Linseed Oil Diet Research Articles

In dairy cattle, the stomach tube method is not a feasible alternative to the rumen cannulation method to examine in vitro gas and methane production

The objectives were to compare in vitro gas and methane (CH4) production kinetics using rumen fluid as inoculum collected via the rumen cannulation (CAN) method and with the oral stomach tube (OST) method, and to test for interactions between the type of inoculum and the diet fed to the donor cows as well as with the substrate incubated. Four rumen-cannulated lactating Holstein-Friesian cows (364 ± 20 days in milk, 690 ± 37 kg of bodyweight, 22.0 ± 6.0 kg of milk/day; mean ± SD) were blocked in pairs balanced over treatment sequence in a 2 × 2 crossover design. Cows were fed a total mixed ration consisting of 40% maize silage, 30% grass silage, and 30% concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis, with or without dietary linseed oil (a difference of 23 g/kg DM in fat content between the two diets). Rumen fluid was collected using the CAN and the OST method from each cow at d 17 of each experimental period. Subsequently, a 48 h gas production (GP) experiment was performed in which rumen fluid from each donor cow × rumen fluid sampling method was incubated with three substrates, viz. amygold, lupine, and wheat. The pH of the rumen fluid obtained using the OST method was higher than that of the rumen fluid obtained using the CAN method, whereas the total VFA concentration was lower and the VFA molar proportions unaffected. Multiple diet × inoculum and substrate × inoculum interactions in in vitro GP and CH4 kinetic parameters were observed. Furthermore, several GP and CH4 kinetic parameters, including total GP, absolute, asymptotic, and relative CH4 production, and maximum CH4 production rate, were higher for the CAN method compared with the OST method. The opposite was observed for, amongst others, the switching characteristic of the CH4 production profile and the half time to reach maximum asymptotic GP of the insoluble fraction. In conclusion, rumen fluid obtained using the OST sampling technique differs from that obtained using the CAN method, resulting in differences in in vitro gas and CH4 production profiles between both methods. The multiple interactions indicate that the rumen fluid sampling method can affect the in vitro GP and CH4 kinetics found for diet and for substrate. The results of this study therefore do not support the OST method as a feasible alternative to the CAN method in dairy cattle to examine in vitro gas and CH4 production.

Ovarian Cancer Risk in Laying Hens Is Reduced by Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Case for Redox Homeostasis and Reprogrammed Mitochondrial Metabolism in Ovarian Tumors (OR04-05-19)

ObjectivesIn 2012, ovarian cancer accounted for 239,000 new cancer cases and 152,000 cancer-related deaths worldwide. Epidemiological studies around the world suggest that high dietary consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reduces a woman’s odds of developing ovarian cancer. We hypothesize that PUFA-enriched diets will decrease ovarian cancer risk in White Leghorn laying hens. MethodsThe specific aim of our research was to investigate ovarian cancer risk and molecular events in ovarian tumors of White Leghorn laying hens consuming PUFA-enriched diets. We exposed laying hens to long-term (46-week) dietary PUFA treatment, using Whole Flaxseed (WFX), Flaxseed Oil (FXO), Fish Oil (FHO), Corn Oil (CNO), and a low-PUFA diet, Defatted Flaxseed (DFX). At the end of the dietary treatment we collected 88 ovarian tumors and conducted qPCR analysis for gene expression. ResultsIn comparison to a control diet lacking a PUFA supplement, the odds ratios of hens developing ovarian cancer decreased with PUFA enrichment (Odd Ratios: DFX = 0.74, WFX = 0.69, FXO = 0.61, FHO = 0.57, CNO = 0.57), corroborating human epidemiological observations of ovarian cancer risk. Gene expression analysis from hen ovarian tumors suggests that PUFA-rich diets (ie WFX, FXO, FHO, and CNO) improve mitochondrial electron transport chain function by upregulating Cytochrome B (Complex 3) and Cyctochrome C Oxidases 1, 2, and 3 (Complex 4), and likely reduce superoxide emission from Complex 1 as evidenced by the downregulation of NADH Dehydrogenase 2. PUFA enrichment also reduced the expression of enzymes associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and lipid peroxides, suggesting overall major improvement in the redox state of tumors from PUFA-enriched diets. The FXO diet was uniquely distinguished by increasing the expression of ATP5B1 (catalytic subunit of ATP Synthase) and the ADP/ATP Translocase (ANT1), suggesting increased mitochondrial cristae space and improved oxidative phosphorylation capacity in FXO-enriched ovarian tumors. ConclusionsDietary PUFA enrichment (omega-3 or omega-6) reduces end point risk for ovarian cancer in laying hens. The underlying etiology appears to center on decreasing oxidative stress and increasing mitochondrial function in ovarian tumors. Funding SourcesNational Institutes of Health.

Regulation of Dietary Lipid Sources on Tissue Lipid Classes and Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism of Juvenile Swimming Crab, Portunus trituberculatus.

An 8-weeks feeding trial with swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary lipid sources on the lipid classes, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial energy metabolism relevant genes expression. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain fish oil (FO), krill oil (KO), palm oil (PO), rapeseed oil (RO), soybean oil (SO), and linseed oil (LO), respectively. A total of 270 swimming crab juveniles (initial weight 5.43 ± 0.03 g) were randomly divided into six diets with three replications, each consisted of 45 juvenile crabs. The results revealed that crabs fed KO had highest lipid content in hepatopancreas and free fatty acids in serum among all diets. The anabolic pathway relevant genes: fas and acc were up-regulated in KO diet. The catabolic pathway relevant genes, hsl, was up-regulated in LO diet, while cpt1 was up-regulated in KO diet. Whereas, the genes involved in the transport and uptake of fatty acids such as fabp1 and fatp4 were down-regulated in crab fed PO and RO diets. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of transcription factors: srebp-1 and hnf4α in KO and SO diets were the highest among all diets. FO and KO diets had significantly higher unsaturation index of mitochondrial membrane than others. The genes related to mitochondrial energy metabolism, such as Atpase6, sirt1, and sirt3 were significantly up-regulated in KO and SO diets. In summary, dietary KO and SO supplementation could improve the lipid metabolism, promote energy production for juvenile swimming crab and improve physiological process and function including molting. These findings could contribute to deepen the understanding of the physiological metabolism of dietary fatty acids for swimming crab.

Antioxidative Effects of Olive Polyphenols Compared to Vitamin E in Piglets Fed a Diet Rich in N-3 PUFA.

Simple SummaryOlive polyphenols exert many favorable properties, such as an antioxidative effect in humans, but are poorly studied in animals, especially in pigs. Therefore, we conducted a trial including olive leaf extract (OLE), which is rich in polyphenols, in pigs fed a linseed oil-enriched diet, which is a known cause of postprandial oxidative stress. OLE exerted some antioxidative effects in piglets fed a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich diet without any negative effects, even when included in a higher concentration than that proposed for humans. Additionally, the inclusion of OLE did not compromise the zootechnical performance of the piglets as in the case of the dietary inclusion of olive leaves. Therefore, OLE could be used as an effective feed additive for beneficial effects on intestinal health and meat quality, among others.The aim of the current study was to assess the antioxidative effects of the dietary supplementation of olive leaf extract (OLE) in different concentrations compared to those of vitamin E in piglets under conditions of dietary n-3 PUFA-induced oxidative stress. Forty-eight castrated male piglets (10.6 ± 0.99 kg) were fed the following experimental diets: Cont− (low-fat diet, no supplement), Cont+ (high linseed oil diet, no supplement), Vit-E (as Cont+, 105 IU vitamin E/day), OLE-1 (as Cont+, 3.84 mg hydroxytyrosol equivalents (HEQs)/day), OLE-2 (as Cont+, 38.4 mg HEQ/day), and OLE-3 (as Cont+, 96 mg HEQ/day). After 21 days of feeding, the experimental diets, blood and urine samples were collected to assess the extent of the oxidative stress. Results indicated that diet OLE-1 lowered the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase, protected DNA (measured as DNA tail %) and altered urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Dietary vitamin E lowered the levels of urinary F2-isoprostanes, as well as of plasma malondialdehyde and γ-tocopherol, but raised the plasmatic α-tocopherol and altered the level of urinary 8-OHdG. In conclusion, only minor positive effects of dietary OLE on the oxidative stress parameters were observed. Additionally, OLE did not show concentration dependence.

Linseed oil can decrease liver fat deposition and improve antioxidant ability of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of linseed oil (LO) on growth, plasma biochemistry, hepatic metabolism enzymes, and antioxidant capacity of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Four isonitrogenous (crude protein, 45%) and isoenergetic (gross energy, 18MJ/kg) diets were formulated by replacing 0 (the control), 33.3%, 66.7%, and 100% of fish oil with linseed oil. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish (initial body weight, 22.02 ± 0.61g) for 8weeks. The results indicated that fish fed diet with 100% LO substitution level had lower weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the other groups (P < 0.05), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of 66.7% LO substitution level were significantly lower than the control groups (P < 0.05). Glycogen, lipid, and non-esterified fatty acid content in the liver decreased significantly with increasing dietary LO levels (P < 0.05). Moreover, the replacement of fish oil (FO) with LO could significantly reduce the content of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) and the activity of alanine amiotransferase (ALT) in plasma of M. salmoides (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in hepatic metabolism enzymes in fish fed diets with different dietary LO levels. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-α) activities in liver significantly increased with increasing dietary LO level (P < 0.05). In addition, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) activities in the liver significantly increased with decreasing dietary LO level (P < 0.05). Both the lowest superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver were recorded in the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, nitric oxide content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities in the liver significantly increased with increasing dietary LO level, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly reduced. These findings demonstrated that LO can improve liver function and antioxidant ability of M. salmoides. In addition, replacing partial FO with LO cannot affect growth performance, but all substitutions inhibit growth performance of M. salmoides.

Dietary omega-3 and antioxidants improve long-chain omega-3 and lipid oxidation of broiler meat

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the possibility of producing broiler meat rich in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) with preventing lipid oxidation of the produced meat by supplementing the diets with linseed oil or fish oil along with vitamin E (Vit. E) or sweet chestnut tannins (SCT) as antioxidants. A total of 144 1-day-old Cobb broiler chicks were divided into six treatments with three replicates, eight chicks each. The treatments were basal diets containing 2 g linseed oil/100 g (T1), 2 g linseed oil/100 g + 200 mg Vit. E/kg (T2) and 2 g linseed oil/100 g + 2 g SCT/kg (T3), 2 g fish oil/100 g (T4), 2 g fish oil/100 g + 200 mg Vit. E/kg (T5), and 2 g fish oil/100 g + 2 g SCT/kg (T6) for 5 weeks. Fatty acid composition, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were determined.ResultsDietary 2 g fish oil/100 g elevated (P ≤ 0.001) long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in broiler meat mainly EPA and DHA. At the same time, dietary fish oil resulted in a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.001) in α-linolenic acid in broiler meat (6%). However, total omega-3 fatty acids in meat were higher (P ≤ 0.001) with dietary fish oil than with dietary linseed oil. The ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was decreased (P ≤ 0.001) in the meat of broilers fed diets containing 2 g fish oil/100 g compared with broilers fed diets containing 2 g linseed oil/100 g. The two sources of antioxidant decreased (P ≤ 0.05) TBA value and increased (P ≤ 0.05) the DPPH radical scavenging activity in broiler meat compared to the diet without antioxidant. No significant differences observed between chicks fed 2 g SCT/kg or 200 mg Vit. E/kg on TBA and DPPH radical scavenging activity.ConclusionsIt is concluded that inclusion of 2 g fish oil/100 g in broiler diets elevated levels of long-chain omega-3 PUFA mainly EPA and DHA, but decreased n-6:n-3 ratio. Moreover, the addition of 2 g SCT/kg diet or 200 mg Vit. E/kg diet as antioxidant sources inhibited lipid oxidation and enhanced antioxidant activity value in broiler meat, and each of them had the same effect.

Dietary supplementation with linseed oil improves semen quality, reproductive hormone, gene and protein expression related to testosterone synthesis in aging layer breeder roosters

Omega-3/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3/n-3 PUFAs) play an important role in male reproductive function. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of linseed oil (LO) as a source of α-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3 PUFA) on semen quality, plasma reproductive hormone and expression of key enzyme and protein related to steroidogenesis in aging layer breeder roosters. Ninety-six 57-wk-old Nongda No.3 layer breeder roosters were randomly assigned into one of four dietary treatments. All birds were fed a basal diet for 1wk and then assigned to a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 0, 1, 2, 4% LO for 4 wk. After feeding trial, the roosters were slaughtered and investigated. The results showed that semen volume was dramatically increased relative to the other treatments in 2% LO group (P < 0.05). With an increase in dietary LO, semen concentration, sperm viability, sperm motility and total sperm count increased linearly (P < 0.05). Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level increased gradually and reached a maximum when 4% LO was fed (P < 0.01). Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in 1% and 2% LO group were improved significantly (P < 0.05) relative to the control group. Plasma testosterone (T) levels were remarkably improved compared with the control when birds were fed 2% and 4% LO (P < 0.05). A significant increase of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA expression in 2% and 4% LO group was observed relative to the control group (P < 0.05). An increase in dietary LO supplementation from 1% to 4% markedly enhanced (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) compared to the control. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1) mRNA levels was observed in the 2% and 4% LO-added groups. SF-1 protein expression was markedly increased by adding LO in diets (P < 0.05), and reached a maximum in 2% LO group.In conclusion, the results above suggest that dietary LO may improve semen quality by increasing the T hormone secretion, which may be related to higher StAR and P450scc mRNA expression and SF-1 expression. These findings provide a potential for using LO to attenuate the age-related sub-fertility in commercial layer breeder roosters.

Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil as source of Omega-3 fatty acids improves seminal quality and reproductive performance in aged broiler breeder roosters

Reproductive performance in aged broiler breeder roosters is not desirable. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of dietary flaxseed oil and vitamin E on the semen parameters, hormonal profiles, fatty acid analysis of sperm, and fertility performance of aged roosters. Twenty four roosters were assigned into four treatments and received their diets as following: 1) basal diet as control group (CTRL), 2) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin E (CTRL + VITE), 3) basal diet supplemented with 2% flaxseed oil (FLAX) and 4) basal diet supplemented with 2% flaxseed oil plus 200 mg/kg vitamin E (FLAX + VITE). Roosters were fed their diets for 60 days and then, different characteristics of reproduction in the roosters were examined during experiment. Different diets affected semen parameters (P ≤ 0.05) except semen volume and morphology. Various characteristics of semen were significant (P ≤ 0.05) during different times of experiment excluding the total motility, membrane integrity and morphology. The higher percentage of sperm concentration, total motility, progressive motility, viability and membrane integrity accorded with a lower lipid peroxidation were observed in the roosters fed diet of FLAX + VITE (P ≤ 0.05). A higher concentration of testosterone was detected in roosters fed FALX + VITE at day 60 (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the percentage docosapantaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of sperm were increased in the diet of FLAX (P ≤ 0.05). Finally, rate of fertility after artificial insemination was significantly higher in the diet of FLAX + VITE. It seems that supplementation of aged roosters’ diet with flaxseed oil and VITE improves the semen performance and fertility potential that can be a suitable strategy to preserve the reproductive performance of aged rooters.

The impact of dietary linseed oil and pomegranate peel extract on broiler growth, carcass traits, serum lipid profile, and meat fatty acid, phenol, and flavonoid contents

ObjectiveThe current study aimed to replace soybean oil in broiler diets with linseed oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acid supplemented with pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and measured its effect on broiler performance, carcass traits, lipid profile, as well as fatty acids composition, phenols and flavonoids content of broiler muscles and immunity of broiler chicks.MethodsA total of 300 1-day-old Cobb chicks were randomly allotted into six experimental groups, T1 fed on basal diet with soybean oil without any additives, T2 fed on basal diet with soybean oil with addition of 0.5 g/kg diet PPE, T3 fed on fed on basal diet with soybean oil with addition of 1 g/kg diet PPE, T4 fed on basal diet with linseed oil without any additives, T5 fed on basal diet with linseed oil with addition of 0.5 g/kg diet PPE and T6 fed on basal diet with linseed oil with addition of 1 g/kg diet PPE. The PPE supplementation with 0.05% improved final body weight with either soybean oil ration or linseed oil ration.ResultsThe PPE improved carcass dressing percentage in comparison with the control groups. Body fat levels decreased with increasing PPE levels, especially with a linseed oil diet. Replacing soybean oil with linseed oil decreased the total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in broiler serum. The PPE supplementation decreased serum total cholesterol levels and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The content of the breast muscle alpha linolenic acid improved after replacement of soybean oil with linseed oil in broiler diets. PPE supplementation increased the phenol and flavonoid content in broiler meat and increased lysozyme activity.ConclusionReplacing soybean oil with linseed oil in broiler diets with the addition of PPE enriched muscle meat with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants and improved broiler immunity and their serum lipid profile.

Molecular Cloning, mRNA Expression, and Nutritional Regulation of a Fatty Acyl Δ6-Desaturase-like Gene of the Manchurian Trout, Brachymystax lenok (Pallas)

The fatty acyl delta-6 desaturase (Δ6-desaturase) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs). To study the effects of different oil sources in the feed on the nutritional regulation of Δ6-desaturase-like gene mRNA expression, the fulllength cDNA of the Δ6-desaturase-like gene was cloned from the liver of Manchurian trout (Brachymystax lenok). A 9-week feeding trial was performed, and the fish received diets with three different oil sources: fish oil (FO), sunflower oil (SO), and linseed oil (LO). The results showed that the 2448 bp long full-length cDNA contained an open reading frame (with a length of 1365 bp), encoding 454 amino acids. Gene expression analysis indicated that Δ6-desaturase-like gene mRNA is widely distributed throughout different tissues, with highest expression levels in both the liver and the brain. The linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) compositions were highest in LO and SO diets, respectively. The eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoioc acid composition in LO and SO diets were significantly lower than in the FO diet. Fish fed with SO and LO showed significantly higher liver expression levels of Δ6-desaturase-like gene mRNA than those fed with FO. This indicates that SO and LO in the diet affected the nutritional regulation of the Δ6-desaturase-like gene mRNA in the liver of the Manchurian trout. In addition, these data suggest that the Manchurian trout has the ability to synthesize long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) from ALA and LA.

Carcass characteristics and sensory attributes of broiler chicken supplemented with dietary combinations of linseed oil and natural antioxidant

A Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding linseed oil (LO) in combination with either curry leaf powder, ginger powder or turmeric powder on performance, carcass quality and sensory characteristics in broiler chicken until six weeks of age. Day old Vencobb broiler chicks (n=150) were randomly allotted to following five dietary treatments (30/group): 2% vegetable oil/control (C), 2% linseed oil (LO), 2% LO+ 0.5% curry leaf powder (L+C), 2% LO + 0.5% ginger powder (L+G) and 2% LO + 0.5% turmeric powder (L+T). At the end of 6th weeks, it was observed that in terms of total weight gain, control (C) and natural antioxidant supplemented groups performed significantly (P<0.05) better than only linseed oil diet group. Feeding linseed oil in combination with curry leaf, ginger and turmeric powder for six weeks did not show significant variation in terms of carcass characteristics like dressed weight, hot carcass and organ weight. Further, the omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) content in the meat was enriched by 1.3 to 2.4 fold in all the 2% linseed oil fed groups. The enhancement of n-3 FA content in meat was due to increase in a-linolenic acid content in the diet. However, the enhancement of n-3 FA did not cause any significant adverse effect on sensory quality of chicken meat.

Effects of diets containing linseed oil or lard and supplemented with pumpkin seeds on oxidative status, blood serum metabolites, growth performance, and meat quality of naked neck chickens

This study investigates the effect of two dietary fats, namely linseed oil (LO) and lard (LF), and supplementation with pumpkin seeds (PS) on the performance, oxidative status, and blood serum metabolites of broilers, along with the composition, oxidative stability, and fatty acid (FA) profile of broiler meat. Ninety-six 64-d-old naked neck chickens were randomly distributed into four groups of 24 chickens each (8 chickens per cage, three cages per treatment) and fed a LO diet, a LO diet supplemented with 50 g PS kg−1, a LF diet, and a LF diet supplemented with 50 g PS kg−1. The antioxidant system is increased and reactive oxygen species decreased in chickens fed PS diets. Glycemia and cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the chickens fed PS diets than in those given diets without supplementation; the cholesterol levels were also significantly lower in the chickens fed LO diets than those fed LF diets. However, the LO diet affected the fresh meat quality by decreasing pH values of the meat at 24 h after slaughter. Adding PS to the LO diet improved the oxidative stability of the muscle at day 3 of refrigerated storage. The use of LO instead of LF favourably modulates the FA profile of meat, by increasing both linoleic and α-linolenic acid content and reducing the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FA ratio, atherogenic and thrombogenic index.

Dietary flaxseed oil inhibits kidney NF-kappa B activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in cisplatin-treated rats

The current study explores the anti-inflammatory effect of flaxseed oil (FXO) on cisplatin (CP)-induced renal damage. Rats prefed with normal experimental diets (normal/FXO diet) for 10 days were administered 30 mg kg−1 and 50 mg kg−1 i.p. CP in a single dose, while still on the experimental diets. Significant improvement in kidney function test and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats treated with combination therapy (FXO + CP) was detected. Interestingly, treatment by FXO resulted in significant downregulation (P < 0.05) in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β expression in the renal tissue in comparison with CP-treated rats. Moreover, administration of FXO yielding negative and mild positive brown immunostain for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) or mild and moderate positive brown immunostain for nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-kB) in the renal tissue of rats treated with 3 mg kg−1 CP + FXO and 5 mg kg−1 CP + FXO, respectively. The obtained results highlight the ameliorative anti-inflammatory effect of FXO in the renal damage associated with CP administration and confirm the necessity and usefulness of FXO dietary supplement when using CP in the treatment of cancer patients.

Effect of variation in the dietary ratio of linseed oil to fish oil on growth, body composition, tissues fatty acid composition, flesh nutritional value and immune indices in Manchurian trout,Brachymystax lenok

In order to study the effects of linseed oil substitution on the growth, body composition, tissue fatty acid composition, flesh nutritional value and immune indices of juvenile Manchurian trout, five feed types containing different levels of linseed oil (LO) mixed with fish oil (FO) were prepared: 0 (0 LO); 250 g/kg (25 LO); 500 g/kg (50 LO); 750 g/kg (75 LO); and 1000 g/kg (100 LO); and fed to juvenile Manchurian trout (initial weight 6.43 ± 0.02 g) for 9 weeks. The results showed that substitution of FO with 750 g/kg LO did not affect the growth of juvenile trout, with protein content in the dorsal muscle, and lipid content in the liver not showing any significant difference (p > 0.05). The highest lipid content found in muscle samples occurred for the 25 LO diet. The fatty acid composition found in the dorsal muscle and the liver of the Manchurian trout reflects the fatty acid composition in the diet, where the relative amount of linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in these organs has a positive linear correlation with their relative composition in the diet (p < 0.05). As the amount of LO in the diet was increased, the composition of ALA found in the sampled organs increased, while the composition of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) decreased. At the same time, the index of atherogenicity (IA) and thrombogenicity (IT) of the muscle samples from the 75 LO and 100 LO diets was significantly lower than for the 0 LO and 25 LO diets (p < 0.05), while the flesh lipid quality (FLQ) in the 100 LO diet was significantly lower than for the other diets (p < 0.05). The aspartate transaminase (AST) activity decreased initially, and then increased, as the level of LO replacement for FO was increased, with the 25 LO diet being significantly lower than for other groups (p < 0.05). The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in serum samples from the 100 LO diet was higher than that from other diets. The lysozyme (LZM) activity in both serum and liver tissue first increased to a peak for the 25 LO and 50 LO diets, respectively, and then decreased as the level of LO was further increased. There was no significant change in the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in the liver samples; however, the acid phosphatase (ACP) activity decreased significantly from the highest value for 0 LO feed group. In conclusion, the composition of fatty acids in the dorsal muscle and the liver was found to be modified by the diets, and with the diet containing less than 750 g/kg LO, being both beneficial for growth, and improved immunity, while maintaining the nutritional value of the lipid content in the dorsal muscle during the 9‐week period.

Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Oil on Growth Performance and Serum Lipid Profiles in Broilers

Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Oil on Growth Performance and Serum Lipid Profiles in Broilers

Effects of dietary lipid sources on hepatic nutritive contents, fatty acid composition and proteome of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Dietary oils of varying fatty acid composition have been used in tilapia feeds; nevertheless, investigation of their effects on metabolism and physiological processes has been limited. Therefore, in this study, using proteomic technology, the effects of different dietary lipids (DLs) on hepatic lipid metabolism and physiological processes were investigaed in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were fed with different DL, which included palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO) and soybean oil (SBO) for 90 days. Growth performance appeared to be similar among the dietary group. Hepatic FA contents were reflected by DL. Dietary PO (source of saturated fatty acids; SFA) led to an increase in the hepatosomatic index as well as lipid and protein contents in liver. Dietary SBO (source of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-6 PUFAs) increased hepatic carbohydrate contents, but decreased the hepatic protein. The proteomic analysis showed that these nutritive changes in the liver were mediated by several proteins involved in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism. Dietary SBO showed an increased accumulation in proteins related to oxidative stress, immune and inflammatory processes. Dietary LO (source of n-3 PUFAs) increased abundance of cytoskeleton-related proteins. qRT-PCR was performed to provide supportive information for the result of proteomic study. Similar effects of DLs on mRNA levels were observed for atp5b, krt18, and selenbp1. Combined together, dietary SFA could supply as energy reservoir for regular activites. Dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFAs led to induce vital metabolic and physiologic processes which would contribute to maintaining normal health and/or providing health-related benefits. SignificanceDietary SBO increased hepatic carbohydrate contents, but decreased the hepatic protein. Different dietary lipid led to alter the abundance of several proteins (i.e., DHRS1, ATP5B, PLA2G12B, APO, AMY2A, GRP78, PRSS1, FAH, and PRSS36) involved in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism. Dietary SBO showed an increased accumulation in proteins (i.e., QDPR, CABC1, and PRDX6) that respond to oxidative stress, suggesting that n-6 PUFAs induce oxidative conditions. Dietary SBO led to increase the accumulation of proteins (i.e., NITR26, NCCRP1, and LCN) involved in immune and inflammatory processes. Dietary LO increased the abundant levels of cytoskeleton-related proteins (i.e., ACTB, AHNAK, ERC2, KRT18, and RILP1). Other proteins (i.e., SELENBP1, FAM46C, and ANC1) involved in other physiological processes were also modulated by DL. qRT-PCR was performed to provide supportive information of proteomic study. Similar effects of DLs on mRNA levels were observed for atp5b, krt18, and selenbp1.

NUTRITIONAL EFFECT OF LINSEED OIL ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND BLOOD PICTURE OF GROWING RABBITS

A number of eighty growing NZW rabbits at 5 weeks age and 620 ± 30 g average live body weight were weighed and distributed into five experimental groups. The experiment aimed at studying the effect of linseed oil at the rate of 1,2, 3 and 4% on their productive performance, carcass characteristics, some blood parameters, T3 and T4 as well as histological changes in the liver and testis of the tested animals. Adding linseed oil to rabbit diets at the level of 2% improved significantly (P≤0.05) LBW compared to the control one as well as the other 3 levels of oil. The DWG showed no significant differences among the five experimental groups, except for the treatment of 2% linseed oil which significantly differed (P≤0.05) compared to the control group and the other 3 treatments of linseed oil. The highest significant BWG value (P≤0.05) was obtained with adding 2% linseed oil to the diet, while the lowest value obtained with the 4% oil treatment, but without significant difference with other 2 oil levels or the control one. The increase in BWG came in a descending order with increasing oil % in the diet. The amount of daily feed intake remarkably (P≤0.05) decreased than the control one with age when diets contained 2 and 3% linseed oil. The pest (P≤0.05) FCR (3.58) was obtained in the group of 2% linseed oil, while the worst (4.36) was recorded with adding 4% linseed oil to the diets. Live body weight at slaughtering time as well as carcass weight insignificantly differed among the five tested groups. Adding linseed oil to the diets of tested rabbits improved carcass weight generally over that of the control one. The group fed 2% linseed oil diet gave the highest carcass weight. Regarding weights of carcass organs, i.e. head, heart, abdominal fat and back quarters, except back quarters yield, showed no significant differences among the 5 different treatments. Weights of liver, kidney and testis and their yield as well as dressing percentage and back quarters yield noticeably increased (P≤0.05) in the group of 2% linseed oil diet compared to the control one and other 3 linseed oil treatment groups. Diet supplemented with linseed oil generally increased blood TP, Alb., HDL, LDL, T3 and T4 values compared to the control group, while it decreased glob. and cholesterol as well as TG in the two high levels of oil supplementation only. The experimental dietary treatments showed beneficial effect of omega-3-PUFA on liver and testis structures of rabbits fed diet supplemented with linseed oil at the rate of 2 and 3% since it did not show any abnormality in the histological structure of both organs. Conclusively, on the light of the aforementioned results, it could be concluded that addition of linseed oil to growing rabbit diets at the rate of 2 followed by 3% resulted in lowering daily feed intake accompanied by improved feed conversion ratio and increase in body weight gain without adverse effects on hematological aspects. Moreover, the same treatments induced the most noticeable changes in carcass characteristics as well as structural changes in the histology of both liver and testis of males.

Effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, fatty acid composition and hepatic lipid metabolism of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala

This study investigated the effects of dietary lipid sources on juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Juvenile blunt snout bream (14.40 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets containing 75 g/kg of fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO), soybean oil, coconut oil (CO), rapeseed oil or beef tallow (BT) for 9 weeks. Survival rates, final weight, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and feed intake remained unchanged. Viscerosomatic ratio, hepatosomatic index and condition factor were highest in fish fed the CO diet (p < 0.05). Whole‐body lipid content decreased, whereas liver lipid content increased in fish fed CO and BT diets (p < 0.05). Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the muscle and liver increased in fish fed the FO and LO diets (p < 0.05). FO and LO diets increased plasma glucose (p < 0.05). Feeding CO diet increased hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase expression, and FAS activity (p < 0.05). Both CO and BT diets increased hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II expression, and CPT I activity compared to the FO diet (p < 0.05). These results indicate that LO can be substituted for FO in juvenile blunt snout bream diets without negative effects.

Effects of dairy cow diets supplied with flaxseed oil and propolis extract, with or without vitamin E, on the ruminal microbiota, biohydrogenation, and digestion

The effects of supplying diets with flaxseed oil and a propolis-based product, with or without vitamin E, on dry matter intake, ruminal and total digestibility, ruminal parameters, biohydrogenation, and bacterial and protozoal populations in dairy cows were evaluated. Four Holstein cows, with a mean weight of 584 ± 52 kg and 90 ± 39 days in milk, were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square. Diets were composed of 600 g/kg of dry matter (DM) as roughage and 400 g/kg of concentrate for the following diets: control diet; diet with 25 g flaxseed oil/kg DM (FO); diet with flaxseed oil, 1.2 g propolis-based product/kg DM (PBP); diet with flaxseed oil, PBP, and 375 IU vitamin E/kg DM. The flaxseed oil diet tended to reduce populations of Entodinium and total protozoa (P = 0.09) and significantly increased Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (P = 0.008) count. However, Anaerovibrio lipolytica (P < 0.001) and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium counts (P = 0.013) were significantly reduced with the flaxseed oil diet. The PBP diet, with or without vitamin E, tended to enhance Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (P = 0.09) count. The flaxseed oil diet tended to decrease the intake of organic matter (P = 0.09) and total carbohydrates (P = 0.05). Ruminal and total digestibility of crude protein and ether extract were higher with flaxseed oil. The PBP did not influence omasal nutrient flow, digestibility, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, pH, and ammonia in the rumen. Flaxseed oil addition in diets significantly increased (P < 0.05) the production of fatty acid (FA) cis3-18:3 and CLA cis9,trans11-18:2 in milk, and tended (P < 0.10) to increase FA 18:0 and cis9-18:1. PBP in diet significantly increased (P < 0.05) the production of CLA cis9,trans11-18:2 in milk. Among the ingredients added to the diets, flaxseed oil had the greatest effect on the parameters evaluated, and both PBP and PBP-E diets did not interfere with flaxseed oil activity in the rumen.

Short term evolution of nutritionally relevant milk fatty acids of goats fed a cereal-based concentrate enriched with linseed oil

Abstract Goat diet supplementation with linseed oil (LO) can be a fruitful technological strategy to enhance the nutritional value of milk fat. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of LO in a basal diet rich in starch on goat milk fatty acid (FA) profile. The FA contents were monitored exhaustively during 24 h after LO supplementation or elimination by gas chromatography. Rumenic acid, the main conjugated linoleic acid isomer and α-linolenic acid, both related with bioactive properties, significantly rose in milk between 12 and 24 h after the inclusion of LO in the diet. On the contrary, medium-chain saturated FA decreased. Changes in other nutritionally relevant milk FA as well as short term effects caused by dietary LO suppression are discussed. Industrial relevance Fortification of livestock feeds with lipid supplements is a technological approach that has attracted growing attention in order to change milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Enrichment of ruminant diets with linseed oil (LO) increases omega-3 FA and conjugated linoleic acid as well as decreases saturated FA in milk fat, which improves the nutritional value of dairy products. The present study explores the timing of those changes in the first 24 h after LO inclusion or suppression in the diet. We observed that changes of goat milk fat composition occurred for the most part between 12 and 24 h of LO supplementation, while those changes disappeared between 6 and 12 h after LO suppression. These results would be relevant for producers and industrialists in order to establish appropriate milk collection periods which provide an improved FA profile due to LO supplementation.