Linolelaidic Acid Research Articles

Identification and culturing of cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater bodies of Sri Lanka for biodiesel production.

The present study was carried out to investigate cyanobacteria as a potential source for biodiesel production isolated from fresh water bodies of Sri Lanka. Semi mass culturing and mass culturing were carried out to obtain biomass for extracting total lipids. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) or biodiesel was produced from extracted lipid by trans-esterification reaction. FAME component was identified using gas chromatography (GC). Atotal of 74 uni-algal cultures were obtained from Biofuel and Bioenergy laboratory of the National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Kandy, Sri Lanka. The total lipid content was recorded highest in Oscillatoria sp. (31.9 ± 2.01% of dry biomass) followed by Synechococcus sp. (30.6 ± 2.87%), Croococcidiopsis sp. (22.7 ± 1.36%), Leptolyngbya sp. (21.15 ± 1.99%), Limnothrixsp. (20.73 ± 3.26%), Calothrix sp. (18.15 ± 4.11%) and Nostoc sp. (15.43 ± 3.89%), Cephalothrixsp. (13.95 ± 4.27%), Cephalothrix Komarekiana (13.8 ± 3.56%) and Westiellopsisprolifica (12.80 ± 1.97%). FAME analysis showed cyanobacteria contain Methyl palmitoleate, Linolelaidic acid methyl ester, Cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester, Cis-10-heptadecanoic acid methyl ester, Methyl myristate, Methyl pentadecanoate, Methyl octanoate, Methyl decanoate, Methyl laurate, Methyl tridecanoate, Methyl palmitoleate, Methyl pentadeconoate, Methyl heptadeconoate, Linolaidic acid methyl ester, Methyl erucate, Methyl myristate, Myristoloeic acid, Methyl palmitate, Cis-9-oleic acid methyl ester, Methyl arachidate and Cis-8,11,14-ecosatrieconoic acid methyl ester. The present study revealed that cyanobacteria isolated from Sri Lanka are potential source for biodiesel industry because of their high fatty acid content. Further studies are required to optimize the mass culture conditions to increase thelipid content from cyanobacterial biomass along with the research in the value addition to the remaining biomass.

Effect of roasting on the chemical components of peanut oil

The chemical components and oxidative stability of oil prepared from roasted peanut kernels in dry air were investigated and compared with those prepared from unroasted peanut oil in relation to health-promoting and harmful substances (trans-fatty acid, TFA). During roasting, the acid value (AV) of the peanut oils from roasted kernels ranged between 0.35 and 0.69 mg KOH/g. Tocopherol, squalene, and TFAs (including elaidic, linoelaidic and linolelaidic acids) in peanut oil increased with increased roasting temperature or time. Under all roasting conditions, the TFAs accounted for <0.2% of the total FA. PV decreased to ≤5 mmol/kg at 180 °C–190 °C for 20–30 min and at 170 °C for 25–30 min. The FA composition and triacylglycerol profile had no evident differences during roasting. The oxidative stability of peanut oil increased with increased roasting temperature or time. Therefore, the favorable sensory qualities and beneficial healthy components of peanut oil may be attributed to the treatment by roasting at 170 °C for 20–30 min or at 180 °C–190 °C for 25–30 min.

Identification of Potential Serum Metabolic Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Widely Targeted Metabolomics Study.

Background and Objectives. Diabetic kidney disease is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease across the world. Early identification of DKD is vitally important for the effective prevention and control of it. However, the available indicators are doubtful in the early diagnosis of DKD. This study is aimed at determining novel sensitive and specific biomarkers to distinguish DKD from their counterparts effectively based on the widely targeted metabolomics approach. Materials and Method. This case-control study involved 44 T2DM patients. Among them, 24 participants with DKD were defined as the cases and another 20 without DKD were defined as the controls. The ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry system was applied for the assessment of the serum metabolic profiles. Comprehensive analysis of metabolomics characteristics was conducted to detect the candidate metabolic biomarkers and assess their capability and feasibility. Result A total of 11 differential metabolites, including Hexadecanoic Acid (C16:0), Linolelaidic Acid (C18:2N6T), Linoleic Acid (C18:2N6C), Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline, 6-Aminocaproic Acid, L-Dihydroorotic Acid, 6-Methylmercaptopurine, Piperidine, Azoxystrobin Acid, Lysopc 20:4, and Cuminaldehyde, were determined as the potential biomarkers for the DKD early identification, based on the multivariable generalized linear regression model and receiver operating characteristic analysis. Conclusion Serum metabolites might act as sensitive and specific biomarkers for DKD early detection. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Trans-Fatty acids facilitate DNA damage-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial JNK-Sab-ROS positive feedback loop

trans-Fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fatty acids that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in trans configuration. Epidemiological evidence has linked TFA consumption with various disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show a novel toxic mechanism of TFAs triggered by DNA damage. We found that elaidic acid (EA) and linoelaidic acid, major TFAs produced during industrial food manufacturing (so-called as industrial TFAs), but not their corresponding cis isomers, facilitated apoptosis induced by doxorubicin. Consistently, EA enhanced UV-induced embryonic lethality in C. elegans worms. The pro-apoptotic action of EA was blocked by knocking down Sab, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-interacting protein localizing at mitochondrial outer membrane, which mediates mutual amplification of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and JNK activation. EA enhanced doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and JNK activation, both of which were suppressed by Sab knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of either mitochondrial ROS generation, JNK, or Src-homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP1) as a Sab-associated protein. These results demonstrate that in response to DNA damage, TFAs drive the mitochondrial JNK-Sab-ROS positive feedback loop and ultimately apoptosis, which may provide insight into the common pathogenetic mechanisms of diverse TFA-related disorders.

In silico characterization of linoleic acid biotransformation to rumenic acid in food derived Lactobacillus plantarum YW11.

Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 capability to convert linoleic acid into conjugated linoleic acid and other metabolites was studied in a dose-dependent manner by supplementing LA at different concentrations. L. plantarum YW11 displayed a uniform distinctive growth curve of CLA and other metabolites at concentrations of LA ranging from 1% (w/v) to 10% (w/v), with slightly increased growth at higher LA concentrations. The biotransformation capability of L. plantarum YW11 evaluated by GC-MS revealed a total of one CLA isomer, i.e. 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid, also known as the rumenic acid (RA), one linoleic acid isomer (linoelaidic acid), and LA metabolites: (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester, trans, trans-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, propyl ester and stearic acid. All the metabolites of linoleic acid were produced from 1 to 10% LA supplemented MRS media, while surprisingly the only conjugated linoleic acid compound was produced at 10% LA. To assess the presence of putative enzymes, responsible for conversion of LA into CLA, in silico characterization was carried out. The in silico characterization revealed presence of four enzymes (10-linoleic acid hydratase, linoleate isomerase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and dehydrogenase) that may be involved in the production of CLA (rumenic acid) and LA isomers. The biotransformation ability of L. plantarum YW11 to convert LA into RA has great prospects for biotechnological and industrial implications that could be exploited in the future scale-up experiments.

Metabolic Trajectories Following Contrasting Prudent and Western Diets from Food Provisions: Identifying Robust Biomarkers of Short-Term Changes in Habitual Diet.

A large body of evidence has linked unhealthy eating patterns with an alarming increase in obesity and chronic disease worldwide. However, existing methods of assessing dietary intake in nutritional epidemiology rely on food frequency questionnaires or dietary records that are prone to bias and selective reporting. Herein, metabolic phenotyping was performed on 42 healthy participants from the Diet and Gene Intervention (DIGEST) pilot study, a parallel two-arm randomized clinical trial that provided complete diets to all participants. Matching single-spot urine and fasting plasma specimens were collected at baseline, and then following two weeks of either a Prudent or Western diet with a weight-maintaining menu plan designed by a dietician. Targeted and nontargeted metabolite profiling was conducted using three complementary analytical platforms, where 80 plasma metabolites and 84 creatinine-normalized urinary metabolites were reliably measured (CV < 30%) in the majority of participants (>75%) after implementing a rigorous data workflow for metabolite authentication with stringent quality control. We classified a panel of metabolites with distinctive trajectories following two weeks of food provisions when using complementary univariate and multivariate statistical models. Unknown metabolites associated with contrasting dietary patterns were identified with high-resolution MS/MS, as well as co-elution after spiking with authentic standards if available. Overall, 3-methylhistidine and proline betaine concentrations increased in both plasma and urine samples after participants were assigned a Prudent diet (q < 0.05) with a corresponding decrease in the Western diet group. Similarly, creatinine-normalized urinary imidazole propionate, hydroxypipecolic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, and enterolactone glucuronide, as well as plasma ketoleucine and ketovaline increased with a Prudent diet (p < 0.05) after adjustments for age, sex, and BMI. In contrast, plasma myristic acid, linoelaidic acid, linoleic acid, α-linoleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, alanine, proline, carnitine, and deoxycarnitine, as well as urinary acesulfame K increased among participants following a Western diet. Most metabolites were also correlated (r > ± 0.30, p < 0.05) to changes in the average intake of specific nutrients from self-reported diet records reflecting good adherence to assigned food provisions. Our study revealed robust biomarkers sensitive to short-term changes in habitual diet, which is needed for accurate monitoring of healthy eating patterns in free-living populations, and evidence-based public health policies for chronic disease prevention.

An Insight into the Fatty Acid Profile in the Muscle of Long-Whiskered Catfish Sperata Aor

The composition of fatty acid of Sperata aor, a fish consumed as food by the people of gangetic West Bengal, India was investigated to determine its nutritional value. Our investigation shows the presence of PUFA’s namely EPA (0.22%), DHA (0.74%), Linolenic acid (0.39%), Linolelaedic acid (30.45%), γ-Linolenic acid (0.24%), Eicosatrienoic acid (0.38%), Arachidonic acid (0.55%) in the fish. The biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes in mammals requires the presence of Linolelaidic acid which is present in good quantity in this fish. However, its high concentration in human body may lead to heart ailments also. Arachidonic acid, associated with growth, development and health of infants as well as adults is present in the fish. Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) a constituent of adipose tissue in humans, is also present in the fish (42.29%), has the ability to suppress inflammation, and is also known to combat obesity. Though presence of low total SFA (6.20%) is positive nutritional aspect the consumption of this fish however should be restricted due to its not so healthy ω-3:ω-6 ratio (1:4).

Effect of Milk Intake, Its Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile Distribution on Live Weight of Suckling Wallachian Lambs until Their Weaning

Simple SummaryMaternal milk represents a crucial source of nutrients provided to suckling lambs. We analyzed the properties of maternal milk relative to the live weight of suckling lambs, and confirmed positive impact of milk production, milk protein, and milk lactose on lambs growth intensity in general. Further analyses identified specific fatty acids contained in milk fat with positive effect to lambs live weight. Results highlighted important components of mother’s milk for optimizing lambs’ growth potential till their weaning.This study determined effects of milk production, milk components, or fatty acids (FA) profile on live weight of suckling lambs till their weaning. Live weight (LW, kg) of 42 purebred Wallachian lambs (from 33 ewes) was recorded during four control days with approximately 30-day intervals during rearing. At the same time, their mothers were examined for milk production (kg), milk fat (g), proteins (g), lactose (g), and fatty acids (%) contents. Results investigated using linear regression analysis showed 5.93 kg (p < 0.05) increase of lambs LW corresponded with 1 kg of ewe’s daily milk production increase during the observed period. Similarly, significant 0.13 kg or 0.11 kg increases of lambs live weight corresponded with 1 g increase of milk protein or milk lactose at this time. Milk with higher prevalence of trans-palmitoleic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, linolelaidic acid, linoleic acid, or conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) significantly improved lambs LW. Moreover, significantly positive Pearson partial correlation between LW and trans-vaccenic acid (r = 0.305) or CLA (r = 0.347) indicated on genetic correlation between these traits. Therefore, milk (natural or artificially supplied) with higher distribution of these specified FAs could improve lambs’ LW.

Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Macrosphyra Longistyla (DC) Hiern Relevant in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease.

Macrosphyra longistyla has been used in many traditional systems of medicine for its anti-hemorrhagic, antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, and anti-diarrhea properties. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitions of the crude methanol extracts and its various partitioned fractions were determined by a modified method of Ellman. An evaluation of the antioxidant activity was carried out using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. The total flavonoids were estimated based on the aluminum chloride method, while the total tannins and phenolics were estimated based on the vanillin–HCl and Folin–Ciocalteu method, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the highest ferric reducing power with a concentration providing 50% inhibition (IC50) of 0.079 mg/mL and 0.078 mg/mL, respectively, while the crude methanol extract had the highest nitric oxide scavenging activity with an IC50 of 0.008 mg/mL. The methanol extract had the highest phenolics and flavonoids contents, while the aqueous fraction had the highest tannin content. The crude methanol extract had the best AChE and BuChE inhibitory action, with an IC50 of 0.556 µg/mL and 5.541 µg/mL, respectively, suggesting that the plant had a better AChE inhibiting potential. A moderate correlation was observed between the phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging, NO radical scavenging, and AChE inhibitory activities (r2 = 0.439, 0.430, and 0.439, respectively), while a high correlation was seen between the flavonoid content and these activities (r2 = 0.695, 0.724, and 0.730, respectively), and the ferric reducing antioxidant power correlated highly with the proautocyanidin content (r2 = 0.801). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) revealed decanoic acid methyl ester (24.303%), 11,14-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester (16.788%), linoelaidic acid (10.444%), pentadecanoic acid (9.300%), and 2-methyl-hexadecanal (9.285%). Therefore, we suggest that M. longistyla contain bioactive chemicals, and could be a good alternative for the management of Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Metabolomic changes and polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis during gonadal growth and development in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Strongylocentrotus intermedius is an important commercial species of sea urchin distributed in the coastal waters of China. However, the metabolomic changes that accompany its gonadal growth and development stages remain unclear. In this study, we have histologically observed gonad growth stages, analyzed the fatty acid composition, and employed an untargeted metabolomic approach to investigate the metabolites associated with the gonadal growth and development of S. intermedius, as well as the biosynthesis and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at different stages and in different sexes. The gonad mass of sea urchin increased from 0.70 ± 0.18 g in January (at the recovering stage) to 8.78 ± 2.89 g in July (the reproductive stage), with the GSI increasing from 4.02 ± 0.88% to 16.86 ± 2.79%. We have analyzed 34 types of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, etc., of which PUFAs were the dominant fatty acid class in this species, accounting for >48.55% of the total. In the metabolomic analysis, linolelaidic acid, sciadonic acid, cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid, adrenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and tetracosapentaenoic acid were detected in the differentially expressed metabolites of the unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis pathway. We found that the most significant functional pathways during gonadal growth and development were “arachidonic acid metabolism”, “alpha-linolenic acid metabolism” and “linoleic acid metabolism”, which are all related to fatty acid metabolism. These results will provide valuable information on the possible presence of both exogenous and endogenous fatty acids in sea urchin gonads and the metabolomic changes in S. intermedius during gonadal growth periods, and will further our understanding of the intermediary metabolism and the molecular bases of growth traits in this species.

IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF RODENT TUBER MUTANT PLANT (TYPHONIUM FLAGELLIFORME LODD.) AGAINST TO MCF-7 BREAST CANCER CELL LINE

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the new bioactive compounds through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and the cytotoxic activity of two rodent tuber mutant plants against breast cancer cells (MCF-7).&#x0D; Methods: The bioactive compounds in rodent tuber mutant plants were successfully increased by somaclonal variation using gamma rays irradiation technique. Further, the cytotoxicity activity of rodent tuber mutant plants was tested on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) performed by 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method.&#x0D; Results: This results study confirmed that the presence of phytochemical composition in the tuber of rodent tuber mutant plants KB 6–1–3–4 and KB 6–9–5 was found six bioactive compounds from fatty acid groups which have the potential as an anticancer compound, such as octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9-octadecanoic acid, linolelaidic acid methyl ester, and butanoic acid. The results showed that extracts from rodent tuber mutant plants had a cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 cancer cells with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values that were lower than the control (mother plant). In vitro tests of KB 6–1–3–4 and KB 6–9–5 against MCF-7 cancer cell lines have IC50 values of 12.482 μg/mL and 7.043 μg/mL, respectively, while it had a lower cytotoxicity effect with the IC50 value of control plant was 19.113 μg/mL. The mutant plants of KB 6-9-5 have 3 times more effective than control.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of this study clearly indicated that rodent tuber mutant plants have shown promising as an anticancer drug on breast cancer.

Association between plasma concentrations of elaidic acid, a major trans fatty acid, and depression in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults

BackgroundPrevious studies on health effects of trans fatty acids (TFA) have focused mainly on cardiovascular health. Little is known about the association of TFA with brain or mental health. In this study, we examined the associations of objectively-measured plasma TFA concentrations with depression in a large population-based cross-sectional study among U.S. adults. MethodsWe included 2136 non-pregnant participants aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010. Four major TFAs, including palmitelaidic acid (C16:1n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t), vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7t), and linoelaidic acid (C18:2n-6t, 9t), were measured in fasting plasma using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9. ResultsParticipants with depressive symptoms had a higher plasma concentration of total TFA compared with those without depressive symptoms (6.6 vs 6.0 μmol/g lipids, P = 0.046). After adjustment for other major risk factors, the odds ratio (OR) of depressive symptoms comparing the highest with lowest tertile of TFAs was 1.44 (95% CI, 0.86–2.39) for total TFAs (P for trend 0.15). For each individual type of TFA, the corresponding OR was 1.78 (1.03–3.07) for elaidic acid (P for trend 0.049), 1.23 (0.76–2.00) for linoelaidic acid (P for trend 0.37), 1.19 (0.75–1.87) for palmitelaidic acid (P for trend 0.46), and 1.20 (0.75–1.94) for vaccenic acid (P for trend 0.43). LimitationsThe cross-sectional study design limited causal inferences of the findings. ConclusionsIn a nationally representative population, plasma elaidic acid, a major trans fatty acid, was positively associated with depressive symptoms in adults. A positive but non-significant association of depressive symptoms was observed for total TFAs, linolelaidic acid, palmitelaidic acid, and vaccenic acid.

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF EXTRACTS STERCULIA TRAGACANTHA LINDL. LEAVES FROM RAJA AMPAT WEST PAPUA PROVINCE INDONESIA

Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. plants are endemic plants existing in Papua and have the potential of secondary metabolite compounds. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition of S. tragacantha Lindl. leaf extract. The extract was obtained by maceration using methanol and n-hexane solvents. The antioxidant activity testing was carried out using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals while the identification of fatty acid compounds was done using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The results showed that the methanol and n-hexane extracts of S. tragacantha Lindl. leaves had a strong antioxidant activity of 2.25 ±0,09 ppm and 27,24 ± 1,25 ppm respectively. Meanwhile, the fatty acid main contents of the methanol and n-hexane extracts of S. tragacantha Lindl. leaves were Methyl palmitate, Methyl linolenate, Linolelaidic acid methyl ester, trans-9-elaidic acid methyl ester, and Methyl palmitoleate. Keywords: Antioxidants, Fatty Acid, FTIR, Sterculia, GCMS

Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass in a Novel Pilot Plant with Heat Recovery and Hydraulic Oscillation

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is regarded as a promising technology for the production of biofuels from biomass and wastes. As such, there is a drive towards continuous-flow processing systems to aid process scale-up and eventually commercialization. The current study presents results from a novel pilot-scale HTL reactor with a feed capacity of up to 100 L/h and a process volume of approximately 20 L. The pilot plant employs a heat exchanger for heat recovery and a novel hydraulic oscillation system to increase the turbulence in the tubular reactor. The energy grass Miscanthus and the microalgae Spirulina, both representing advanced dedicated energy crops, as well as sewage sludge as high-potential waste stream were selected to assess the reactor performance. Biomass slurries with up to 16 wt% dry matter content were successfully processed. The heat recovery of the heat exchanger is found to increase with reactor run time, reaching 80% within 5–6 h of operation. The hydraulic oscillation system is shown to improve mixing and enhance heat transfer. Bio-crudes with average yields of 26 wt%, 33 wt% and 25 wt% were produced from Miscanthus, Spirulina and sewage sludge, respectively. The yields also appeared to increase with reactor run time. Bio-crude from HTL of Spirulina was mainly composed of palmitic acid, glycerol, heptadecane and linolelaidic acid, while biocrude from sewage sludge contained mainly palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid. In contrast, biocrude from HTL of Miscanthus consisted of a large number of different phenolics. An energetic comparison between the three feedstocks revealed a thermal efficiency of 47%, 47% and 33% and energy return on investment (EROI) of 2.8, 3.3 and 0.5 for HTL of Miscanthus, Spirulina and sewage sludge, respectively.

Metabolite changes behind faster growth and less reproduction of Daphnia similis exposed to low-dose silver nanoparticles

With increasing presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the environment, the chronic and low-dose effects of AgNPs are of vital concern. This study evaluated chronic physiological effects of AgNPs on Daphnia similis, which were exposed to two ambient encountered concentrations (0.02 and 1 ppb) of AgNPs for 21 days. It was observed that the low-dose AgNPs stimulated a significant increase in average length/dry mass, but inhibited reproduction compared to control specimens. Non-targeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS-MS) and gas chromatograph-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS) were utilized to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of these responses. Forty one metabolites were identified, including 18 significantly-changed metabolites, suggesting up regulation in protein digestion and absorption (amino acids, such as isoleucine, tryptophan, lysine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid, threonine, tyrosine) and down regulation of lipid related metabolism (fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, stearidonic acid, linoelaidic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) were key events in these responses. The increase in these amino acid contents explains the accelerated growth of D. similis from the metabolic pathway of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Down regulation of fatty acid contents corresponds to the observed drop in the reproduction rate considering the fatty acid biological enzymatic reaction pathways. Significant changes in metabolites provided a renewed mechanistic understanding of low concentration chronic toxicity of AgNP toxicity on D. similis.

Trans-Fats Inhibit Autophagy Induced by Saturated Fatty Acids

Depending on the length of their carbon backbone and their saturation status, natural fatty acids have rather distinct biological effects. Thus, longevity of model organisms is increased by extra supply of the most abundant natural cis-unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, but not by that of the most abundant saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid. Here, we systematically compared the capacity of different saturated, cis-unsaturated and alien (industrial or ruminant) trans-unsaturated fatty acids to provoke cellular stress in vitro, on cultured human cells expressing a battery of distinct biosensors that detect signs of autophagy, Golgi stress and the unfolded protein response. In contrast to cis-unsaturated fatty acids, trans-unsaturated fatty acids failed to stimulate signs of autophagy including the formation of GFP-LC3B-positive puncta, production of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, and activation of the transcription factor TFEB. When combined effects were assessed, several trans-unsaturated fatty acids including elaidic acid (the trans-isomer of oleate), linoelaidic acid, trans-vaccenic acid and palmitelaidic acid, were highly efficient in suppressing autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by palmitic, but not by oleic acid. Elaidic acid also inhibited autophagy induction by palmitic acid in vivo, in mouse livers and hearts. We conclude that the well-established, though mechanistically enigmatic toxicity of trans-unsaturated fatty acids may reside in their capacity to abolish cytoprotective stress responses induced by saturated fatty acids.

Association between plasma trans-fatty acid concentrations and diabetes in a nationally representative sample of US adults.

A diet high in trans-fatty acids (TFA) induces insulin resistance in rodent models and primates. However, previous epidemiological studies on the association between TFAs, based primarily on self-reported intake from the diet, and diabetes in humans have yielded conflicting results. Herein we examined the associations of objectively measured plasma TFA concentrations with diabetes in a large population-based study among US adults. We included 3801 participants aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000 and 2009-10. Four major TFAs, namely palmitelaidic acid (C16:1 n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1 n-9t), vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7t), and linolelaidic acid (C18:2 n-6t, 9t), were measured in fasting plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Diabetes was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis, plasma fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. After adjustment for other major risk factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of diabetes comparing the highest with lowest quintile of plasma TFAs was 2.19 (1.27-3.79) for total TFAs (Ptrend = 0.01), 2.34 (1.48-3.72) for elaidic acid (Ptrend = 0.0004), 1.33 (0.82-2.15) for linolelaidic acid (Ptrend = 0.18), 1.58 (0.97-2.58) for palmitelaidic acid (Ptrend = 0.02), and 1.64 (0.95-2.84) for vaccenic acid (Ptrend = 0.08). In addition, total TFAs, elaidic acid, palmitelaidic acid, and vaccenic acid were significantly associated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, the insulin resistance index, and HbA1c. In a nationally representative population, plasma TFAs, in particular elaidic acid, were positively associated with diabetes and biomarkers of glucose metabolism.

Association between plasma trans fatty acids concentrations and leucocyte telomere length in US adults.

To assess the relationship between plasma trans-fatty acids (TFAs) levels and leucocyte telomere length (TL) in a US adult population sample. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database was used for this study. Gas chromatography was used to separate derivatised fatty acids (Four major TFAs [palmitelaidic acid (C16:1n-7t), trans vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t), and linoelaidic acid (C18:2n-6t,9t)]) which were then quatified using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Data analyses used multivariable linear regressions, while accounting for the survey design. A total of 5446 eligible participants, with 46.8% (n = 2550) being men, were included. Their average age was 47.1 years for the total sample, and 47.8 and 46.5 years in men and women respectively (p = 0.085 for men vs. women difference). Concentrations of palmitelaidic acid and linolelaidic acid decreased with increasing length of the telomere (p < 0.05). Univariable linear regressions revealed a significant negative association between levels of the palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, and linolelaidic acid with TL. However when models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, marital status, sub-clinical inflammation, body mass index, and smoking, only palmitelaidic acid and linolelaidic acid remained significant (p < 0.05). TFAs levels and particularly palmitelaidic and linolelaidic acids, are likely negatively associated with telomere lenght. Future studies should explore the potential implications of these associations.

Production of biodiesel from sea mango (Cerbera odollam) seed using in situ subcritical methanol\u2013water under a non-catalytic process

A catalyst-free and environmentally friendly process was employed for the production of biodiesel from sea mango seed oil. This oil is non-edible and contains several fatty acids such as palmitic acid (C16), trans-9-elaidic acid (C18:1t), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolelaidic acid (C18:2n6t). The in situ extraction and transesterification of the oil were carried at the subcritical methanol–water condition. The effect of reaction temperature and time on the yield of biodiesel was studied. The maximum yield of biodiesel was 98.58% and achieved at 200 °C, 40 bar and reaction time of 6 h. The ratio among sea mango seed, methanol, and water was 2:10:1.

Layer performance, fatty acid profile and the quality of eggs from hens supplemented with &lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; whole seed meal

The objective of the study was to determine how the partial supplementation of Moringa oleifera whole seed meal (MOWSM) would affect layer performance, egg quality and egg fatty acid profile. One hundred and forty-four Hy-Line hens in early-lay (20-weeks-old), with an average body weight of 1.45 kg were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments which were formulated to meet or exceed the National Research Council standards for brown-egg laying hens. Dietary treatments consisted of 0 (control), 1, 3, and 5% MOWSM. Layer performance was monitored over a period of 8 weeks. The inclusion of MOWSM in layer diets reduced feed intake, bodyweight, the rate of lay, egg weight, and egg mass. Yolk colour was significantly improved by 1, 3 and 5% inclusion levels, while the albumen height decreased. The albumen weight, yolk weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, and egg shape index showed no statistical differences across all treatment groups. Similarly, the saturated fatty acid profile was also not affected. Palmitoleic acid decreased with the increase in MOWSM inclusion, whilst linolelaidic acid increased. The atherogenicity index was not affected by MOWSM inclusion, while the thrombogenicity index increased when compared to the control diet. It was concluded that, although MOWSM inclusion improved yolk colour, maintained external egg quality, and improved the fatty acid profile, the deleterious effect that it had on layer performance indicated that it may not be fed to early-lay hens at these respective levels. Keywords: Alternative protein, egg production, laying hens, oil seeds