Linguistic Structure Research Articles

Linguistic similarities between Asho Chin and Burmese

Abstract Asho Chin (ISO 639-3: csh), also known as Plains Chin, is a Kuki-Chin language spoken mainly in the southwestern areas of Myanmar, where Burmese is the dominant language. This paper presents a qualitative linguistic analysis to explore the similarities between Asho Chin and Burmese. The analysis reveals a significant influence of Burmese on Asho Chin that goes beyond vocabulary to include grammatical features. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of considering both the temporal and geographical context of Burmese loanwords in Asho Chin. The findings suggest that Asho Chin is constantly evolving, largely due to the continued influence of Burmese. This influence is evident in the range of loanwords and linguistic structures in Asho Chin that appear to have resulted from interaction with Burmese.

The Role of Some TV Channels, CNA for Example, in Establishing Certain Ideologies in the Arab Children’s Minds: Critical Discourse Analysis

This paper discusses a number of ideologies that some channels of children's programs may tend to implant in their minds. These channels rely on a number of cartoon series on multiple linguistic methods and structures to display these ideologies, explicitly or implicitly. This paper tends to expose the discourse that the series directs to children through analyzing some episodes according to discursive strategies, linguistic strategies, and social practice of the critical discourse analysis approach. A number of texts, which contain structures and vocabularies that refer in one way or another to these ideologies, have been selected for analysis and mention the power that display. To achieve the aforementioned aims, the paper hypothesizes that in terms of the linguistic (textual) strategies and the discursive strategies used in the TV series under investigation exposed several ideologies, some of them are more commonly revealed than others. The TV series is analyzed discursively and textually within the Fairclough's approach (2001).

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHILDREN LEARNIN IN SCIENCE (CLIS) LEARNING MODEL ON THE ABILITY OF WRITING EXPLANATION TEXTS OF CLASS VIII STUDENTS OF SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 1 MEDAN

The problems found in the study were the lack of motivation and knowledge of students in learning to write explanatory texts, students having difficulty in expressing or developing ideas on the use of linguistic structures and rules, and students being bored and bored in learning because teachers rarely use learning models that involve students directly. active in learning to write explanatory text. This study aims to determine the effect of using the Children Learning In Science (CLIS) learning model on the ability to write explanatory texts in class VIII students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan in the academic year 2022/2023. The method used in this study is the experimental method of the two group post-test design. From the data processing, the results obtained from the experimental group with an average value = 83, 75 ; standard deviation = 7,03 ; standard error = 1,20 ; and classified as very good category. While the results of the control group with an average value = 62,67 ; standard deviation = 10,29 ; standard error = 1,76 ; and classified as sufficient category. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the results of the data were normally distributed. Furthermore, the results of the homogeneity test analysis obtained that the sample came from a homogeneous variant. In testing the t-test hypothesis, the value of tcount is 9,94; and ttable with a significance level of ? = 0,05 with dk n-1=35-1=34 obtained ttable which is 1,691. This proves that the value of tcount (9,94) ttable (1,691), so that Ho is rejected, by rejecting Ho then Ha is accepted. So, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between the use of the Children Learning In Science (CLIS) learning model on the ability to write explanatory texts in class VIII students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan in the academic year 2022/2023. Keywords: Influence, Children Learning In Science (CLIS), Explanatory Text.

Retrieval augmentation of large language models for lay language generation

The complex linguistic structures and specialized terminology of expert-authored content limit the accessibility of biomedical literature to the general public. Automated methods have the potential to render this literature more interpretable to readers with different educational backgrounds. Prior work has framed such lay language generation as a summarization or simplification task. However, adapting biomedical text for the lay public includes the additional and distinct task of background explanation: adding external content in the form of definitions, motivation, or examples to enhance comprehensibility. This task is especially challenging because the source document may not include the required background knowledge. Furthermore, background explanation capabilities have yet to be formally evaluated, and little is known about how best to enhance them. To address this problem, we introduce Retrieval-Augmented Lay Language (RALL) generation, which intuitively fits the need for external knowledge beyond that in expert-authored source documents. In addition, we introduce CELLS, the largest (63k pairs) and broadest-ranging (12 journals) parallel corpus for lay language generation. To evaluate RALL, we augmented state-of-the-art text generation models with information retrieval of either term definitions from the UMLS and Wikipedia, or embeddings of explanations from Wikipedia documents. Of these, embedding-based RALL models improved summary quality and simplicity while maintaining factual correctness, suggesting that Wikipedia is a helpful source for background explanation in this context. We also evaluated the ability of both an open-source Large Language Model (Llama 2) and a closed-source Large Language Model (GPT-4) in background explanation, with and without retrieval augmentation. Results indicate that these LLMs can generate simplified content, but that the summary quality is not ideal. Taken together, this work presents the first comprehensive study of background explanation for lay language generation, paving the path for disseminating scientific knowledge to a broader audience. Our code and data are publicly available at: https://github.com/LinguisticAnomalies/pls_retrieval.

THE EVOLUTION OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL LANGUAGE: A DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS ACROSS CULTURES AND EPOCHS

The perception and expression of time and space in human language has long captivated researchers across multiple disciplines. This study delves into the diachronic evolution of temporal and spatial language, examining the shifts and development patterns in various languages throughout different time periods and cultural contexts. By analyzing linguistic corpora representing diverse languages, epochs, and genres, the research investigates the impact of historical, cultural, and environmental factors on the evolution of temporal and spatial expressions. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis of grammatical structures, lexicon, and metaphors, this study highlights significant patterns and changes in human understanding and communication of time and space. The findings offer insights into the dynamic nature of linguistic evolution and suggest implications for theories of language development, cognitive processes, and the intricate relationship between language and human experience. Through an examination of linguistic artifacts, texts, and historical records, this study uncovers the intricate trajectory of how societies have linguistically represented temporal and spatial dimensions. By identifying patterns of change and continuity, the research highlights the interplay between linguistic structures, cognitive capacities, and cultural contexts. The findings illuminate the dynamic processes that have contributed to the shaping of temporal and spatial language, ultimately deepening our understanding of the complex relationship between language, cognition, and cultural evolution. This work offers valuable insights into the mechanisms that underlie linguistic change and provides a broader perspective on the ways in which humans have grappled with conceptualizing time and space throughout history.

O filozofii formalnej Miguela Ángela Asturiasa

This paper analyses the linguistic structure, creative modes of expression and stylistic properties of Miguel Ángel Asturias’s Legends of Guatemala (Leyendas de Guatemala, 1930). Furthermore, it attempts to classify Asturias’s prose fiction, which is often multifaceted, by defining the unique character of its complex linguistic mechanisms that create his debut short-story collection. All texts in Legends contain references not only to events of the Mayan cosmogony, mythological tropes and motifs (that have been developed and put into a new context), but also to their mimetic relationship with the ritual language used in the Popol Vuh. The word order variations and certain combinations of vowels and consonants, as well as the specific syntactic parallelisms and enumerations (stylistic and lexical “props”) imitate formulaic phrases which are important elements in oral style. Pre-Columbian themes – especially those chosen by the Guatemalan writer for the narrative content of his works – are full of visual symbols with rich folk meanings; the melodic sound of Asturias’s narration (and its internal rhythm) seems attuned to the worldview belonging to both particular and universal human communities.

From Coherence Relations to the Grammar of Pronouns and Tense

Stojnić (2021) argues that the content of linguistic utterances is determined by the rules of natural language grammar more stringently than what is generally assumed. She proposes specifically that coherence relations are encoded by the linguistic structures and determine what individuals count as most prominent, thereby serving as the referents of free (“demonstrative”) pronouns. In this paper, I take a close look at the empirical evidence from English and Serbian that she offers in support of this position. Considering these data points in connection with additional linguistic data (also from German and Japanese), I argue that there is no compelling evidence for the assumption that coherence relations directly determine the resolution of pronouns. Instead, grammatical restrictions imposed by different types of pronouns and tenses have a larger impact on the meaning conventionally expressed by complex utterances than what is generally assumed in the literature on coherence relations.

Baltų kalbotyra Lietuvoje per šimtmetį

The article reviews the research of Baltic linguistics, including ancient writing, in Lithuania from the 1920s to the early 21st century. The aim was to discuss the development of some of the more important areas, directions and methods of Baltic linguistics, linking it with changes in public life and conjuncture, as well as national culture, and highlighting significant works. It begins with relatively modest but ambitious pre-war research conducted by traditional philological and comparative historical methods. It goes on to look at the oppressive time of the post-war ideological dictatorship, when, in principle, only activities of a practical nature were possible. The period of the so-called Thaw (ca. 1954–1965) allowed for some fresh air and maturing of the elite of Baltic language researchers, which in the years of stagnation (ca. 1965–1985) mastered the methods of internal reconstruction and structural linguistics, published significant works on the history of language, etymology, onomastics and synchronical linguistics, including theoretical ones, laid the foundations of schools of phonology and word formation. The review concludes with an epoch of Soviet transformation and restored independence (ca. 1985 to the present), which liberated researchers and gradually led to international horizons. Research in applied linguistics, terminology, stylistics, rhetoric and some other directions was discussed by collegues.

ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWOCOMPONENT VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN MODERN ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH

Verbal phraseological units play a significant role in every language enabling speakers to express diverse meanings and semantic nuances. Studying verbal phraseological units is crucial for identifying the morphological features and linguistic structures of the compared languages. In spoken language, the verbal component of a two-component verbal phraseological unit is modified according to specific grammatical rules shared by the verb, while the non-verbal component follows a certain grammatical structure. Altering any element other than the verbal component primarily leads to the disruption of the meaning of the two-component verbal 39 phraseological unit. The semantic stability of such units relies on their structural stability. This article examines the morphological means of expressing definiteness, number, and negation in two-component verbal phraseological units and their potential impact on the meaning of these units in modern Armenian and English. The study employs comparative and analytical methods. Two-component verbal phraseological units exist in speech as entities with distinct grammatical structures. These forms are often fossilized and resist change. The verbal component can be adjusted in speech by adopting a specific grammatical verb form. In a few cases, altering the grammatical structure of the non-verbal component may lead to a variant of the phraseological unit or an entirely different meaning. In both Armenian and English, number is conveyed through synthetic structures. In Armenian, the article is attached to the non-verbal component, while in English, it is expressed analytically. Negation is conveyed using analytical structures in English and both synthetic and analytical structures in Armenian.

A Syntax-Based Analysis Of Predication: Linguistic Structures

This article reviews a syntax-based analysis of predication in language, delving into its underlying linguistic structure. The research conducted employs analytical methods sourced from literature to comprehend sentence construction and the syntactic relationships forming predication. The findings of the analysis present a profound understanding of the framework of predication in language and its implications in human communication. In the exploration of syntax and predication in linguistics, the syntactic approach highlights the essential relationship between subject and predicate in a sentence. Predication maps what is stated about the subject, and syntax-based analysis reveals its basic structure. Syntax, with its central role, is key to understanding sentence structure and the meaning conveyed in communication. Research on this concept shows how the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses forms predication.

A multi-type semantic interaction and enhancement method for tax question understanding

Problem classification serves as a fundamental process in a tax intelligence consulting system, enabling the categorization of user-posed questions according to their semantic attributes. This categorization is pivotal in ensuring accurate question comprehension. Nevertheless, the inclusion of intricate professional terminology and the frequent alterations in linguistic structures associated with tax-related matters may culminate in suboptimal classification outcomes and hinder the precise comprehension of user demands. To address these issues, we propose a multitype semantic interaction and enhancement method (MtSIEM) to classify tax related issues that integrates entity and nonentity semantics to represent the semantic features of tax-related domain issues. Specifically, a pretraining language model and multigram mechanism are adopted to enhance the feature extraction ability. A soft attention module is also simplified to allocate interaction information weights, thereby adaptively determining the importance of the feature elements. These three components are used to perform precise learning on the tax question data. Subsequently, a dynamic routing architecture is employed to capture the relationships between the different problem features, resulting in predictive vectors. A series of comparative experiments on tax question data demonstrated that the proposed model achieved a classification accuracy of approximately 94.46%, an improvement of 2.99% compared with the baseline. Therefore, the proposed model can be utilized to predict the semantic category of tax-related issues, assisting intelligent tax advisory systems in matching questions with the most relevant knowledge and professional domains, thereby enabling faster retrieval of pertinent information and enhancing the timeliness of responses.

Fake news jako tekst. Wybrane struktury językowe (komunikacyjne) oraz ich funkcje

Fake news as text. Selected linguistic (communication) structures and their functions The article presents the results of the research on selected linguistic (communicative) structures observed in fake news in Polish. As a result of the analysis of 435 texts deemed false by AFP fact-checkers, semantic and structural elements characteristic of this type of message were reconstructed. The reconstructed elements were subjected to functional analysis in the context of tools of persuasion and manipulation, encoding of emotions, and building credibility through replication of elements and structures of news. Keywords: disinformation, fake news, linguistic structure, news.

Un frammento di metafisica descrittiva: i presupposti dell’atteggiamento naturale

The combinatory restriction known in linguistics as selection restrictions are generally assumed to be a kind of linguistic structures, either syntactic or semantic, or at best cognitive structures. The idea discussed in this paper is that selection restrictions, although relevant for the description of complex meanings of linguistic expressions, do not belong to the structure of either language or cognition. Instead, they are criteria for conceptual consistency. They form a layer of shared presuppositions that lie at the grounds of consistent human behaviour and therefore of consistent thought and expression and belong to a natural ontology shared far beyond the boundaries of a given linguistic community.

A Semantic Cognitive Analysis of the Conception and Emotional Implications of Cheerfulness in Indonesian Proverbs

This study employs Cognitive Semantics Analysis and Qualitative Methods to examine Indonesian proverbs and uncover the underlying elements of cheerfulness within them. Using a diverse corpus of Indonesian proverbs, the study scrutinizes their linguistic and cognitive structures, applying cognitive semantics theories to discern the interplay between language, culture, and emotions in the proverbs. Additionally, the study draws upon the perceptions and interpretations of native speakers to gain a holistic understanding of cheerfulness as manifested in these linguistic gems. The findings show (1) the Indonesian proverbs that describe cheerfulness often use a wide range of metaphorical expressions that draw upon sensory and embodied experiences, (2) cultural resonance underscores the shared understanding of cheerfulness within the community, highlighting its salience as a cultural value, and (3) proverbs from contemporary contexts may reflect the evolving nature of happiness and well-being in Indonesian society. The findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of Indonesian culture and language and offer valuable insights into the field of cognitive semantics. The study also facilitates cross-cultural comparisons and appreciation of the universality and linguistic manifestations of human emotions.

Between Linguistic Geography and Structural Linguistics

In this paper, we follow the development of Coseriu’s conceptual tools for variational linguistics during the 1950s. Our starting point is Pisani’s notion of “isogloss”, which Coseriu initially regarded as a core idea for his own approach and yet progressively abandoned in favour of the more structuralist-oriented notion of “functional language”, adopted in the wake of Louis Hjelmslev’s framework, through Leiv Flydal’s mediation. Finally, we speculate about the reasons and the implications of Coseriu’s failing to acknowledge Uriel Weinreich as an important source for variational linguistics.

STEAM and English For Specific Purposes: Online Courses For Brazilian Students In Technology

Nowadays, we have an increase in informal online courses in Brazil with a variety of subjects, according to the student’s needs and interests. These informal courses could complement the knowledge learned in schools and universities, associating formal and informal learning, as defended by the Education 4.0 model. Additional languages, especially the English language, represent a great part of these courses as our society now understands the importance of English in a digital and technological world. English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is an area of English teaching-learning that takes into consideration the student’s needs in the curriculum design, focusing on a context where learners will use the language in real life. This area is also interdisciplinary because it connects linguistic structures with professional fields. For this reason, STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education could be an interesting approach in ESP courses by providing an integrative method. Thus, this paper aims to analyze three informal online English courses designed for Brazilian students/professionals in Technology, considering the ESP and STEAM approaches, and compare them with university learners’ needs. After the analysis, we understand in this paper that informal English courses, particularly ESP ones, should be designed by an interdisciplinary group of professionals, such as language teachers and specialists in the area, in order to show a meaningful learning experience. Besides, it is important to go beyond a list of vocabulary, integrating the four language skills and working with genres connected to the student’s own area of study.

FUNGSI BAHASA DALAMTUTRAN RITUAL RANGGA NGINDI DEWA DALAM BUDAYA MASYARAKAT TANA RIGHU DI SUMBA BARAT

This article discusses the function of language in the Rangga Ngindi Dewa ritual speech in the Tana Righu community, West Sumba. Referring to the concept of language function according to Roman Jakobson, the results obtained regarding the language function implied in the Rangga Ngindi Dewa ritual speech are as follows: (1) phatic function is related to how to open and close communication with ancestral spirits; (2) emotional function related to expressing thoughts and feelings to the God and ancestral spirits; (3) the conative function is related to how to understand the responses of invisible participants; (4) and the poetic function is related to the element of aestetic in the use of language. These language functions constitute the entire linguistic structure of the Rangga Ngindi Dewa ritual speech which emphasizes transcendental communication.

The place of language in multimodal communication in humans and other primates

Much attention has been paid to ways in which different categories of individual combine different modalities to communicate meanings to others. One major challenge that remains is to gain a deeper understanding of the cognitive processing responsible for the simultaneous deployment and integration of various different resources during multimodal communication. In response to this challenge, a Modular Cognition Framework analysis will be applied to the question of how people communicate using all the resources at their disposal. The discussion will include relevant features of this framework. Then research into similarities between humans and chimpanzee communication will be discussed followed by a comparison between verbal and non- verbal communication and a consideration of a distinct but similar approach. Emphasis will be placed on the role of meaning and on synergies between the conceptual system and the two systems responsible for linguistic structure.

The Achievement Act in Al-Zabidiyah Maqamah of Al-Hariri deliberative study

This research seeks to study the act of achievement in Al-Zabidiyah Maqama of al-Hariri. Because it represents a linguistic characteristic worthy of study in the maqamat, as it is possible to separate the text of the maqamah, and to stand on the pragmatic purposes with different contextual dimensions that enhance the relationship between the speaker and the addressee.
 Proceeding from that, this study, titled “The Performing Verb in Al-Zabidiyah Maqama of al-Hariri: A Pragmatic Study,” examined its linguistic structures that work to accomplish verbs when they are pronounced, and demonstrates their active impact in enriching the maqamah text in the light of a pragmatic analysis that takes into account the social and cultural influences surrounding the text. And other than what is required by the deliberative lesson approach adopted by this study.
 The importance of this study lies in the fact that it seeks to identify the performing acts in Al-Zabidiyah maqamah, and then to highlight the manner in which these actions were accomplished. The nature of the research necessitated that the researcher raise the following problem;
 - What are the performing verbs generated in the text of Al-Zabidiyah Maqama? How did you accomplish these actions?
 In this study, the researcher will follow Searle's five-fold classification. In order to reach a pragmatic approach based on the exploration of the structure of the Maqama text in the light of the communicative process and the performance norms that govern it; In order to decipher its verbal codes, and to apprehend its accomplishments that it achieved in the text of Al-Zabidiyah Maqamah.
 In conclusion, this research reached a number of results, the most important of which are: the diversity of news verbs in the text of the maqamah; It came either proven, or negative, or confirmed. The command, interrogative, and appeal methods were not limited to performing directive verbs only, but rather expanded their scope, and expressive verbs were accomplished according to the context and the appropriate situation.

TRACES OF POST-STRUCTURALIST FEMINISM IN LOCHHEAD’S BLOOD AND ICE

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, which is considered as the foremost British gothic novel, has influenced numerous writers as a source of inspiration. Liz Lochhead, a renowned Scottish poet and playwright, offers her unique perspective on the classic novel of Frankenstein, which has been retold and reinvented numerous times in contemporary literature. Lochhead skilfully weaves together the ideas of dream and reality, as well as past and present, in a seamless and significant manner throughout the play. In the play, she raises doubts about Mary's ability to create as a writer and care for her child, while also questioning Claire's feminine identity. Lochhead is able to demonstrate her remarkable power that defies the limitations imposed by the phallocentric society and traditional gender roles. Through her characters Mary Shelley and Claire, Lochhead serves as a force that contradicts and challenges the prevailing patriarchal mind set. Using the theoretical principles of poststructuralist feminism, this study initially intends to demonstrate how Lochhead challenges the binary oppositions that have historically limited women's roles and identities in the play. In the light of Cixous's écriture feminine concept, the second objective is to examine how Lochhead approaches the issue of women's alienation in a phallocentric culture, how she disrupts patriarchal linguistic structures, and opens up new avenues for women’s self-expression.