Linguistic Tasks Research Articles

Комическая и людическая составляющие в лингвистических задачах

The article analyzes comic and ludic components in compiling linguistic tasks. The paper demonstrates the corresponding tradition in Russian linguistics (I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A.A. Zaliznyak, M.V. Panov, K.F. Sedov et al.). The paper contains the latest material from the collections of tasks in the Russian language. These tasks are divided into 6 main headings (topics): The relationship between the name and the subject; Logical rules of classification; Consistency of linguistic facts; Consideration of presuppositions; Ambiguity of words and grammatical forms; Features of communicative situations. Each task is supplied with an answer, which is a detailed scholarly commentary. If several answers are possible, explanation is given as to the preferred option. The conclusion is made that the use of comic and ludic components in linguistic tasks is a promising direction in teaching practices.

Digital ethics challengers in Russian and English media texts: Migrant discourse case study

With digital technologies penetrating all spheres of life, the problem of digital ethics has become one of the most perspective and widely researched tasks of modern science and linguistics in particular. Digitalization influences the processes of media communication, which requires development of certain ethical standards in virtual environment. The given study aims at analysing and comparing digital ethics in Russian and English media texts. Within the framework of this study, digital etiquette is seen as a continuation of speech etiquette aimed at neutralizing aggression towards vulnerable members of society in the online environment. Using a combination of methods, namely sentiment analysis and analysis of lexical associations, messages about migrants in social networks, forums, blogs, instant messengers and microblogs were analyzed. The sentiment orientation of the text was determined using an automatic text analysis program and subsequent linguistic expertise. For this study we collected social media data of 8,478,629 characters (VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, YouTube, etc.). For the analysis of English-language media texts, iWeb data on the input word migrant was collected. The total volume of the analyzed English-language Internet messages is 1,185,200 characters. Migrant discourse in Russian and English social media texts is polythematic. The results show that negative and neutral tone prevail in English media texts while in Russian there are neutral, positive and negative texts. In English media texts, there are messages expressing solidarity with migrants. At the same time, the problems of ethnic intolerance and religious stereotyping still require consideration and further development of regulatory tools.

A General Linguistic Steganalysis Framework Using Multi-Task Learning

Prevailing linguistic steganalysis approaches focus on learning sensitive features to distinguish a particular category of steganographic texts from non-steganographic texts, by performing binary classification. While it remains an unsolved problem and poses a significant threat to the security of cyberspace when various categories of non-steganographic or steganographic texts coexist. In this paper, we propose a general linguistic steganalysis framework named LS-MTL, which introduces the idea of multi-task learning to deal with the classification of various categories of steganographic and non-steganographic texts. LS-MTL captures sensitive linguistic features from multiple related linguistic steganalysis tasks and can concurrently handle diverse tasks with a constructed model. In the proposed framework, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are utilized as private base models to extract sensitive features for each steganalysis task. Besides, a shared CNN is built to capture potential interaction information and share linguistic features among all tasks. Finally, LS-MTL incorporates the private and shared sensitive features to identify the detected text as steganographic or non-steganographic. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework LS-MTL outperforms the baseline in the multi-category linguistic steganalysis task, while average Acc, Pre, and Rec are increased by 0.5%, 1.4%, and 0.4%, respectively. More ablation experimental results show that LS-MTL with the shared module has robust generalization capability and achieves good detection performance even in the case of spare data.

Use of E-Resources as an Effective Means of Organizing an Educational Quest in An Institution of Higher Education

The article explores the possibilities of using e-resources for organizing an educational quest in higher education institutions. Presented different approaches to defining the essence of the concepts of «quest», «online quest», «web quest» (as a technique, means, method, approach, learning technology) in the scientific, pedagogical and methodological literature. The article defines online quest as a game-based pedagogical technology and reveals its role in the formation of students' key, professional, linguistic and communicative competencies, acquisition of skills of independent research and improvement of group interaction skills. The authors have identified and characterized the main stages of implementing an online quest, as well as revealed the principles of selecting educational resources and identified aspects of creating tasks. The structure of an online educational quest using digital tools is described. Main attention is paid to the group work of the participating teams on the Learningapps online platform and the Padlet online board, especially their potential during the interactive online quest «Language Marathon» at Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University is substantiated. Showed examples of linguistic, literary and creative tasks are presented, evaluation criteria are highlighted and the principles of interpretation of the results are formulated. The role of the online quest in the formation of students' cultural and linguistic personality is substantiated and the advantages of this approach are identified, in particular, increasing students' motivation and acquiring a number of general professional and linguistic competencies. The relevance and expediency of organizing an educational quest using electronic resources in higher education institutions are empirically confirmed.

A national cultural peculiarity of suffix word formation

Language is constantly developing, and the study of changes in the language's vocabulary is an important task of linguistics. The modern English language is characterized by the constant formation of new words. The suffix system of modern English has been actively and fruitfully studied by both domestic and foreign linguists; a significant number of works have been written considering certain aspects of the suffix system of the English language. However, the language changes over time, and its structure partially changes. The existing theoretical knowledge becomes insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new, modern trends that have been observed in recent decades. The article is devoted to the patterns of the use of noun suffixes in modern English. Also, in this article, the concept and types of word formation as one of the ways of enriching the language are studied. Thanks to the use of live suffixes, it will be easier to enrich your vocabulary. Suffixes are easily distinguished as word-forming elements. They are suffixes. They are used to form new words. The productivity of the suffix depends on how many formations they give. The article provides examples of suffixes of the actor and ways of formation from different parts of speech. Most often, nouns and verbs with the addition of suffixes are used for word formation at the base of the word. In addition, this article examines the definitions and approaches to defining the concepts of new words. New words formed by the suffix method are investigated. The most productive ways of forming new words are analyzed and identified. The principles of morphemic analysis of the basics are considered. Semantic and grammatical functions of the suffix morpheme are defined. The productivity of suffixes of modern English is studied. The process of distribution of suffixes by parts of speech is revealed.

Dissociating Language and Thought in Human Reasoning.

What is the relationship between language and complex thought? In the context of deductive reasoning there are two main views. Under the first, which we label here the language-centric view, language is central to the syntax-like combinatorial operations of complex reasoning. Under the second, which we label here the language-independent view, these operations are dissociable from the mechanisms of natural language. We applied continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), a form of noninvasive neuromodulation, to healthy adult participants to transiently inhibit a subregion of Broca's area (left BA44) associated in prior work with parsing the syntactic relations of natural language. We similarly inhibited a subregion of dorsomedial frontal cortex (left medial BA8) which has been associated with core features of logical reasoning. There was a significant interaction between task and stimulation site. Post hoc tests revealed that performance on a linguistic reasoning task, but not deductive reasoning task, was significantly impaired after inhibition of left BA44, and performance on a deductive reasoning task, but not linguistic reasoning task, was decreased after inhibition of left medial BA8 (however not significantly). Subsequent linear contrasts supported this pattern. These novel results suggest that deductive reasoning may be dissociable from linguistic processes in the adult human brain, consistent with the language-independent view.

Crowdsourcing ratings for single lexical items

In this study, we investigate theoretical and practical issues connected to differentiating between core and peripheral vocabulary at different levels of linguistic proficiency using statistical approaches combined with crowdsourcing. We also investigate whether crowdsourcing second language learners’ rankings can be used for assigning levels to unseen vocabulary. The study is performed on Swedish single-word items. The four hypotheses we examine are: (1) there is core vocabulary for each proficiency level, but this is only true until CEFR level B2 (upper-intermediate); (2) core vocabulary shows more systematicity in its behavior and usage, whereas peripheral items have more idiosyncratic behavior; (3) given that we have truly core items (aka anchor items) for each level, we can place any new unseen item in relation to the identified core items by using a series of comparative judgment tasks, this way assigning a “target” level for a previously unseen item; and (4) non-experts will perform on par with experts in a comparative judgment setting. The hypotheses have been largely confirmed: In relation to (1) and (2), our results show that there seems to be some systematicity in core vocabulary for early to mid-levels (A1-B1) while we find less systematicity for higher levels (B2-C1). In relation to (3), we suggest crowdsourcing word rankings using comparative judgment with known anchor words as a method to assign a “target” level to unseen words. With regard to (4), we confirm the previous findings that non-experts, in our case language learners, can be effectively used for the linguistic annotation tasks in a comparative judgment setting.

Формирование дискурсивной компетенции студентов языковых вузов на практических занятиях по иностранному языку

The aim of the study is to substantiate the need for discursive competence formation as an important component of communicative competence of language university students. The paper clarifies the component composition of communicative competence, studies the concept of discursive competence in linguodidactic research, describes the complex of knowledge, skills and abilities that are a part of discursive competence of language university students, offers a set of tasks aimed at discursive competence formation among students taking into account the above-mentioned theoretical provisions. Scientific novelty of the study lies in providing an integrative linguodidactic description of discursive competence of language university students and developing a set of exercises for its formation in foreign language practical classes. As a result of the study, the author defines the essence of the discursive component of students’ communicative competence and provides a set of linguistic, conditionally communicative and communicative tasks aimed at the formation of this competence.

Conversations in dementia with Lewy bodies: Resources and barriers in communication.

In dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), limitations in linguistic and cognitive abilities may lead to difficulties in participating in conversations. The conversational outcome is also dependent on how the conversation partner adjusts to potential communicative challenges. This study explored resources and barriers in communication in DLB. Linguistic and cognitive function was explored through standard clinical testing. The dyad's perception of function in daily life was explored through semi-structured interviews analysed with content analysis. Interactional patterns and participation in casual conversation was analysed with conversation analysis. The results show how the husband diagnosed with DLB performed with high scores across most cognitive and linguistic test tasks. The interview data, however, revealed how both he and his wife experienced significant challenges regarding, for example, conversational tempo, as well as negative feelings relating to adjusting to these conversational changes. The interactional data from the casual conversation revealed, among other patterns, how the wife engaged in most of the storytelling in the conversation. The husband contributed details when his wife asked for help, or he acknowledged a faulty or missing detail in his wife's storyline. Thus, they both oriented to the husband's competence in monitoring and keeping track of the conversational content, despite challenges in taking the floor. A holistic picture of communication in DLB necessitates the use of different evaluation approaches. Both monological (e.g., test tasks revealing cognitive and linguistic resources) and dialogical information sources (e.g., observations of conversations revealing adjustments in conversations), as well as the perceptions of those engaging in everyday conversations (i.e., people with DLB and their conversation partner(s)), need to be evaluated when assessing resources and barriers in communication. What is already known on the subject It is well-known that dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) affects language and cognition. In conversations, persons with DLB experience difficulties in turn-taking, topic initiation, entering conversations and keeping up with the conversational tempo. What this study adds This study sheds light on conversations in one dyad where the husband has been diagnosed with DLB. The results from three different information sources (testing of language and cognition, interviews and a video-recorded conversation) reveal patterns of resources and barriers that at first appear to contradict each other. However, the contradictions can be resolved when these discrepancies are examined in light of the differences in task structure, in terms of, for example, predetermined topics and how turn-taking is managed. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? In order to gather a holistic picture of a person's conversational abilities, clinicians need to include information from both monological tasks (e.g., linguistic testing) as well as dialogical tasks (e.g., video recordings from conversation). The results also need to be evaluated in light of all conversation partners' perspectives on function in daily life. Furthermore, it is important to consider the nature of assessment tasks (particularly their interactional structure) when interpreting assessment results.

Classification of Russian Texts by Genres Based on Modern Embeddings and Rhythm

The article investigates modern vector text models for solving the problem of genre classification of Russian-language texts. Models include ELMo embeddings, BERT language model with pre-training and a complex of numerical rhythm features based on lexico-grammatical features. The experiments were carried out on a corpus of 10,000 texts in five genres: novels, scientific articles, reviews, posts from the social network Vkontakte, news from OpenCorpora. Visualization and analysis of statistics for rhythm features made it possible to identify both the most diverse genres in terms of rhythm: novels and reviews, and the least ones: scientific articles. Subsequently, these genres were classified best with the help of rhythm features and the neural network-classifier LSTM. Clustering and classifying texts by genre using ELMo and BERT embeddings made it possible to separate one genre from another with a small number of errors. The multiclassification F-score reached 99%. The study confirms the efficiency of modern embeddings in the tasks of computational linguistics, and also allows to highlight the advantages and limitations of the complex of rhythm features on the material of genre classification.

A Word and a Word Combination in Language and Speech

Objective of the research is to identify and describe a nominative linguistic unit and its structural modifications based on the non-word-centered approach to the study of linguistic tasks: 1) to determine differential and integral features of a word and a word combination as the universal language and/or speech (textual) units; 2) to describe the differentiation parameters of a word and a word combination as the nominative units; 3) to single out principles of the classification of language and speech (textual) units. Descriptive and structural methods are the basic research methods helping demonstrate the characteristic features of the language and speech units under consideration as well as the processes of their origin and functioning. A method of distributive analysis is applied to determine the transformation forms of nominative units. Theorization is based on a genetic method, in terms of which some specified objects and some system of the “admissible actions on the objects” are considered to be the starting point. The abovementioned facts demonstrate that the definition of a main nominative linguistic unit is the singling out of such a unit that encompasses the main – nominative – function. A lingual substance of any form (synthetic and analytic) may be considered as that unit – the unit capable of comprehensive conveying of the concept content and complete expressing of the meaning of a subject, object, sign, action etc. In general, the nomeme is defined as some abstract linguistic unit implemented in verbal and polyverbal forms (glosses and doublets).

BiVaSE: A bilingual variational sentence encoder with randomly initialized Transformer layers

AbstractTransformer-based NLP models have achieved state-of-the-art results in many NLP tasks including text classification and text generation. However, the layers of these models do not output any explicit representations for texts units larger than tokens (e.g. sentences), although such representations are required to perform text classification. Sentence encodings are usually obtained by applying a pooling technique during fine-tuning on a specific task. In this paper, a new sentence encoder is introduced. Relying on an autoencoder architecture, it was trained to learn sentence representations from the very beginning of its training. The model was trained on bilingual data with variational Bayesian inference. Sentence representations were evaluated in downstream and linguistic probing tasks. Although the newly introduced encoder generally performs worse than well-known Transformer-based encoders, the experiments show that it was able to learn to incorporate linguistic information in the sentence representations.

On the question of onomopragmatics (using the example of nickname names of architectural and residential buildings)

Nicknames are a given part of anthroponymy, which is granted not only to peoples because of their beautiful features, but also to houses. The target of this note is the detection of skeletal as well as semantic distinguishing features of nicknames of construction and apartment buildings, the detection of key motivational properties of nicknames. Onomatology has close relationships with the situation, cultural studies, regional studies, philology, archaeology, linguistics. The academic significance of the activity consists in the typology of onomastic creations. The actual importance lies in the ability to apply the results of the study in the tasks of linguistics. Methods used: comparison, statistical calculation, semantic research. The study is able to provide a chance to establish the semantics of district toponyms. Why do multi-storey buildings need nicknames? There were constantly familiar structures of an extraordinary figure, similar as well as a figure. London Tower Bridge will soon become the most significant building in the UK. And, as this is established with the current skyscrapers, it has a name – "Shard". This is based on his figure. This name will connect to such unreasonable names, as well as Cucumber, Electric Shaver, Archive, Terochka for the purpose of cucumbers and also wet. The piece was planned in a fragment of a napkin in a Berlin restaurant by architect Renzo Softly in 2000.. He was inspired by the metal tracks, the English spires of the Venetian painter Canaletto, as well as the masts of the ships of the past. Key words onomastic, onomopragmatics, nicknames, culturology

The Influence of Cognitive Load on Voice Production: A Scoping Review

<h3>Objective(s)</h3> The purpose of this review was to (a) identify and evaluate tasks used to assess changes in voice production secondary to cognitive loads of varied complexity/difficulty, (b) investigate the effects of cognitive loading on acoustic measures of voice, and (c) detect knowledge gaps to further high-quality research in understanding the role of cognition on voice production. <h3>Data Sources</h3> A systematic review was conducted using five computerized databases, additional websites, citation reviews, and author search. Published and unpublished literature from 1992 to 2022 were examined. Key words used in the search included voice, cognitive load/demand/effort/flexibility, dual task, and speech production/motor. <h3>Study Selection</h3> In total, 9 articles met criteria for inclusion: completed within 30 years, healthy adults, and native English speakers. Studies whose primary dependent variables were linguistic were included if voice acoustics (e.g., fundamental frequency, intensity) were measured and described. <h3>Data Extraction</h3> Articles were coded by the primary investigator with focus on sample size and demographics, voice acoustic measures, and type and description of cognitive tasks completed. <h3>Data Synthesis</h3> Statistical analysis was not completed secondary to nature of data extracted from literature. Review revealed the most commonly reported voice measures were fundamental frequency, intensity, and cepstral peak prominence (Cohen et al., 2015; Dromey & Bates, 2005; Macpherson et al. 2017). Cognitive load tasks were varied and frequently consisted of selective attention or dual tasks including a linguistic and nonlinguistic visuomotor task. For example, sentence level stroop tasks (Abur et al., 2021; Dahl & Stepp, 2021; Macpherson et al., 2017) and complex span recall while reading (Heaton et al. 2020). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Existing literature on the influence of cognitive load on voice production is limited and results are varied. Limitations include inconsistencies in task type, acoustic measures, and measurement of individual reaction to cognitive load changes. Further research is needed to examine how increased cognitive load affects voice production with implications for clinical voice rehabilitation. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> Mary Pyfrom, MA, CCC-SLP, MT-BC: Receives salary from University of South Florida Supraja Anand, PhD: Receives salary from University of South Florida

Корпус архивных документов Войска Донского: проблемы морфологического анализа

The article presents the results of the collective project aimed at comprising a special annotated diachronic corpus of documents of the 18 th – 19 th cen. from the "Mikhailovsky Stanitsa Ataman" Archive Fund (State Archive of Volgograd Region, Russia). In the course of the work, linguistic, technical and software tasks related to meta-marking, morphological tagging and representation of marked texts in an electronic search environment were solved. The texts are written in cursive script of the 18 th cen. with the use of the old Cyrillic letters, which have spelling specificity. To work correctly with them, an add-on to the stemming tool MyStem by I. Segalovich was created. This application adds to the MyStem the following capabilities: the option to work with the old Cyrillic symbols, a convenient graphical interface; it provides the opportunity to remove homonymy manually, enables marked text exporting to an external data storage and processing system. Morphological analysis of some texts revealed the presence of nominal case form variants, which were not noted in the "Russian Grammar" by M.V. Lomonosov, in modern studies of literary texts of the 18 th century. These findings point to effectiveness of automatic tagging which allows word form correction. The research results substantiated text tagging software tools adjustment for the extension of homonymous forms grammatical analysis options, aimed at identification and manual removal of homonymy. A quantitative analysis of these variants will allow the authors to evaluate their significance for the regional administrative language. The information obtained confirms the importance of the corpus creation for studying the history of the Russian language.

Cognitive Principles and Mechanisms of Text Understanding

The rapid development of text linguistics, which marked the second half of the 20th century, is associated with a whole range of modifications of linguistic values, tasks and program settings. We can talk about the atmosphere of a certain "boom" around this area, which some linguists no longer consider an area, but the foundation, the basis of linguistics as a whole. In the modern interpretation of the text, researchers bring to the fore questions of the communicative plan, the tasks of the conditions for effective communication, which provides an unambiguous interpretation of the units of the created text, as well as the most complete understanding of the text by the recipient. The relevance of this article lies in the prospects of the cognitive direction in linguistics, in particular the study of the cognitive foundations for understanding the text, since the text is not just the subject of an increasingly lively discussion by researchers working in various fields of the humanities. The text is becoming more and more one of the ways of representing linguistic communication as a process. Keywords: text understanding, cognitive aspect, cognitive limitation, mechanisms for activity, background knowledge.

DICȚIONARUL LUI TIKTIN ȘI ALEXANDRU PHILIPPIDE

Capitalizing works and linguists from the past is a major task of linguistics. With reference to the history of Romanian linguistics, besides Romanian linguists, we should also mention many foreign linguists who, with their contributions and activity, have clarified and disseminated the issues of Romanian language. In this paper we shall deal with Tiktin’s contribution to Romanian lexicography with the publication of the three volumes in his Rumänisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch (1895-1925), as seen from the perspective of the meticulous review by Alexandru Philippide.

NIMG-64. INTRAOPERATIVE LANGUAGE MAPPING USING GAMMA-BAND MODULATIONS OF ELECTROCORTICOGRAM (ECOG) INDUCED BY WORD/SOUND CATEGORIZATION TASK: VALIDATION WITH REPRODUCIBLE SPEECH ARRESTS DURING LINGUISTIC TASKS

Abstract OBJECTIVE Determination of the correlation between gamma-band modulations of electrocorticogram (ECoG) induced by linguistic tasks and reproducible speech arrests caused by bipolar direct cortical stimulations (DCS). METHODS 3 subjects (age 39, 56, 64 years) with left temporal lobe glioma underwent surgery involving awake craniotomy. A 4x8 ECoG electrode grid (2.3mm contact exposure, 1cm contact spacing) was placed above the respective tumor area. A MATLAB-Simulink based real-time software system running on a portable laptop computer was used to map gamma-band modulations as a 2D heat map while the subjects engaged in different linguistic tasks: word/sound categorization by pressing a button, object naming, action naming, written descriptive naming, and auditory descriptive naming. Auditory stimulus was applied during word/sound categorization task (duration 300 – 500ms), auditory descriptive naming ( &amp;gt; 1s); other tasks involved visual stimulus only. The subjects repeated the four naming tasks while bipolar DCS (2/4/6 mA, 60Hz, 2s) was applied at different electrode pairs. RESULTS The electrodes having stronger gamma-band modulations were distinct for different tasks. Reproducible speech arrests occurred during object, action, auditory naming tasks while stimulating specific electrode pairs, even though not all these electrodes had strong activations during these tasks. Across all subjects these electrodes had strong activations consistently during word/sound categorization tasks, starting as early as 250ms and lasting even after the auditory stimuli were terminated (~ 650ms). The longer activations can be associated with word recognition process. The subjects self-reported about having difficulty in comprehension rather than speech production during speech arrests. 3D brain rendering using MRI images showed that the speech arrest electrodes were identically located on the superior temporal gyrus, inferior to central sulcus for all 3 subjects. CONCLUSION Intraoperative language mapping guided by gamma-band ECoG modulations induced by word/sound categorization tasks can be utilized to localize eloquent cortex associated with auditory processing.

Compositionality in Computational Linguistics

Neural models greatly outperform grammar-based models across many tasks in modern computational linguistics. This raises the question of whether linguistic principles, such as the Principle of Compositionality, still have value as modeling tools. We review the recent literature and find that while an overly strict interpretation of compositionality makes it hard to achieve broad coverage in semantic parsing tasks, compositionality is still necessary for a model to learn the correct linguistic generalizations from limited data. Reconciling both of these qualities requires the careful exploration of a novel design space; we also review some recent results that may help in this exploration.

Spectral degradation influences phonological memory in typically hearing adults

ABSTRACT Phonological processing is a fundamental component of language, can be impaired in people with hearing loss, and involves several confounded subprocesses. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine several phonological subprocesses – i.e., the spectral quality of auditory input and phonological short-term and long-term memory – in order to better understand how they interact with one another in basic linguistic tasks. Using an experimental, within-subjects design, 30 typically-hearing adults completed nonword repetition (NWR) and auditory lexical decision (ALD) tasks varying in spectral quality (normal versus spectrally-degraded), consonant age of acquisition (CAoA; i.e. early-acquired versus late-acquired consonants), syllable length (NWR task), and lexical status (ALD task). In NWR, spectral degradation muted the word length effect, though performance differed depending on how familiar participants were with the degraded stimuli. ALD findings showed that the magnitude of the degradation effect varied between stimuli comprising early-acquired versus late-acquired consonants. The robust effect of spectral degradation on phonological short-term and long-term memory provides a model of the interactive nature of these subprocesses in typical adults. Future work with populations with hearing loss can provide a comparison to help understand how the typical and clinical phonological systems differ.