Linux Operating System Research Articles

EntropyHub: An open-source toolkit for entropic time series analysis.

An increasing number of studies across many research fields from biomedical engineering to finance are employing measures of entropy to quantify the regularity, variability or randomness of time series and image data. Entropy, as it relates to information theory and dynamical systems theory, can be estimated in many ways, with newly developed methods being continuously introduced in the scientific literature. Despite the growing interest in entropic time series and image analysis, there is a shortage of validated, open-source software tools that enable researchers to apply these methods. To date, packages for performing entropy analysis are often run using graphical user interfaces, lack the necessary supporting documentation, or do not include functions for more advanced entropy methods, such as cross-entropy, multiscale cross-entropy or bidimensional entropy. In light of this, this paper introduces EntropyHub, an open-source toolkit for performing entropic time series analysis in MATLAB, Python and Julia. EntropyHub (version 0.1) provides an extensive range of more than forty functions for estimating cross-, multiscale, multiscale cross-, and bidimensional entropy, each including a number of keyword arguments that allows the user to specify multiple parameters in the entropy calculation. Instructions for installation, descriptions of function syntax, and examples of use are fully detailed in the supporting documentation, available on the EntropyHub website– www.EntropyHub.xyz. Compatible with Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems, EntropyHub is hosted on GitHub, as well as the native package repository for MATLAB, Python and Julia, respectively. The goal of EntropyHub is to integrate the many established entropy methods into one complete resource, providing tools that make advanced entropic time series analysis straightforward and reproducible.

Deep-Hook: A trusted deep learning-based framework for unknown malware detection and classification in Linux cloud environments

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the use of cloud computing has increased rapidly, and it currently plays a significant role among most organizations’ information technology (IT) infrastructure. Virtualization technologies, particularly virtual machines (VMs), are widely used and lie at the core of cloud computing. While different operating systems can run on top of VM instances, in public cloud environments the Linux operating system is used 90% of the time. Because of their prevalence, organizational Linux-based virtual servers have become an attractive target for cyber-attacks, mainly launched by sophisticated malware designed at causing harm, sabotaging operations, obtaining data, or gaining financial profit. This has resulted in the need for an advanced and reliable unknown malware detection mechanism for Linux cloud-based environments. Antivirus software and today’s even more advanced malware detection solutions have limitations in detecting new, unseen, and evasive malware. Moreover, many existing solutions are considered untrusted, as they operate on the inspected machine and can be interfered with, and can even be detected by the malware itself, allowing malware to evade detection and cause damage. In this paper, we propose Deep-Hook, a trusted framework for unknown malware detection in Linux-based cloud environments. Deep-Hook hooks the VM’s volatile memory in a trusted manner and acquires the memory dump to discover malware footprints while the VM operates. The memory dumps are transformed into visual images which are analyzed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) based classifier. The proposed framework has some key advantages, such as its agility, its ability to eliminate the need for features defined by a cyber domain expert, and most importantly, its ability to analyze the entire memory dump and thus to better utilize the existing indication it conceals, thus allowing the induction of a more accurate detection model. Deep-Hook was evaluated on widely used Linux virtual servers; four state-of-the-art CNN architectures; eight image resolutions; and a total of 22,400 volatile memory dumps representing the execution of a broad set of benign and malicious Linux applications. Our experimental evaluation results demonstrate Deep-Hook’s ability to effectively, efficiently, and accurately detect and classify unknown malware (even evasive malware like rootkits), with an AUC and accuracy of up to 99.9%.

A flexible system-on-a-chip control hardware for atomic, molecular, and optical physics experiments.

We have implemented a control system core for experiments in atomic, molecular, and optical physics based on a commercial low-cost board, featuring a field-programmable gate array as part of a system-on-a-chip on which a Linux operating system is running. The board features Gigabit Ethernet, allowing for fast data transmission and operation of remote experimental systems. A single board can control a set of devices generating digital, analog, and radio frequency signals with precise timing given either by an external or internal clock. Contiguous output and input sampling rates of up to 40MHz are achievable. Several boards can run synchronously with a timing error approaching 1ns. For this purpose, a novel auto-synchronization scheme is demonstrated, with possible application in complex distributed experimental setups with demanding timing requests.

Evaluating Reliability of SSD-Based I/O Caches in Enterprise Storage Systems

I/O caching techniques are widely employed in enterprise storage systems in order to enhance performance of I/O intensive applications in large-scale data centers. Due to higher performance compared to <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Hard Disk Drives</i> (HDDs) and lower price and non-volatility compared to <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Dynamic Random-Access Memories</i> (DRAM), Flash-based <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Solid-State Drives</i> (SSDs) are used as a main media in the caching layer of storage systems. Although SSDs are known as non-volatile devices but recent studies have reported large number of data failures due to power outage in SSDs. To overcome the reliability implications of SSD-based I/O caching schemes, RAID-1 (mirrored) configuration is commonly used to avoid data loss due to uncommitted write operations. Such configuration, however, may still experience data loss in the cache layer due to correlated failures in SSDs. To our knowledge, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">none</i> of previous studies have investigated the reliability of SSD-based I/O caching schemes in enterprise storage systems. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis investigating the reliability of SSD-based I/O caching architectures used in enterprise storage systems under power failure and high-operating temperature. We explore variety of SSDs from top vendors and investigate the cache reliability in mirrored configuration. To this end, we first develop a physical fault injection and failure detection platform and then investigate the impact of workload dependent parameters on the reliability of I/O cache in the presence of two common failure types in data centers, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">power outage</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">high temperature</i> faults. We implement an I/O cache scheme using an open-source I/O cache module in Linux operating system. The experimental results obtained by conducting more than twenty thousand of physical fault injections on the implemented I/O cache with different write policies reveal that the failure rate of the I/O cache is significantly affected by workload dependent parameters. Our results show that unlike workload requests access pattern, the other workload dependent parameters such as request size, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Working Set Size</i> (WSS), and sequence of the accesses have considerable impact on the I/O cache failure rate. We observe a significant growth in the failure rate in the workloads by decreasing the size of the requests (by more than 14X). Furthermore, we observe that in addition to writes, the read accesses to the I/O cache are subjected to failure in presence of sudden power outage (the failure mainly occurs during promoting data to the cache). In addition, we observe that I/O cache experiences <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">no</i> data failure upon high temperature faults.

Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning System based on Edge Computing

With the advancement of modern sensing technology and network communication, the geological disaster monitoring and early warning technology is changing toward intelligence, continuity, and real-time monitoring. The most effective way to improve real-time monitoring and early warning is to conduct front-end analysis in the field of geological disasters. With the application of the Internet of Things technology in geological disasters, field data collection and field-level data strategies belong to the edge computing gateway for execution. According to the latest research trend of landslide on-site monitoring and early warning, edge computing gateways usually use thresholds for monitoring and early warning. On the basis of the empirical model of simple statistics or the theoretical model of landslide deformation early warning, key early warning indicators and weights are proposed to judge the stage of landslide evolution or disaster level. This study starts with a comprehensive analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution of the surface deformation area in the field of geological disaster monitoring. Then, an edge computing smart gateway is designed on the basis of the Linux operating system. The Long Range Radio field wireless sensor network is used to develop an automated monitoring system for slopes of displacement monitoring points, rainfall, and soil moisture content-inducing factors. Subsequently, the effective methods of obtaining multilevel topographic data of slopes are investigated using field information, such as the velocity and acceleration of surface displacement data. The slope multielement trigger monitoring model with multiple induced element coupling modes is explored to realize the front-end edge computing strategy method of slope monitoring and early warning. The analysis results can be sent to high-level data analysis servers, such as the software deployed on the Local Area Network and cloud servers of the relevant department for secondary use. This research overcomes the problems of regular collection of existing on-site monitoring instruments, loss of catastrophic information, and low effective data rate. Compared with traditional working modes, such as uploading the original monitoring data to a server for data extraction and analysis and then feedback to control the field equipment, using front-end edge computing is more efficient in realizing the first data processing utilization and adaptive monitoring processing. It can also provide more effective and reliable data for disaster monitoring and early warning. In conclusion, this research is of great significance in effectively capturing the laws of early evolution, improving real-time early warning capabilities, and promoting the industrialization of national geological disaster monitoring and early warning technology and equipment.

Two-Cored Energy Management System for Industrial Microgrid

Energy systems have to deal with energy cost and environmental concerns such as greenhouse gas emission. Industrial buildings considered as Microgrid (μG) with heavy load worsen these issues even more. Further, cyber-attacks on the data communication channel between utility and customer is also a potential threat and may alter the data as well as the confidentiality of it, resulting in an inaccurate result. To address these problems, this paper proposes two-cored Building Energy Management System (BEMS) for Industrial Microgrid (IμG) with first cored termed as the energy layer concentrating on energy cost and emission reduction, while second cored termed as security layer provides the un-authorized intrusion detection and prevention system (IDS/IPS) for cyber secure communication of data. The μG under consideration contains national grid, Natural Gas (NG), solar Photovoltaic (PV) as input carriers; electrical energy at output ports; electric vehicle (EV) fleet; battery bank; solar PV panel as non-dispatchable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), Fuel Cell (FC) and Micro Turbine (MT) as dispatchable DERs. Energy layer optimization problem has been solved in MATLAB using flower pollination algorithm for µG energy consumption cost and emission reduction. To develop and analyze the security layer, Linux operating system based Smooth-sec software has been used. Devised security layer continuously monitors the network traffic between customers and BEMS as well as BEMS and utility server. During monitoring it distinguish the licensed user or malicious attacker to detect and prevent possible internal and/or external intrusions in the communication channel. Results show that EMS reduces energy cost and emission in addition to cyber security from internal threats. Proposed two-cored control may be manufactured for utilities to realize its benefits for industrial customers in a smart energy distribution system. Keywords: Demand Response, Energy Management System, Flower

Study of SSL-VPN Performance with Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)

The largely used of cyberspace has brought the attention of business interposes across the globe in modern era which resulted in numerous security issues. Business enterprises find it difficult to protect and manage resource sharing and data infrastructure effectively. The business enterprises consider Virtual private network (VPN) as a novel development to protect data and information, and to create a VPN connection, it is significant to consider the type of security protocols to use to make VPN more efficient and more powerful. The significant issue in this research is to study the performance of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) in VPN with intrusion detection systems (IDS) on Linux operating system in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) parameters (throughput, latency and packet loss). We also used two different encryption algorithms, Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES/3DES) and Advance Encryption Standard (AES). Encryption algorithms are used to encrypt data, so it cannot be read or modify by a third-party while in transit between two end points of a network. This research found that when considering throughput, packet loss and latency in network infrastructures, SSL/3DES offers fair and reasonable performance than SSL/AES. VPN protocols with higher throughput have the best performance and VPN protocol the low packet loss has the best performance. The research indicated deploying SSL/3DES is more effective in business enterprises also indicated that IDS could be able to function effectively on both protected traffic packets (VPN packets) and server log files.

Experiences of Library Professionals on DSpace Installation

DSpace, a free and open-source software (FOSS) provides the digital platform for building collections of an institution. Due to the lack of the skills to install and configure DSpace, librarians are incapable to conduct it even after the awareness about it. Identifying challenges about DSpace installation is vital to increase its use by librarians. Hence, it aims to explore the understanding of DSpace installation among librarians and to identify aspects of their experiences and feelings while installing DSpace. Librarians' experiences and feelings are important for accepting the software. Librarians were interviewed during the training program conducted on digital library technology from December 2020 to January 2021. Two groups were distinguishing from each other: one is with a library science background and another is with computer science and engineering background. The second group aswas self-sustained to install DSpace, once they got the guidelines for installation. Their views were reflected with the code terms status, exploration, feeling, activities, preferences, and inadequacy. Through their experiences, the aspects of challenges are the less experience of using the command line in computer use, the unavailability of teaching courses on Linux operating system in Library and Information Science (LIS) education, and the lack of self-exploration habits. Practice to Linux commands, incorporate the Linux in the Library Science course, self-exploration, and consistent effort will help librarians in installing DSpace by themselves. Finally, librarians should internalize their goal to act as the administrator for the DSpace, not only as of the operator.

HAL-ASOS Accelerator Model: Evolutive Elasticity by Design

To address the integration of software threads and hardware accelerators into the Linux Operating System (OS) programming models, an accelerator architecture is proposed, based on micro-programmable hardware system calls, which fully export these resources into the Linux OS user-space through a design-specific virtual file system. The proposed HAL-ASOS accelerator model is split into a user-defined Hardware Task and a parameterizable Hardware Kernel with three differentiated transfer channels, aiming to explore distinct BUS technology interfaces and promote the accelerator to a first-class computing unit. This paper focuses on the Hardware Kernel and mainly its microcode control unit, which will leverage the elasticity to naturally evolve with Linux OS through key differentiating capabilities of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) when compared to the state of the art. To comply with the evolutive nature of Linux OS, or any Hardware Task incremental features, the proposed model generates page-faults signaling runtime errors that are handled at the kernel level as part of the virtual file system runtime. To evaluate the accelerator model’s programmability and its performance, a client-side application based on the AES 128-bit algorithm was implemented. Experiments demonstrate a flexible design approach in terms of hardware and software reconfiguration and significant performance increases consistent with rising processing demands or clock design frequencies.

Android App Development: A Review

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications. Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries but does not support programs developed in native code. The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made available under the Apache free software and open-source license.

Computer Forensic Using Photorec for Secure Data Recovery Between Storage Media: a Proof of Concept

Data plays the important role, so that data recovery and data security be prioritized. Computer users often lose their data due to personal errors or by attacks. Digital forensics has one sub-field called computer forensic, which has an important role in the process of secure data recovery. USB Flashdisk as the most widely used storage media has a probability of data loss. It is necessary to do computer forensic actions, especially secure data recovery, on it so that it can restore data securely to other media while protecting it by giving privilege root. In this research, computer forensic testing the 2781 files of various data formats that were erased on a 32 GB USB flash drive using Photorec. The media for collecting data recovery results using an Intel computer, 2 GB RAM, 1.8 GHz processor, the Linux operating system Xubuntu 20.04. Testing is carried out following the test scenarios that have been designed, then observed, recorded, and analyzed. Photorec places recovery data in 6 recup_dir subdirectories. Test results and analysis of the test results show that Photorec is a reliable tool for computer forensic, especially secure data recovery because it can restore 100% of data, accompanied by privilege root for all data recovery results, so they cannot be changed and deleted by an end-user without granted access.

Decision Support System for Selection of Quality Doves with Web-Based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Methods

The purpose of making this system is to make it easier for breeders and pigeon lovers to determine high quality pigeons. The method used is the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), this method is used to support completing the program, using the analytical hierarchy process method, using the analytical hierarchy process method. this is because it can make it easier to make decisions. The result of this system is a web-based system that supports windows and linux operating systems, the purpose of making this system is to facilitate the decision making of high pigeons in determining quality pigeons that are integrated with database storage. The benefit of using this system is to facilitate the decision-making process for quality pigeons.

COMPARITATIVE ANALYIS OF IPVE &amp; IPV6 INTENDED FOR LEARNING OBJECT REPOSITORY TO SETUP AN E-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; In this modern era of Internet, E-learning is very popular among Internet users, users utilize Internet to learn from their homes with little or less effort. However the need to upgrade the suite to counter the ever increasing needs of internet was recognized and IPv6 suite was approved in 1994. IPv6 not only overcomes the issue of depletion of network addresses but also provides various other features such as automation, scalability, security, and others such as multicasting etc. Migration to IPv6 is dependent on its performance against the IPv4 implemented system. In this paper evaluation of various performance metrics of e-learning network performance on IPv4 vs IPv6 implemented system were considered. The results show the difference in the performance which must be considered when adopting the newer version and/or its implication on the end-system application. A comparison of performance of IPv6 on the Linux operating system against other popular operating system such as Windows and MacOS was noted. Overall it was shown by results that the Linux implementation of e-learning over IPv6 outperformed the other commodity operating system.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

JURNAL REVIEW: PERBANDINGAN SISTEM OPERASI LINUX DENGAN SISTEM OPERASI WINDOWS

Operating Systems are four components that must not be absent for Information Systems. For companies that have implemented a computerized system as part of the company's operational support, must pay attention to what Operating Systems are good for the company. Including the advantages and company budget for Information Technology. To get a good Operating System in accordance with office needs, a comparison of the Windows Operating System and Linux Operating System. The results of the comparison of these two Operating Systems can be input for deciding which Operating System is suitable for the company.

HOW TO PERFORM ORACLE DATABASE 11G VERSION UPDATE TO ORACLE DATABASE 19C

Due to the discontinuity of support for one of the database versions most used by organizations, Oracle Database 11g, it is important that companies that still use this version, pay attention to the next upgrade from Oracle. This work was elaborated by means of exploratory research, using as methods and research techniques the documentary and bibliographic analysis, with the purpose of providing steps with techniques and methods of how to proceed with two oracle projects, one of migration from the Linux operating system Red Hat 4.4.7-3 for Oracle Linux 7.7, and a version upgrade from Oracle Database 11g to Oracle Database 19c, presenting strategies using tools and following Oracle's recommendations. This study was built based on real demands that companies have been facing with this great dilemma, the discontinuity of support for the Oracle database 11g version. The observed results were, official support from Oracle, architectural change in order to be prepared for a supposed intervention with updating and migration of services to the cloud.

Compilation of iOS frameworks from Linux operating system using open- source tools

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This paper analyzes possibility of using open-source tools to compile iOS frameworks in Linux operating system. The purpose of this analysis was to determine how compilation in Linux could be performed and identify possible limita- tions when using LLVM compiler. The analysis has been performed on own frameworks written using Objective-C and Swift languages containing graphic and text files in different formats and sizes. Results of the analysis show that compi- lation of iOS frameworks under Linux operating system is possible unless the compiler frameworks use interface com- ponents written in xib format for which there are no compilation tools available on Linux operating system.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM PENGENALAN WAJAH UNTUK KEAMANAN AKSES BERBASIS UBUNTU MENGGUNAKAN PYTHON

Security is one of the most important needs for human beings in both the building and the house. For the development of security technology used face recognition. Face recognition is a system that identifies facial features that are capable of detecting familiar faces and unknown faces. In this research is implemented with computer vision where the computer can see and understand so that it is information from an image or video. This computer can also mimic the ability of human intelligence. To classify a face object, OpenCv uses the Haar Cascade classifier and uses Python programming language. Application used face Recognition program is PyCharm Comunity 2018 version 3 with Linux operating system Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS version. The results showed that the accuracy of face reconition depends on the analysis of OpenCv and the classification of Cascade for computer vision process.

Implementasi Proxy dan Snort Sebagai Gateway Antivirus

Technology and internet networks are two things that are always related, because in today's era the internet has become a much-needed medium for learning, communicating, exchanging data, and even playing. With the activity of using the internet network, a problem will arise, namely network security. Network security is a very important aspect as a defense in a network, to minimize the risk of data theft and unwanted access in an internet network. The purpose of this study is to implement the control and security of internet use in an agency with minimal costs. namely using the Linux operating system Ubuntu Server 18.04, Proxy Server, and Snort. The result of the system that has been created has a function to perform caching so that it can save bandwidth and can function as filtering content to minimize unwanted things on the network. In addition, the system created is very helpful for network admins to monitor the network in real-time, even can also enforce rules to protect the network.

Online System for Monitoring and Analysis of the Operation of a Small Photovoltaic Plant

This article proposes an integrated system for monitoring and analysis of the operation of a small photovoltaic plant with the possibility of remote access via the Internet. The system has been built on the territory of Varna Technical University and is based on a mini computer Raspberry Pi 3B + using a Linux operating system. The monitoring is performed by keeping track of the environmental parameters and the input-output parameters of the photovoltaic inverter. Data are presented for a period of three months: October 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. The results are visualized by appropriate graphs, demonstrating the change in the observed indicators, both for the entire specified period and for a randomly selected day.

A Model to Improve the Effectiveness and Energy Consumption to Address the Routing Problem for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks by Utilizing an Optimized Cuckoo Search Algorithm

A cognitive radio ad hoc network (CRAHN) is a mobile network that can communicate without any form of centralized infrastructure. The nodes can learn about the environment and make routing decisions. Furthermore, distributed computing, spectrum mobility, and the Internet of Things have created large data sets, which require more spectrum for data transmission. Unfortunately, the spectrum is a scarce resource that underutilized by licensed users, while unlicensed users are overcrowding the free spectrum. The CRAHNs technology has emerged as a promising solution to the underutilization of the spectrum. The focus of this study is to improve the effectiveness and energy consumption of routing in order to address the routing problem of CRAHNs through the implementation of the optimized cuckoo search algorithm. In CRAHNs, the node and spectrum mobility cause some frequent link breakages within the network, which degrades the performance of the routing protocols. This requires a routing solution to this routing problem. The proposed scheme was implemented in NS2 installed in Linux operating system, with a cognitive radio cognitive network (CRCN) patch. From the experimental results, we observed that the proposed OCS-AODV scheme outperformed CS-DSDV and ACO-AODV schemes. It obtained at least 3.87% packet delivery ratio and 2.56% and lower packets lost. The scheme enabled the mobile nodes to adjust accordingly to minimize energy consumption. If not busy, they switch to an idle state to save battery power.