Liquefied Natural Gas Research Articles

Comparing modelled and measured exhaust gas components from two LNG-powered ships

Bottom-up modelling is used frequently to estimate emissions produced by seagoing vessels, and the accuracy of modelling is dependent on the data the model is trained with. Observational studies can be used to increase the model accuracy. Here we compared data from two measuring campaigns conducted on board ships that use Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as primary fuel in internal combustion engines (ICE) in a diesel-electric setup with values obtained from the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM).The power demand for propulsion calculated using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data matched observations reasonably. The root mean square error between the modelled and observed power demand was 759–914 kW (28.6–34.5%) for the measured ropax vessel and 1869–1916 kW (16.7–17.1%) for the large cruise vessel over four voyages while the ships were underway. The discrepancy is largely explained by the auxiliary power demand, which was 4 times higher on the large cruise vessel than the model prediction.Using meteorological data to estimate the increase of resistance did not improve the goodness of fit between modelled and observed engine power demand. STEAM model's base-specific fuel consumption calculation method fits observed values reasonably when the engine load is over 50%, but ICEs used in constant speed mode have increased consumption at lower engine loads compared to variable speed ICEs.The share of pilot fuel of total energy consumption was found to play a significant role in the emission factors for measured exhaust gas compounds. More accurate functions to model fuel consumption and emissions were derived using the observed data.

Microscopic characteristics and influencing factors of ship emissions based on onboard measurements

The sailing environment has a significant impact on the microscopic characteristics of ship emissions. A portable emission measurement system was used to measure and quantify the emission characteristics of two ships using different energy types in the Yangtze River. The effects of the key influencing factors, waterway environment, operating conditions, and fuel type on ship emissions were investigated. The reasonable control of ship speed, acceleration and engine revolution speed and torque can reduce ship exhaust emissions. The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) can substantially increase CO emissions. The emission levels of the ship during departure and berthing were higher than that during cruising. As an alternative fuel, LNG may increase CO emissions; hence fuel selection requires careful consideration. This study provides key information for the development of effective emission reduction measures and can facilitate the adaptation of inland waterway shipping to low-carbon policies and the mitigation of the associated environmental impacts.

A Review of Research on Marine Main Propulsion Systems

Ship power, as an essential component of ship engineering, directly affects the navigation performance, economy, and environmental friendliness of ships. This article reviews the development history of ship power, introduces the main propulsion devices including internal combustion engines, steam engines, and electric motors, and discusses the structure and optimization design of ship power systems. Modern ship power technology includes traditional diesel and gasoline engines, as well as new power devices such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) engines, hybrid power systems, and fuel cells. Electric ships are gaining attention due to their efficiency and environmental benefits. In the future, ship power technology will develop towards green environmental protection, intelligence, integration, diversification, and digitization, providing more reliable and efficient power support for the shipping industry and the advancement of ship engineering.

THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS AS TRANSPORTATION FUEL

This study aims to analyze the thermodynamic considerations for the application of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a transportation fuel. It is designed to solve transport fuel problems and tackle public health issues associated with vehicular engine emission, and vehicle fuel shortages. It considers the economic and technical viability of applying low-temperature fluid as fuel in an LNG-fuel Spark Ignition Engine through computer simulation. Process design configuration was achieved using the User Define Function (UDF) in fluid simulation software (ANSYS Fluent), Finite Element Analysis and Aspen Hysys. 12 kg capacity volume cryogenic tank design was done through Autodesk inventor with an initial temperature of -162 0C and pressure of 1 bar and ambient temperature application ranges of 20 0C to 40 0C. The ANSYS simulation result showed a thermodynamic effect of heat and mass transfer rate range of 1.6% to 7% W/m 2k concerning the time taken by the tank to absorb heat through temperature ranges of -155 0C to 250 0C. Also, 0.04kg/s was the total volume of boil-off gas (BOG) produced, while the maximum exhaust gas emissions recorded was 0.254kg/s. The advantage of this technology was the minimal volume of greenhouse gases released during combustion relative to gasoline and diesel, signifying less pollution, and buttressing the applicability and adoption of LNG-Fuel as a transport fuel.

Life cycle assessment of a hybrid reverse osmosis hydrate-based desalination process

Trends in desalination technologies are shifting toward reducing the environmental impact of energy consumption while increasing economic feasibility. Accordingly, this study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) and an environmental life cycle cost (ELCC) analysis of a hybrid desalination process that combines reverse osmosis (RO) and hydrate-based desalination (HBD). The environmental impact assessment was conducted using the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint and endpoint methodology. Moreover, an ELCC analysis considering environmental cost (EC) was conducted to elucidate the influence of environmental impacts on economic performance. Case studies analyzed the environmental and economic differences arising from the use of four different feedstocks (natural gas liquid, soybean oil, palm oil fatty acid distillate, and used cooking oil) for propane as a hydrate former in HBD and assessed the impact of selling renewable energy certificates (RECs). The global warming potential (GWP) of the hybrid desalination process ranged from −2.66 to 0.04 kg CO2 eq/m3, with the lowest GWP when using used cooking oil and not selling RECs. This can be attributed to the energy savings compared to conventional desalination and indicates the importance of using sustainable feedstock to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals. The production costs when considering EC ranged from −2.86 to −2.29 $/m3, with the sale of electricity and RECs resulting in profits in all cases. In addition, using natural gas liquids and selling RECs was the most economical option. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the environmental and economic impact of hybrid desalination technologies and highlights their potential as an alternative to conventional methods in terms of sustainability and profitability.

Enhancing the efficiency of power generation through the utilisation of LNG cold energy by a dual-fluid condensation rankine cycle system

As a clean energy source with high calorific value and low pollution, liquefied natural gas (LNG) has gained much attention and increased fast in the current energy market. It also has considerable cold energy resources that can be used to generate electricity during the regasification process. To fully utilise the cold energy of LNG, a double-Rankine cycle power generation system that incorporates heat exchange between LNG cold energy utilisation and a propane-ethylene cycle working medium is proposed and optimised. The optimisation is based on the Process Integration method, which uses Pinch Analysis to develop a Heat Exchange Network. Upon a specified LNG flow rate of 15.6 kg/s and natural gas delivery pressure of 7.85 MPaG, a retrofit case of the optimised LNG cold energy system generates a power of 1917.21 kW. A 28.6 % increase in power generation efficiency compared with the existing case. The result showed that by employing the Process Integration method, this study maximises the use of LNG cold energy through heat exchange with various working media, effectively addressing power generation efficiency issues. This approach is important in reducing power generation costs, minimising environmental impact, and advancing resource sustainability. Furthermore, it serves as a valuable reference for enhancing power generation efficiency by utilising LNG cold energy.

Efficient enhancement of cryogenic processes: Extracting valuable insights with minimal effort

Cryogenic systems are widely used in industries but are known for their high energy consumption. Designing these systems involves numerous variables, objectives, and constraints. This study introduces an optimization approach applied to three cryogenic processes: Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) recovery, Air Separation Unit (ASU), and propane mixed refrigerant (C3MR) liquefaction, focusing on minimizing energy input to enhance efficiency and LNG output in a mega LNG plant. Exergy analyses identified energy losses in compressors (47 %), columns (37 %), heat exchangers (10 %), and valves/mixers (5 %), highlighting the need for improved compressor design. Optimization showed that inefficiencies could be reduced by adding inter-cooled compression stages and isentropic/isothermal compression routes. The ASU optimization involved five independent variables with optimized conditions demanding 30 MW of compression power while achieving 51 % separation efficiency. Heat exchangers are the main source of exergy loss in the standalone C3MR cycle, accounting for 61.82 % of 69.0 MW followed by compressors ∼29.27 %. When simulated with utilities, total exergy loss increases to 249.0 MW, with compressors accounting for 78.34 %, exergy loss from heat exchangers drops to 17.94 %. Results affirm the practicality of the proposed method for optimizing complex cryogenic systems, providing valuable engineering insights and potential for significant energy savings.

An efficient high cooling capacity Stirling cryocooler and its application for capturing boil-off methane from liquefied natural gas

Natural gas is a cost-effective energy supply for the development of low-carbon economy and environmental protection worldwide. Despite the environmentally friendly properties of natural gas, methane is a potent greenhouse gas. Therefore, efficiently recovering the boil-off methane gas (BOG) generated from liquefied natural gas (LNG) devices is becoming a pressing problem involving both the economy and the environment. The Stirling cryocooler is a promising technology in dealing with BOG. This technology has superior characteristics, including large cooling capacity, high efficiency, compact configuration, and flexible operating characteristics. In the study, a high cooling capacity Stirling cryocooler was developed. The influences of the regenerator on the cryocooler were studied. The refrigeration performance and the operating characteristics were systematically analyzed. A cooling power of 1050 W at 77 K with a relative Carnot efficiency of 33.28 % was achieved. Accordingly, the cryocooler outperforms the reported Stirling-type cryocoolers in terms of overall performance. A BOG liquefaction system based on the cryocooler was installed in an LNG refueling station. On-site test results demonstrated that the system can produce 27.3 L/h LNG with a power consumption of 14.5 kW. The present research lays a good foundation for future optimizations and applications of the cryocooler in liquefying BOG.

Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction system with binary refrigerant precooling cycle

A hydrogen liquefaction process is proposed with the liquid natural gas utilization, binary refrigerant precooling and helium cryogenic cycles combined, and a general model is built for analyzing the variation of hot and cold composite curves and heat transfer temperature difference (HTTD) along with refrigerant parameters. The relationship between temperature and enthalpy of the precooling cycle and the variation of HTTD are deduced. Based on this, the composite curves and HTTD curves are constructed, and the influence of refrigerant on the HTTD and the refrigerant outlet temperature is analyzed. The optimization procedure of refrigerant is proposed based on the temperature-enthalpy relationship and HTTD considering the temperature glide. For the proposed hydrogen liquefaction system, the optimal binary refrigerant includes 60.21 % nitrogen and 39.79 % propane (mass fraction), and its mass flow rate and inlet temperature are 23,821.96 kg/h and −199.72 °C, respectively. The corresponding specific energy consumption (SEC) of the hydrogen liquefaction system is 4.44 kWh/kgLH2, reduced by 10.30 %, and the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency are 27.10 % and 28.26 %, increased by 11.34 % and 17.80 %, respectively.

Risk assessment of emergency operations of floating storage and regasification unit

As the receiving terminal of liquefied natural gas (LNG), the efficient emergency response of the floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) is crucial to ensure the safety of LNG transportation at sea. However, few existing literature study the risk issues of FSRUs during emergency operations. In order to improve the emergency response capability of FSRU, this study proposes an innovative assessment method to identify hazards, quantify and rank the risks associated with emergency response and disposal operations of FSRU accidents. Firstly, a comprehensive index hierarchy system applicable to human, equipment, environment, and management aspects of emergency response and disposal operations of FSRU accident is established through an extensive literature review, analysis of accident reports, and expert judgments. Secondly, based on the concept of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers, the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Hybrid Weighted Euclidean Distance (IFHWED) operator is used to enhance the conventional FMEA approach. This method considers the varying levels of expert confidence and integrates subjective and objective weights of risk influential factors (RIFs), and the efficacy is validated through sensitivity analysis. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation model employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation algorithms is used to aggregate the risk values of RIFs. The findings of this study offer decision-makers insights into risks during emergency operation, provide valuable guiding strategies for FSRU accident management, and improve the capability for emergencies at sea.

The impact of a zero-flaring system on gas plants, environment, and health

Continuous natural gas flaring wastes significant energy resources and increases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global warming. Our work provides an overview of a technique to recover flare gas and reduce CO2 emissions to a minimum level. There are two methods to recover flare gas: the recovery of natural gas liquids and sales gas production by existing LPG unit and the production of liquid fuels by mini-GTL unit (gas to liquid). This study was conducted using real data from the field. All cases were simulated using Aspen HYSYS software. The mini-GTL unit is modeled using an autothermal reforming method. CO2 emissions will be reduced by 107.68 tonne/day in both methods. Economic analyses revealed that the NGL and sales gas product has a net present value (NPV) of 77.03 MMUSD, while the mini-GTL product has an NPV of 73.7 MMUSD. The study showed that we could extract natural gas liquids (NGLs), including propane, LPG, and sales gas, from the flare gas or convert it to liquid products, including gasoline and diesel. The expected internal rate of return (IRR) and payout time (POT) for NGL and sales gas method are 150.73% and 0.27 years, respectively. The mini-GTL method is recommended due to Egypt’s petroleum fuel shortage and the best solution without an entry point to the Egyptian national gas grid in the plant. However, the IRR and POT for the mini-GTL method are 30.09% and 1.19 years, respectively, and it needs more CAPEX than the NGL and sales gas method.Graphical

Exergy and pinch assessment of an innovative liquid air energy storage configuration based on wind renewable energy with net-zero carbon emissions

Given the rising global energy demands and the fluctuating nature of load demand, advancing various energy storage systems to enhance their efficiency is essential. Moreover, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions from various industries has prompted governments to implement carbon dioxide (CO2) capture systems and invest in renewable energy sources. In this research, a cryogenic energy storage configuration is developed according to the air liquefaction process, liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification operation, CO2 capture cycle, and organic Rankine plant. During off-peak times, the air entering the energy storage system is compressed and liquefied using wind energy and the cold energy from LNG vaporization, producing 83.12 kg/s of liquid air. During on-peak times, the liquid air and LNG after recovering the cold energy enter the power generation cycle, generating 119 MW of electrical power. This power generation cycle includes a combustion chamber, gas turbine power plant, and organic Rankine cycles. Flue gases from the power generation cycles enter the amine-based CO2 capture and then the output CO2 is stored in liquid form. The storage and round-trip efficiencies of the present energy storage configuration are 67.97 % and 62.50 %, respectively. The results of exergy analysis show that the exergy efficiency of the whole system, off-peak, and on-peak sections are calculated as 64.88 %, 82.40 %, and 74.03 %, respectively. The pinch method for multi-stream exchangers (HX6, HX7, and HX8) is accomplished and the exchanger network related to each one is determined. Three-dimensional sensitivity analysis indicates that storage and round-trip efficiencies increase up to 80.45 % and 66.20 %, respectively when the power generation section pressure increases up to 110 bar and compressed air pressure decreases to 135 bar.

Vietnam’s liquefied natural gas demand—potential to import liquefied natural gas from the USA

Abstract Vietnam, a dynamic and rapidly developing country in Southeast Asia, is experiencing a surge in energy demand due to its booming economy and growing population. However, with the strong commitment of the Vietnamese government to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 at COP 26, Vietnam needs to implement robust measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with energy transition as a top priority. To meet this growing energy demand and minimize greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector, Vietnam is turning its attention to liquefied natural gas (LNG), an environmentally friendly and versatile energy source. With the USA emerging as a major global exporter of LNG based on the shale gas revolution, Vietnam has recognized the potential to import LNG from the USA to meet its energy needs in a sustainable manner. The purpose of this article is to analyse the reasons why Vietnam has prospects for importing LNG from the USA.

The response characteristics and damage effects of large LNG storage tanks subject to the coupled effects of explosion shock waves and fire

As the demand and import of liquefied natural gas (LNG) increase, large LNG receiving stations are being constructed. LNG leakage can lead to fire or explosion accidents. The simultaneous occurrence of explosions and fires, often inevitable, is more damaging than the effect of a single load. This study utilizes finite element analysis software LS-DYNA and the ALE algorithm to examine the response characteristics and damage effects on large LNG storage tanks under the combined impact of explosion shock waves and high-temperature loads (with the explosion preceding the fire). The findings indicate that post-explosion, the concrete outer tank's compressive strength diminishes as temperatures rise. The dome deflection of the storage tank's external tank surpasses the standard limit at 400 °C and fails at 600 °C. This research identifies the critical failure mode of the concrete storage tank's outer tank under the joint impact of explosion shock waves and fire. It provides a foundation for the anti-explosion design of such storage tanks.

Dynamic evaporation characteristics of liquefied natural gas droplets

To delve into the intricate evaporation and dispersion mechanisms of dense droplets formed in the vicinity of liquefied natural gas (LNG) accidental releases, it is imperative to first examine the evaporation dynamics of individual moving LNG droplets. This paper presents a visual experimental setup designed to scrutinize the temporal evolution of diameter and displacement of single free-falling LNG droplets. Additionally, eight typical drag force models used for droplet motion state calculations were assessed. The optimal drag force models were selected to accurately predict the displacement of LNG droplets in the wide range of 100 < Re < 10 000. Moreover, eight typical gas phase models applied to predict heat and mass transfer were evaluated, revealing that none accurately capture the dynamic evaporation of free-falling LNG droplets. Subsequently, a new gas phase model suitable for predicting LNG droplet evaporation behavior is proposed. Furthermore, the periodic oscillation behavior of LNG droplet shape during the falling process is uncovered. The oscillation amplitude and dominant frequency of droplets are quantitatively investigated using the aspect ratio of droplets. Finally, an in-house program is developed to comprehensively analyze the evaporation characteristics of LNG droplets under different initial droplet diameters, velocities, and ambient temperatures. Based on gray relational analysis, the relative importance of three impacting factors on the evaporation coefficient is ranked.

Sustainability and environmental impact in the LNG value chain: Current trends and future opportunities

The liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry plays a crucial role in the global energy landscape, offering a cleaner alternative to traditional fossil fuels. However, the LNG value chain presents environmental challenges that must be addressed to ensure long-term sustainability. This paper examines current trends and future opportunities for enhancing sustainability and reducing environmental impact across the LNG value chain. The LNG value chain comprises several stages, including natural gas extraction, liquefaction, transportation, regasification, and distribution. Each stage presents unique sustainability challenges, such as methane emissions during extraction and transportation, energy-intensive liquefaction processes, and the carbon footprint of regasification and distribution. Current trends in the LNG industry focus on mitigating these challenges through various strategies. These include the adoption of advanced technologies for methane detection and reduction, the use of renewable energy sources for liquefaction, and the implementation of efficient regasification and distribution practices. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on stakeholder engagement, transparency, and reporting to enhance sustainability performance across the value chain. Future opportunities for improving sustainability in the LNG value chain lie in the continued development and deployment of innovative technologies. These include carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to reduce emissions, the use of renewable natural gas (RNG) as a feedstock, and the integration of LNG with renewable energy sources to create hybrid energy systems. Addressing sustainability and environmental impact in the LNG value chain requires collaboration among industry stakeholders, governments, and regulatory bodies. By implementing best practices, embracing innovation, and prioritizing sustainability, the LNG industry can continue to play a vital role in the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.

Fault Simulating Test Bed for Developing Diagnostic Algorithm of the Geared Rotating Machinery of Ships

To prevent critical failure of the functional machinery of a ship, condition monitoring technologies have been much studied in recent times. In this respect, securing a fault database is a top priority in technology development. In this paper, we developed a test bed that simulates the LNG (liquefied natural gas) re-liquefaction system installed on LNG carriers to obtain data in various types of faults of ship machinery. To maintain rotor-dynamics characteristics, the structure was scaled based on the critical speed margin of the dynamic system. The developed test bed includes a gearbox and multiple shafts. It can simulate mass imbalance, misalignment, bearing fault, gear fault and impeller fault. To verify the validity of the vibration data obtained from the developed test bed, experiments were conducted on three fault modes: main shaft imbalance, pinion shaft imbalance, and gear fault. The time series data and FFT results were analyzed, and time domain features were extracted and statistically validated. Additionally, a simple diagnosis model was developed using the acquired data to evaluate its performance. The test data show distinct data with respect to fault conditions, and we can expect that the diagnosis algorithm can be developed using the test data. The developed test bed can provide not only for the fault data of a single component of the rotating machine but also for the combined fault data of the total system. In addition, we expect that it will solve the problem of securing fault data in the development of condition diagnosis technology if reliability is verified by identifying correlations by comparing data from the real system and data from the scaled test bed.

Comparative Analysis of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Distribution Scheme using Milk-Run and Hub-Spoke Methods on Small-Scale LNG Carrier in Eastern Indonesia

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has been seen as a promising alternative in the face of these challenges. However, attention remains focused on the efficiency of LNG distribution, especially in the face of unpredictable demand fluctuations. Currently, with demands for increasing distribution efficiency, Indonesia, one of the largest LNG producers in Southeast Asia, faces a particular challenge in achieving efficiency in meeting domestic energy needs. To address the problem, the Indonesian government has initiated a program to streamline energy infrastructure development, focusing on LNG distribution in Eastern Indonesia. The study will use two distribution schemes, Milk-Run and Hub-Spoke, with different types of ship capacity to calculate operating costs. This study focuses on comparing the effectiveness of the two popular distribution schemes, the Milk-Run and the Hub-Spoke, especially in optimizing LNG distribution in the area. The data in this study was obtained from institutions that openly publish data in a digital system. The findings suggest that the Milk-Run distribution scheme was identified as an optimal solution for LNG delivery to multiple points from a single source for Northern and Southern Papua. The results of this study are expected to provide practical guidance to the parties concerned in their efforts to improve the efficiency of LNG distribution in eastern Indonesia and further study in other regions of Indonesia.

Assessment of a Full-Electric Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Concept for Harsh Sea State Conditions at Remote Ultra-Deepwater Locations

_ This work describes an offshore gas monetization solution for harsh environmental conditions at ultra-deepwater and remote locations, as an alternative to conventional onshore plants associated with long subsea pipelines for Greenfield projects. Although gas-to-liquids and marine compressed natural gas are initially evaluated, associated gas is supposed to be exported from deepwater floating production storage and offloading units to a central floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility for additional treatment, fractionation, and liquefaction, producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for further tandem offloading. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of the proposed FLNG, its key technologies are reviewed, including liquefaction process selection, cargo containment system, station-keeping, offloading, and power generation. A full-electric FLNG is proposed, replacing conventional feed gas power generation systems with inner hull nuclear power modules, envisaging neutral CO2 emissions and earlier first LNG drop milestone achievement. The FLNG general arrangement is developed, along with its internal cargo tanks layout, for preliminary LNG and LPG production rundown and feed gas throughput. Numerical analyses are carried out to show that static and dynamic tilt criteria can be met, even for harsh sea states. Gas import riser configurations for the challenging ultra-deepwater location are outlined, after appropriate FLNG station-keeping analyses, in addition to a feasibility assessment of seawater intake risers, aiming for an overall gas plant efficiency increase. Keywords FLNG; FPSO; LNG/LPG; associated gas; design (general)

Carbon Neutral Design of Waste Energy Recovery System for LNG Power Plant Using Organic Rankine Cycle

In liquefied natural gas (LNG) power plants, a significant amount of heat and cold energy is consumed to capture and store carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels. The proposed system addresses this problem by utilizing the temperature difference between waste heat and cold energy as a power source to generate electricity. In this study, a novel waste heat and cold energy recovery system for a postcombustion LNG power plant was developed using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). To design the proposed system, a process model was developed with the following five parts: (i) LNG vaporization, (ii) natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), (iii) amine scrubbing, (iv) CO2 liquefaction, and (v) CO2 injection. In the proposed system, waste LNG cold energy is used for lean amine cooling and CO2 liquefaction. The liquefied CO2 was pressurized to meet the injection pressure requirements. The ORC uses high-temperature exhaust gas from the NGCC as the heat source and high-pressure liquefied CO2 as the heat sink. The economic feasibility of the proposed system was demonstrated by an economic assessment, with the net profit evaluated by a sensitivity analysis considering variations in water, electricity, and equipment costs. Consequently, the proposed system exhibited an 18.6% increase in net power production compared to the conventional system. In addition, the net profit of the proposed system exhibited a 76.7% increase compared to the conventional system, confirming its economic feasibility.