proposed method and discuss the obtained results. Also, an application to the liquid carbon monoxide level control is presented.

Phase transition and chemical decomposition of shocked CO–N2 mixture

Using quantum molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory including dispersion corrections (DFT-D), we have studied the thermophysical properties of liquid carbon monoxide and nitrogen (CO-N(2)) mixture under extreme conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) method significantly overestimates the pressure as compared to DFT-D. It is demonstrated that the van der Waals (vdW) interaction has a negative contribution to the pressure and tends to reduce the overestimation of the equilibrium volume. We also demonstrate that a negative slope of Hugoniot curve could possibly be caused by both the absorption of dissociation energy and the uncertainties in composition. As density and temperature increase along the Hoguniot curve, the system appears to undergo a continuous transition and provides for a much richer set of dissociation products. The influence of dissociated carbon and oxygen atoms on nitrogen molecules is also discussed.

H 2S sensing properties of nanocrystalline Sr 2Fe O.6Ni O.4MoO 6 thick film prepared by sol–gel citrate method

Nanocrystalline Sr 2FeMoO 6 (SFMO) belonging to the group of double perovskite oxides, was prepared by the sol–gel citrate method. The structural and microstructural characterization has been carried out with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. XRD of Sr 2Fe 1− x Ni x MoO 6 (SFNMO) shows the formation of solid solution with average grain size of about 40 nm. A comparative study of gas sensing behaviour of Sr 2FeMoO 6 and Sr 2Fe 1− x Ni x MoO 6 with reducing gases like hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen (H 2), ethanol (C 2H 5OH) and carbon monoxide (CO) were also discussed. The sensitivity is calculated by measuring the change the resistance of the sensor material in the presence of gas. Among the different composition of x ( x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5), Sr 2Fe 0.6Ni 0.4MoO 6 ( x = 0.4) shows better response to H 2S gas at 260 °C. Incorporation of palladium (Pd) improves the gas response, selectivity, response time and reduced the operating temperature from 260 to 220 °C for H 2S gas.

Equation of state of initially liquid carbon monoxide and nitrogen mixture

The modified liquid perturbation variational theory and the improved vdW-1f model were applied to calculating the equation of the state of liquid CO-N2 mixture with the ratio of 1:1, 4:1 and 1:4, respectively, in the shock pressure range of 9–49 GPa. It was shown that the calculated result for CO-N2 mixture with the ratio of 1:1 is well consistent with the earlier experimental data. The thermodynamics equilibrium, chemical equilibrium and phase equilibrium were all considered in detail. It was found that Hugoniot of liquid CO-N2 mixture is moderately softened in the pressure range of 20–30 GPa and 30–49 GPa for different initial proportions, and that the Hugoniot is more softened in the latter pressure range, which means that the structural phase transition occurs near 20 GPa and 30 GPa. Since the shock productions may absorb a plenty of systematic energy, the shock temperature and pressure decline compared with the case of no chemical reaction. Pressures and temperatures increase gradually with the increase in the mole fraction of nitrogen composition. The results for the 1:1 CO-N2 mixture lie in the middle of two others. Therefore, it was shown that the modified Lorentz-Berthelor rule used in the scheme is effective to study shock-compression properties of liquid CO-N2 mixture under high temperatures and high pressures.

Orientational correlations in liquid carbon monoxide and nitric oxide

Neutron diffraction results obtained for liquid CO and NO have been modelled by means ofthe reverse Monte Carlo method. Partial pair correlation functions, centre–centre paircorrelation functions and the relative orientations of molecular axes as a function ofdistances between molecular centres have been calculated from the models. It was foundthat, contrary to earlier suggestions, well defined orientational correlations exist in liquidcarbon monoxide, even at lower densities. For liquid nitric oxide, the existence of(NO)2 dimers has been confirmed, but the ‘cis-planar’ structure of the dimers, suggested earlier,could not be made consistent with available diffraction data.

Ethanol oxidation and hydrolysis rates in supercritical water

Oxidation and hydrolysis experiments with ethanol were investigated in supercritical water using a lab-scale, plug-flow reactor system at temperatures from 433 to 494 °C and a fixed pressure of 246 bar. The residence times ranged from 2 to 12 s, and the initial concentration of ethanol was set to 1 mmol l −1. In the hydrolysis experiments, ethanol did not react to a significant degree relative to the conversions observed in oxidation experiments. The conversion for the hydrolysis experiments was between 1.9 and 7.4%. In the oxidation experiments, the initial oxygen concentration was set to 3 mmol l −1, according to the stoichiometric ratio for complete mineralization. The major products of the reaction were acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in the liquid phase and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the gas phase. An assumed first-order global rate expression was determined with an activation energy of 163.9±3.3 kJ mol −1 and a pre-exponential factor of 10 11.1±4.5 to a 95% confidence level. An induction time was experimentally observed, ranging from 0.5 to 3.8 s, with longer times corresponding to lower temperatures. A second set of experiments was performed to investigate the dependence of the reaction rate on oxygen concentration. The fuel equivalence ratio was varied from 0.5 to 1.9. Experiments were conducted at residence times of 2.5 and 3.0 s at 470 °C and 246 bar. A global rate expression was regressed for the ethanol reaction rate from the complete set of data. The resulting pre-exponential factor was 10 17.23±1.65; the activation energy was 213.9±18.3 kJ mol −1; and the reaction orders for ethanol and oxygen were 1.34±0.11 and 0.55±0.19, respectively.