Lint Color Research Articles

Pamukta (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Hasat Öncesi Yağışların Çimlenme ve Elyaf Renk Değerleri Üzerine Etkisi

Unexpected rainfall in harvest season has a detrimental effect on cotton lint color grade and germination rate and cause economic losses for farmers, seed producers and manufacturers. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of different rainfall amounts on cotton technological characteristics and to evaluate the response of different cultivars in the harvest season of 2014 and 2015. Cotton bolls were exposed to 0 (control), 20, 35, 65, 95 and 125 mm of precipitation. The effects of rainfall were determined in GSN-24, Claudia, Gloria, ST-373, Flash, Carisma and ST-468 cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The responses of cultivars to different cumulative rainfall were significant for lint color grade and seed germination rate. The linear curve in the decreasing direction according to the highest R2 value was evaluated for germination rate (%), reflectance (Rd), trash count and trash area (%) whereas the polynomial curve was more likely for yellowness (+b). The effects of increased rainfall amounts on all observed characters were unfavorable. The different responses of cultivars indicated that the cultivars with the least loss for lint color grade and germination rate in seed production could be recommended in terms of being highly profitable.

Leveraging National Germplasm Collections to Determine Significantly Associated Categorical Traits in Crops: Upland and Pima Cotton as a Case Study.

Observable qualitative traits are relatively stable across environments and are commonly used to evaluate crop genetic diversity. Recently, molecular markers have largely superseded describing phenotypes in diversity surveys. However, qualitative descriptors are useful in cataloging germplasm collections and for describing new germplasm in patents, publications, and/or the Plant Variety Protection (PVP) system. This research focused on the comparative analysis of standardized cotton traits as represented within the National Cotton Germplasm Collection (NCGC). The cotton traits are named by ‘descriptors’ that have non-numerical sub-categories (descriptor states) reflecting the details of how each trait manifests or is absent in the plant. We statistically assessed selected accessions from three major groups of Gossypium as defined by the NCGC curator: (1) “Stoneville accessions (SA),” containing mainly Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars; (2) “Texas accessions (TEX),” containing mainly G. hirsutum landraces; and (3) Gossypium barbadense (Gb), containing cultivars or landraces of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense). For 33 cotton descriptors we: (a) revealed distributions of character states for each descriptor within each group; (b) analyzed bivariate associations between paired descriptors; and (c) clustered accessions based on their descriptors. The fewest significant associations between descriptors occurred in the SA dataset, likely reflecting extensive breeding for cultivar development. In contrast, the TEX and Gb datasets showed a higher number of significant associations between descriptors, likely correlating with less impact from breeding efforts. Three significant bivariate associations were identified for all three groups, bract nectaries:boll nectaries, leaf hair:stem hair, and lint color:seed fuzz color. Unsupervised clustering analysis recapitulated the species labels for about 97% of the accessions. Unexpected clustering results indicated accessions that may benefit from potential further investigation. In the future, the significant associations between standardized descriptors can be used by curators to determine whether new exotic/unusual accessions most closely resemble Upland or Pima cotton. In addition, the study shows how existing descriptors for large germplasm datasets can be useful to inform downstream goals in breeding and research, such as identifying rare individuals with specific trait combinations and targeting breakdown of remaining trait associations through breeding, thus demonstrating the utility of the analytical methods employed in categorizing germplasm diversity within the collection.

Genetic characterization of the brown lint phenotype for desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum) accession PI 408765 (cv. ‘Sanguineum‐1’)

AbstractCotton fibre can show a range in brown colouration, and these coloured lint fibres can be used for textile production reducing the environmental and human health hazards associated with synthetic dyes; however, coloured cotton cultivars have lower yield potential and reduced lint quality. A greater understanding of the genetics of lint colouration would be useful for the development of improved cultivars. Gossypium arboreum L. accession PI 408765 (cv. ‘Sanguineum‐1’) having the brown lint phenotype was identified from the United States Department Agriculture, National Plant Germplasm System cotton collection and crossed with G. arboreum accessions PI 529729 (cv. ‘Garo Hill’) having white lint and with PI 615733 (cv. ‘Zi‐Hua Guang Zi’) having brown lint. Lint colour data from the F2 populations support a single incomplete dominant gene model for the brown lint phenotype. Additionally, the brown lint phenotypes for PI 408765 and PI 615733 are controlled by two independent genes. Plants in these populations showed a range of brown lint colouration, and these data would be useful to further characterize the mechanisms controlling brown lint development.

Inheritance study for lint colour in naturally brown coloured upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The naturally coloured cotton is the age old crop holding evidence in ancient civilization. Over the course of time, the machine spinnable superior white linted varieties replaced the cultivation of coloured cotton which having poor yield and fibre quality. In the present era, concerns about pollution and toxicity caused by synthetic dyes and dyeing industries have resurrected the interest of naturally coloured cotton. In view of eco-friendly processing, improving the fibre characteristics of naturally coloured cotton is the need of the hour. The study of genetics behind the colour development serve in developing coloured linted varieties with enhanced fibre quality by crossing with superior white linted lines. The present study involved studying F2 populations of direct and reciprocal crosses between two naturally coloured (Parbani American and Red 5–7) and one white fibred (MCU 5) upland cotton. The F1 was intermediate to parents in fibre colour. The phenotypic ratio in F2 was observed to be 1:2:1 proving the inheritance to be governed by single incompletely dominant gene. But a lot of variation for colour intensity in F2 could be related to more than one loci or the presence of modifiers. This could be further examined at molecular level in future.

The GhTT2_A07 gene is linked to the brown colour and natural flame retardancy phenotypes of Lc1 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibres.

Some naturally coloured brown cotton fibres from accessions of Gossypium hirsutum L. can be used to make textiles with enhanced flame retardancy (FR). Several independent brown fibre loci have been identified and mapped to chromosomes, but the underlying genes have not yet been identified, and the mechanism of lint fibre FR is not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that both the brown colour and enhanced FR of the Lc1 lint colour locus are linked to a 1.4Mb inversion on chromosome A07 that is immediately upstream of a gene with similarity to Arabidopsis TRANSPARENT TESTA 2 (TT2). As a result of the alternative upstream sequence, the transcription factor GhTT2_A07 is highly up-regulated in developing fibres. In turn, genes in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway are activated, leading to biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins and accumulation of inorganic elements. We show that enhanced FR and anthocyanin precursors appear in developing brown fibres well before the brown colour is detectible, demonstrating for the first time that the polymerized proanthocyanidins that constitute the brown colour are not the source of enhanced FR. Identifying the particular colourless metabolite that provides Lc1 cotton with enhanced FR could help minimize the use of synthetic chemical flame retardant additives in textiles.

UTILIZATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS TO STUDY COLOUR DETERIORATION OF THE COTTON GIZA 70 IN THE COMMERCIAL SCALE

Gene frequencies and genotypes frequencies are constant from generation to generation in the absence of migration, mutation and selection in a large random mating population. Although, Egyptian cotton programme depends on elaborate maintenance system but some varieties have shown some changes in their homogeneity or uniformity of some traits such as lint colour, lint quality and seed characters (Naked and Fuzzy). Traditionally, breeder’s seed companies and certification agencies determine genetic purity using physical traits expressed by the seed, seedling and mature plant. Recently, continuing advancements in molecular biology techniques provide even greater promise for enhancing the sensitivity of genetic purity determinations (McDonald, 1998). Very scent studies were conducted to determined genetic changes Abdel-Bary and Bisher (1969) and Lewis (1970) reported that the main causes of genetic changes of a variety were due to mechanical mixing, outcrossing and mutations. El-Kilany and Youssef (1985) found that lint characteristics started to degenerate in the fifth year of the general use of cotton varieties. Al-Didi (1984) suggested that the various degrees of brown colour existed in the Egyptian cotton variety “Giza 70” was probably raised from either the accumulation of some plus modifiers or as a result of segregation of some minor and major genes. El-Okkia et al. (1990) pointed out that the brown lint off type, isolated from the cultivar Giza 70 showed lower lint percent and having shorter, coarser and weaker lint. Tatinei et al. (1996) examined the genetic diversity of 16 near-homozygous elite cotton genotypes derived from interspecific hybridization using RAPD procedure and their morphological characters performances. Iqbal et al. (1997) investigated varieties belonging to G. hirsutum L. and to G. arboretum L., using RAPD analysis. Cluster analysis by unweight pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) showed that seventeen genotypes were placed in two-groups with similarity coefficient ranging from 81% to 93%. Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to study the genetic relationships between some off types in the Egyptian cotton variety Giza 70 using some markers i.e. morphological and molecular marker (RAPD).

Performance of upland coloured cotton germplasm lines in line × tester crosses

Cotton breeders must be concerned with yield and fibre quality of naturally coloured cottons as these are inferior than to white linted cottons. Limited use of heterosis and correlation studies have been made in coloured cotton in India to maintain a strong, competitive edge in today’s world market. Totally 18 F1 (Gossypiumhirsutum) coloured cotton hybrids were produced in 1995 and 1996 by crossing six white linted female lines F-505, LRK-516, F-846, HS-6, P-31 and LH-1134 with three colour linted male testers 84 (green linted), 2,077 (medium brown linted) and H.Taskant (dark brown linted). Hybrids and parents were assessed in 1996 and 1997 for heterobeltosis, correlations and to know the direct and indirect effects of eight agronomic and four fibre quality traits. Analysis of variance indicated the existence of significant variation among F1 hybrids and parents for agronomic and fibre quality traits. F1 coloured cotton hybrids had higher seed cotton yield, number of bolls/plant, fibre length, fibre strength and heavier bolls in comparison to parents. Positive heterotic potential in three different F1 coloured cotton hybrids P-31 × 84 (green), F-846 × H.Taskant (dark brown), F-505 × 2077 (medium brown) and LH-1134 × H.Taskant (dark brown) indicated that there is no lint colour specificity for production of higher yielding hybrids. Similar results have been obtained for important fibre quality trait like fibre strength. It was also observed that even low yielding white and coloured linted parents can be crossed to select for high heterosis. Both at genotypic and phenotypic levels, seed cotton yield exhibited positive and significant association with number of bolls, seed cotton weight per boll, plant height, number of monopodia/plant, fibre strength and mature fibre % suggesting that any selection among correlated traits might lead to improvement in seed cotton yield. Number of sympodial branches, seed index and 2.5% span length and micronaire value had non-significant negative association with seed cotton yield. Path analysis identified boll number per plant and seed cotton weight per boll as the principal yield contributing attributes.

Genetic basis of variation for lint color, yield, and quality in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Colored cotton produces naturally colored lint, which can help reduce the use of toxic dyes in textile. Four naturally colored lint accessions were crossed with eight white lint varieties of Gossypium hirsutum L. to study the genetic basis of variation of lint color, fiber yield, and quality traits. Various shades of lint appeared in the F1 progenies and the inheritance of lint colors appeared to be controlled by dominant genes with varying degrees of dominance. There was also some indication for the involvement of maternal effects in the manifestation of lint colors. Additive and dominance genetic effects were involved in the inheritance of fiber traits, dominance effects being greater. The estimate of narrow sense heritability was very low for seed cotton yield and therefore direct selection for yield would not be effective in isolating superior genotypes. As non‐additive gene effects predominated in the inheritance of most fiber yield and quality characters, the development of colored cotton hybrids and recurrent crossing and selection would be useful for the genetic improvement of colored cottons.

Association analysis of fibre traits in Gossypium arboreum accessions

AbstractAdvances in the use of diploid Asiatic species in cotton breeding require an understanding of the relatedness and ancestry of diploid cotton accessions, and identification of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with agronomically important phenotypic traits, for example, fibre quality. Fifty‐six Gossypium arboreum germplasm accessions introduced from nine regions of Africa, Asia and Europe were evaluated for eight fibre characters (lint percentage, lint colour, elongation, micronaire, strength, 50% span length, 2.5% span length and maturity%) and genotyped with 98 SSR markers. When viewed across all accessions most of the SSR markers were polymorphic. Population structure analysis identified six main clusters for the accessions which corresponded to different geographic regions, indicating agreement between genetic and predefined populations. The general linear model method was used to disclose marker–trait associations. Marker–trait associations were investigated by fitting single marker regression models for phenotypic traits on marker band intensities with correction for population structure. This paper illustrates the potential of association mapping in diploid cotton, because existing phenotypic data, a modest number of SSR markers, and a pioneering statistical analysis, identified interesting associations.

IMAGE-PROCESSING SOLUTION TO COTTON COLOR MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS: PART II. INSTRUMENT TEST AND EVALUATION

An experimental cotton color/trash meter was developed previously for the purpose of improving cotton colormeasurement by removing trash-particle effects on color measurement with image processing. In this work, the experimentalmeter was tested extensively on a large number of cotton samples varying widely in color and trash content. Testing involved:(1) comparing the measurement accuracy of the experimental meter to that of conventional meters that use diffuse reflectancefor color measurement, and (2) comparing the experimental and conventional meters ability to predict clean lint color fromthat of uncleaned lint. Results indicated that basic cotton color measurement was as accurate with the experimental meteras it was with conventional meters. Additionally, the experimental meters color measurements on uncleaned lint correlatedbetter with cleaned lint color than did those of the conventional meters in every case. With the Z (blue-band reflectance) colormeasurement, the superiority of the experimental meters correlation between uncleaned and cleaned lint color wasstatistically significant. The reduction in root-mean-square error with the experimental meter was about 14% for the Y(broad-band green reflectance) measurement and about 22% for Z. These reductions in prediction error had statistical as wellas practical significance.

IDENTIFICATION OF ERRORS IN COTTON FIBER DATA SETS USING BAYESIAN NETWORKS

Cotton fiber is graded on a series of parameters based on physiological factors (strength, length, and thickness), lint color, and presence of non-lint matter such as leaves, stems or other foreign materials. Cotton lint is graded by the USDA-AMS after harvest and ginning, and the grade determines the price of the lint. Given the importance of cotton fiber quality to the value of the crop, the spatial variability of cotton fiber properties is of particular interest to researchers and producers in developing management scenarios for optimal profitability. Previous research studies have relied on hand-harvesting the cotton at intervals throughout the field to obtain a measure of the cotton fiber quality and the extent of spatial variability. However, hand-harvested cotton has different qualities than that harvested by machine and ginned in the large-scale production gins. Part of this arises from the difference in efficiency of harvest between machine and humans, and part results from the different gins used for the smaller sample sizes. While these studies have demonstrated the extent of spatial variability of fiber properties, handharvesting is not amenable to large-scale or production research efforts. Moreover, the differences in fiber properties limit the extension of the results to the production setting. We have developed a mechanism of sampling cotton from the cotton chute during mechanical harvest. The samples are then ginned on a research gin. This study was undertaken to develop a method of translating these small-scale researcher level results to full-scale production level results. The research reported here is the first step in that effort, and demonstrates the use of Bayesian networks to detect erroneous entries in cotton fiber data sets.

Breeding for high yield and fibre quality in coloured cotton

AbstractIn the present study, three types of coloured fibre cottons, i.e. white, brown and green, were compared for their fibre quality and yield. The comparison of fibre quality suggested that coloured fibre cotton was inferior as compared with white fibre cotton. To understand the effect of cellulose, mineral elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)] and pH of fibre cells on the quality of fibre, these components were studied at different fibre cell developed stages in all three fibre cotton types. The cellulose content is closely associated with the quality of fibre. The higher fibre quality of white fibre cotton might be the result of the high cellulose content in it compared with coloured fibre cotton. A rapid and slow decrease in pH in white and coloured cottons, respectively, might have some effects on fibre elongation. Among the mineral contents, potassium is positively correlated with the fibre quality traits. The pigment development patterns in brown and green fibre cottons are not similar. In green fibre cotton it takes more time to deepen in colour as compared with brown fibre cotton. Possible strategies for the improvement in quality of coloured fibre cotton are discussed. The results of heterosis studies in coloured fibre cotton suggest that heterosis could improve yield and quality of coloured fibre cotton. In the present study, the hybrids between ZJU12A x ZJU05R and ZJU18A x ZJU01R, having an acceptable lint colour types plus better fibre quality and high yield performance, may be exploited further for their heterotic advantages.

Color Relationships Between Lint and Seed Cotton

It is desirable to predict lint cotton color in advance of processing the cotton in a gin. Improvements over the use of seed cotton color as the lone predictor are needed. Standard lint color and trash content measurements were made on 61 samples of lint and seed cotton to determine the predictability of lint color from that of seed cotton. Also, visible spectral data were collected from the seed cotton and lint samples, and from corresponding samples of fuzzy and delinted seed. Simple and multiple linear regression were conducted to determine the relationships among lint color, seed cotton color, and spectral data. Trash content data and spectral data from cotton seed were applied in addition to seed cotton data in an effort to enhance the predictability of lint color. Results from linear regression showed that seed cotton color correlated moderately (R2 ˜ 0.6) with lint color. Seed cotton and lint reflectances at individual 50-nm spectral bands correlated poorly (R2 ˜ 0.2). With trash content in the analysis, the fit was improved (R2 ˜ 0.4). Seed spectral data also improved the correlations (R2 ˜ 0.4). In addition, seed spectral data improved the correlations between seed cotton color and lint color (from R2 ˜ 0.6 to R2 ˜ 0.7). Ratios of seed spectral data were about as effective as the spectral data themselves. The inclusion of seed cotton spectral data in these models improved correlations slightly more (from R2 ˜ 0.7 to R2 ˜ 0.8). Adjusting lint and seed cotton spectral data for trash and seed reflectances was largely unsuccessful in improving correlations between lint and seed cotton spectral data. The regression methods and data relationships mentioned above are discussed in detail in the article.

Evaluation of a Video Color/Trash Meter for Measurements on Cotton

ABSTRACT Acombined color and trash meter designed for meas-urement of the color and foreign matter content of ginned lint was evaluated as a tool for similar measurements on seed cotton. The color meter is used by the Agricultural Marketing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in a High Volume Instrument (HVI) classification system for lint cotton. The trash meter is under consideration for measurement of foreign matter. Multiple regression for lint color as a function of seed cotton color and foreign matter had an R^ value (coefficient of determination) of 0.74. Separation of color into two components (reflectance and yellowness) indicated that reflectance was highly correlated (R^ = 0.84) and yellowness was poorly correlated (R^ = 0.24) for lint as a function of seed cotton. Regression of seed cotton foreign matter as a function of the area and count (number) of trash particles indicated by the trash meter were well correlated (R^ = 0.80). Similar regression with lint foreign matter produced an R^ value of 0.71. Results indicate that the color/trash meter is sufficiently accurate for measurement of color and foreign matter and subsequent incorporation in a gin process control system.

Genetic Analysis of Fiber Color Variants in Cotton1

Although white is the most common color of fiber in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), some lines display brown lint fibers, and others have green lint. Some cottons have white lint and green fuzz. Eleven lines with brown lint, one with green lint and fuzz, and two with white lint and green fuzz were tested for allelism against known genes for lint color, and for chromosomai location of lint color loci. All lines displaying green lint and/or fuzz proved to be alleles at the Lg locus. The green fuzz allele was designated Lg1. Four of the brown‐linted lines proved to carry alleles at the Lc2 locus, and four alleles at the Lc2 locus. A dark brown phenotype was imparted by an allele at a new locus, Lc5. The Lc5 locus proved to be linked with another locus, Lc5, which harbors alleles for light brown lint color. Alleles at Lc4 and Lc6 also impart light brown lint color.

Instrumented Analysis of the Influence of Non-Lint Trash and Lint Color on the Grading of Cotton

The methods of optical particulate analysis and cotton colorimetry were jointly employed to explore the interrelated contribution of non-lint trash and lint color as these factors influence the classer's subjective recognition of grade. The nature of the correspondence between objective and subjective trash rankings was analyzed and discussed as it relates to the classer's ability discriminate between adjacent grade levels of cotton. Based on optically measured non-lint content, numerical grade intervals were formulated for the purpose of quantitatively categorizing cotton samples according to trash level and color. The validity of grade disposition by optical-image analysis was assessed as it compared with the classer's perception of grade for a selected sampling of cottons.

ADDITION AU GENOME DE L'ESPECE DE COTONNIER GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM DE DEUX CHROMOSOMES DE L'ESPECE SAUVAGE G. STOCKSII

In the course of a program to create chromosome addition lines in cotton, offspring obtained by selfing a plant carrying the 52 chromosomes of the normal complement of Gossypium hirsutum L. and two different chromosomes from Gossy pium stocksii Mast, were studied. Observations were made on the karyology, morphology and fertility of the individual plants comprising this population. The various karyological classes encountered were interpreted on the basis of a random distribution of the two stocksii chromosomes of the female plant, which have practically no affinity with the hirsutum genome. The karyological classification of the population was determined by analysing the variation of some morphological characters (leaf shape, lint color). The fact that both stocksii chromosomes exert specific effects on the phenotype of plants inheriting them showed that they can be perpetuated in the nucleo-cytoplasmic complex of G. hirsutum, while retaining at least certain of their genetic activities. Their action and interaction, superimposed on the functions of the hirsutum genome, lead to the expression of new characters accompanied by a decrease in vigor and fertility. This duality is characteristic of the disomic addition types, which besides are afflicted with karyological instabilities. The alien addition types which can be obtained by crossing G. hirsutum with widely related diploid species have therefore no immediate agronomic value, but they may constitute a starting point for new investigations.

FURTHER DATA ON THE INHERITANCE OF LINT COLOR

Journal Article FURTHER DATA ON THE INHERITANCE OF LINT COLOR: In the Old World Cultivated Cottons Get access R. A. SILOW R. A. SILOW *The Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia. Formerly Empire Cotton Growing Corporation, Cotton Research StationTrinidad, B.W.I. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 1945, Pages 62–64, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105456 Published: 01 February 1945

Reports and other Publications

(not included in the monthly Books Supplement) Memoirs of the Cotton Research Station, Trinidad. Series A: Genetics. No. 21: The Inheritance of Lint Colour in Asiatic Cottons. By R. A. Silow. Pp. 39. 2s. 6d. No. 22: The Genetic Organization of Leaf-Shape Development in the Genus Gossypium. By S. G. Stephens. Pp. 25. 2s. 6d. No. 23: The Genetics of Species Development in the Old World Cottons. By R. A. Silow. Pp. 16. 2s. 6d. Series B: Physiology. No. 16: (1) Studies on Foliar Hydration in the Cotton Plant, (iii) Preliminary Observations using the Pruning Method, (iv) The Influence of Composition and Concentration of Nutrient Solution, by E. Phyllis and T. G. Mason; (v) A Further Experiment with Potassium, by T. G. Mason and E. Phyllis; (2) Studies on the Partition of the Mineral Elements in the Cotton Plant, (iv) More about Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Labile Carbohydrate, by T. G. Mason and E. Phyllis. Pp. 42. 2s. 6d. (London: Empire Cotton Growing Corporation.) [129

The inheritance of lint colour in asiatic cottons

The inheritance of lint colour in asiatic cottons