Linguistic Structure Research Articles

Informasi di Balik Pemerolehan Bahasa Anak: Sebuah Tinjauan Mendalam

This research aims to explain that language acquisition refers to the process in which individuals acquire the ability to use and understand language. This process generally begins at an early age and continues throughout life. Children experience rapid language acquisition through interaction with the surrounding environment, while at older ages, language acquisition involves formal learning and exposure to language variations. Language acquisition involves several stages, including understanding phonology (sounds of language), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning of words and sentences), and pragmatics (use of language in social contexts). Genetic and environmental factors play an important role in language acquisition, and each individual experiences unique language development. It is important to note that language acquisition is not only about understanding linguistic structures, but also about using language in communicative situations. This process involves complex interactions between the cognitive, social, and emotional aspects of the individual. Language acquisition is a fundamental ability that supports human communication and plays a role in overall cognitive development.

Investigating Dayue : An LFG-OT approach to its subcategorization and structure

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the subcategorization and structure of dayue , taking a Lexical Functional Grammar–Optimality Theory (LFG-OT) approach to account for the different uses of this word. It argues that dayue can be identified in the category of either an adverb or a preposition, depending on the function it takes and the structure it has. As an adverb, dayue modifies the clausal element or the quantifier phrase directly following it. As a preposition, dayue takes a noun phrase (NP) or an adpositional phrase as the complement, occurring in the adjunctive position. There may be ambiguities due to the subcategorization of, and the argument structure associated with, dayue , which result in the same linguistic form being generated as optimal outputs for different input meanings. However, each can be argued to correspond to a different c-structure. An LFG-OT approach is adopted in this paper to account for the structure of dayue . LFG proposes different levels of representation, and OT is involved in the theoretical model by evaluating linguistic forms according to the interaction and ranking of different kinds of linguistic constraints. Faithfulness constraints ensure faithful mappings among the lexical, functional, and syntactic levels of representation. Markedness constraints require linguistic structures to be well formed. Economy constraints pursue a concise, efficient way of expression. Alignment constraints map arguments with constituent structures. 摘要: 本文探讨了"大约"的子类别和结构，采用词汇功能语法–优选理论 (LFG-OT)方法来解释该词的不同用法。文章认为，"大约"可以归为副词或介词类别，取决于其作用于句式中之功能和结构。作为副词，"大约"直接修饰其后的从句成分或量化短语。作为介词，"大约"接受名词短语或介词短语作为补语，在附加位置出现。由于"大约"的子类别和相关的论元结构可能产生歧义，导致不同输入含义生成同样语言形式为最佳输出，而每个歧义对应不同的成分结构。本文采用词汇功能语法–优选理论方法来解释"大约"的结构。词汇功能语法使用不同语言层次表现语法，而优选理论根据不同种类的制约条件之间的相互作用和排名来评估语言形式。忠实性制约条件确保词汇、功能和句法层次之间的忠实映像。标记制约条件要求语言结构良好。经济制约条件追求简洁高效的表达方式。对齐制约条件将论元映像到成分结构中。

Cartographic Narratives of Human Settlements: The Origin and Transformations of 'Pete' in Petta Area of Bangalore, India

Bangalore Petta, also referred to as Bangalore Pete or City Market area has garnered considerable attention from urban researchers across numerous dimensions. The name "Pete" has been a recurring identifier across diverse cultures and languages, yet its origin remains enigmatic. These dimensions encompass the spectrum from morphology to perception and from visual to sensory, allowing for the exploration of diverse characteristics within this historical part of the city. Examining these settlements through various lenses is necessary to understand the significance of multiple dimensions of the city and Cartography, though a predominant tool for assessment, seldom explored in this context. Delving into the study of one of Bangalore’s oldest vernacular settlements through Cartography can unearth the visual and geographical aspects that reveals the historical layers, linguistic roots, and cultural stories woven into the fabric of the area. This method allows the tracing of the evolution of place names and uncover the narratives that have shaped the region's identity over time, offering a deeper understanding of the etymology that defines its character. Through maps, insights can be gained into how the landscape has been interpreted, inhabited, and transformed, enriching our appreciation of the area's rich and multifaceted history. Utilizing mapping tools and through analysis of these maps, the study provided visual representations of the name's dispersal, including its shifts in morphology taking into consideration the sociocultural contexts, trade routes, and historical events that have contributed to the diffusion of the name. Comparative analysis of linguistic structures reveals the relationships between different iterations of the name, “Pette”, once a prominent commercial center which has evolved significantly over time. Its transformation reflects the influence of surrounding developments and shifts in urbanism.

Exploring the Challenges of L1 Negative Transfer among Vietnamese English Language Learners: A Qualitative Study

The current study aimed to gain insight into the nuanced challenges that Vietnamese learners encountered due to the interference of their native linguistic structures and norms. This qualitative study explored the experiences of Vietnamese learners in acquiring English, focusing on the influence of negative L1 transfer. This study focused on the influence of negative transfer from their first language (L1) by drawing upon in-depth interviews and observational data from a group of Vietnamese university students. The results showed that despite exhibiting high levels of motivation and enthusiasm for learning English, Vietnamese learners struggled with the shadows of L1 interference in areas such as pronunciation, syntax, and idiomatic expressions. The tonal nature of the Vietnamese language led to intonation patterns in English that deviated from native norms. Direct translations also contributed to unidiomatic English, indicating a deep influence of L1 thought patterns. Additionally, cultural contexts embedded within the Vietnamese language presented challenges, as some concepts and expressions lacked direct English equivalents. Although students faced various obstacles, they utilized a variety of adaptive techniques to lessen the impact of negative transfer. These techniques included code-switching, peer correction, and self-reflection. The study emphasized the significance of recognizing and comprehending the significant role of L1 when creating English language educational programs and teaching techniques for Vietnamese students. By illuminating the specific challenges and adaptive strategies of these learners, educators could personalize their approaches, leading to a more comprehensive and efficacious language-learning atmosphere.

Electrophysiology in the language classroom

Using electrophysiological methods, Second Language Acquisition researchers have uncovered significant information about the neural correlates of late-learned additional language (L2) processing. An overarching question in much of this research is whether L2 learners show ‘nativelike’ event-related potential (ERP) patterns for grammar and semantic processing. The conclusions from early work on this question indicated that L2 ERP patterns can change qualitatively over time, for example as L2 proficiency increases, and that L2 learners do tend to show ‘nativelike’ ERP responses for some linguistic structures, particularly at higher proficiency. Certainly, whether L2 learners can achieve native speaker-like processing and behaviour has implications for the L2 classroom. This paper presents a review of L2 ERP individual differences research on grammar and semantic processing and highlights implications for L2 research and teaching. We focus the review on recent work that has examined individual differences in L2 ERPs, an area of research that may be especially fruitful for advancing knowledge of L2 neurocognition in classroom learners.

ТЕКСТУАЛНА ЛИНГВИСТИКА (ДИЈАХРОНИСКИ ПРЕГЛЕД)

In the paper that is the subject of my processing and analysis, the linguistic points of view in the field of linguistics of the text, as well as applied linguistics, will be covered. The place of the linguistic approach to the text in traditional linguistic theories, but also in modern linguistic and cultural theories, will be analyzed. The concept of language culture includes all the listed skills (logical exposition, text expansion, etc.) Both in the mother tongue and in the foreign languages that are being learned, but also in the learning of the different languages and cultures of the carrier language variants. We will also pay attention to the Prague School, which expands interest in all areas of language use, thus defining functional use through functional styles, expanding interest in language to all types of linguistic texts. Namely, in the paper we will emphasize the importance of the different points of view of the language structure in textual linguistics, but also in the communicative aspects of linguistics.

СОЦИОЛИНГВИСТИЧКИТЕ АСПЕКТИ НА ЈАЗИЧНАТА КУЛТУРА

This paper aims to consider the problem of the influence of the Internet, especially social networks on users, their development and sociolinguistic aspects and points of view from the point of view of language culture. The influence of the Internet on the language (in this case, the Macedonian language) will be considered, as well as the consequences of that influence on the cognitive and academic development of future generations who live with the Internet for most of the day. Through the sociolinguistic approach, it will be possible to perceive many aspects in the structure, acquisition and use of language, including language teaching. The popularity of this discipline is quite developed, especially in universities, which is why its structure includes language teaching considered from several aspects: the traditional approach, discussions, mother tongue, consideration and principles in language teaching, etc. We will consider the pedagogical relevance of sociolinguistics from two perspectives: external and internal. Through an external perspective we will cover the philological context of the language and the influence of the internet, and with the internal perspective we will express the marked linguistic structure and the use of language as a communication system shaped by the interaction of different social actors.

Parallelisms between Verb–Particle Constructions in English and Verb–Verb Compounds in Japanese: Evidence from Acquisition Research

This study shows two parallelisms between (i) the acquisition process of English verb–particle constructions (VPCs) by children in the process of acquiring English as a native language (henceforth ENL children) and (ii) that of Japanese verb–verb compounds (VVCs) by children in the process of acquiring Japanese as a native language (henceforth JNL children) using the CHILDES database. First, both JNL and ENL children produce creative N–N compounds and complex predicates during the same period, in line with the proposal by Snyder that the Compounding Parameter (TCP) is set to positive for both Japanese and English languages. Second, particles or verbs which are used to represent the path of motion in English VPCs and Japanese VVCs are produced before the VPCs and VVCs they are used in because complex predicates are created by the combination of two or more constituents, such as verbs and particles. Thus, our findings corroborate the proposal that Japanese is a [+TCP] language and suggest that Japanese makes use of VVCs instead of VPCs. Furthermore, this parallelism observed among ENL and JNL children in the acquisition process of creative N–N compounds and VPCs/VVCs, respectively, suggests that English VPCs and Japanese VVCs are related expressions in a grammatical sense. This in turn implies that VPCs and VVCs are connected by more than their semantics; indeed, it implies that they are realizational variations of the same abstract linguistic structure.

The effects of task repetition and corrective feedback on L2 writing development

ABSTRACT This study examines the joint effects of task repetition and corrective feedback on EFL learners’ writing accuracy. Two types of task repetition were investigated: identical repetition where learners repeated the same task, and procedural repetition where learners performed tasks with different content following the same procedure. Under each repetition condition, learners received direct correction or metalinguistic feedback on their erroneous use of three linguistic structures: the past tense, articles, and prepositions. 80 Korean university EFL learners were randomly assigned to four groups: identical repetition + direct feedback, identical repetition + metalinguistic feedback, procedural repetition + direct feedback, and procedural repetition + metalinguistic feedback, and received one of the four instructional treatments. The results showed that (1) procedural repetition was superior to identical repetition in enhancing learners’ writing accuracy regardless of whether direct feedback or metalinguistic feedback was provided, and (2) there were no significant differences between the two types of feedback despite a trend toward a greater effect for metalinguistic feedback for the past tense and a greater effect for direct correction for articles and prepositions. The results demonstrate the advantage of procedural repetition over identical repetition in enhancing the effects of corrective feedback in L2 writing.

Does Simplification Occur at Sentence Level in the English Translations of Chinese Academic Works? –A Comparable Corpus Analysis of Syntactic Complexity

ABSTRACT Scholars of translation studies have hypothesized that translated texts tend to show simplification at lexical and syntactic levels compared to non-translated native texts. The present study examined simplification at the sentence level between translated and native English texts from the perspective of syntactic complexity. The research finds that the English translations of Chinese academic works tend to be simpler than their non-translated counterparts on 8 of 14 widely accepted indices of syntactic complexity. The study reveals that simplification at the sentence level exists and tends to occur at indices related to linguistic structures or units with more complex semantic or syntactic relationships. In contrast, complexification tends to occur at indices related to linguistic structures or units with less complex relationships. We suggest future research focus on investigating the extent, ways, and indices at which syntactic simplification occurs in translation, along with its effects and implications, rather than debating its existence.

Functioning and translation of English and Russian architectural terms in academic discourse

The study provides the analysis of architectural terminology in English and Russian in academic discourse. The object of the study is the terminological system of architecture. The subject of the study is the specifics of the use, functioning and translation of English and Russian architectural terminology in academic discourse. The classification and systematization of architectural terms, their hierarchical structure and functional types in academic texts are considered. In addition, the interdisciplinary nature of the architectural sublanguage is emphasized, which intersects with terms from the fields such as engineering, architecture, construction, art and design. The paper also identifies existing difficulties and problems that arise when translating English and Russian-language architectural terms, including differences in the linguistic structure of languages, semantic ambiguity, the need for a high degree of specialization of the translator for the correct interpretation of the term, the use of idiomatic and figurative language to describe some architectural terms, etc. The study uses a comprehensive methodology, in particular, methods of comparative and component analysis, as well as methods of corpus linguistics used to study semantic fields, hierarchical relationships and functional types of terms. The research results emphasize the importance of standardization of architectural terminology, understanding of cultural and historical background, as well as technical knowledge to ensure effective communication in the global architectural community. Analyzing the corpus of texts, including dictionaries, architectural reviews and academic articles, the author explains how specific terms function in academic discourse. This study makes a special contribution to the development of linguistic research in the field of architecture, offering an in-depth analysis of semantic fields and their role in structuring architectural vocabulary. The novelty of the research lies in an integrated approach to the study of the functioning and translation of architectural terms, which allows to identify the difficulties associated with the interdisciplinary character of the terminology. The results of the study will be useful not only for teachers and translators, but also for international experts in the field of architecture.

WORD FORMATION THROUGH COMPOUNDING IN GEN-Z SLANG ON TIKTOK

Language is dynamic and reflective of societal changes, with Gen-Z, the first true digital natives, playing a pivotal role in linguistic evolution. This study examines the phenomenon of word formation through compounding in Gen-Z slang on TikTok, exploring its linguistic structures and meanings. By analyzing the common compounding patterns in Gen-Z slang, we gain insights into the creative processes and social influences shaping language use among this demographic. Utilizing a qualitative approach, data was collected from TikTok videos and comments between January 2023 and May 2024. The findings reveal 15 distinct compound words, with compound nouns being the most prevalent, followed by compound verbs and compound adjectives. Endocentric compounds were more common than exocentric ones. This research highlights the innovative nature of language within Generation Z, reflecting their values of self-expression, technological engagement, and creative problem-solving. The study underscores the role of social media in shaping contemporary language and provides a foundation for further exploration of linguistic innovations and their implications for language development and cultural expression in the digital age.

Russ Tomlin, attention, working memory, reference, and referential choice

ABSTRACT Russ Tomlin created an original approach to discourse production, including a theory based on the achievements of cognitive psychology and novel experimental paradigms. Particularly important is his theory of how attention affects linguistic structure. Tomlin’s approach played an important role in the development of the framework of reference and referential choice, developed by the present author over the years. A brief sketch of that framework is provided, including a relationship between attention and reference, focal attention and subjecthood, working memory and referential choice, as well as an integral model including all these components. In recent years this framework was enriched by machine learning methods, helping to assess the contributions of various factors to referent activation and referential choice. A number of recent studies are brought to the attention of readers. These studies focus on the interplay of activation factors, novel factors of referential choice, functioning of referential conflict, and comparison of referential choice in speaking and in writing.

Influences of early and intense L2 exposure on L1 causal verb production: Comparison of 5-, 7-, and 9-year-old bilingual and monolingual children

This study investigates the influences of early and intense L2 exposure on children’s L1 causative verb production, assessed by an experimental causative verb production task. Turkish expresses causality by morphological and lexical means, whereas English does so by periphrastic and lexical means. Learning L2 English might enhance L1 Turkish causative verb production by highlighting the parallels and contrasts in causal expressions between the languages, which may result in an enriched L1 causative use. Five-, 7 -, and 9-year-old L1-Turkish L2-English bilingual ( n = 80) and L1-Turkish monolingual ( n = 80) children participated in the study in L1-Turkish. Results indicated that language group differences only emerged for the use of morphological causative verbs in favor of 5-year-old bilinguals compared with monolingual peers. Age group differences occurred only for the monolingual group and only for morphological verbs. Specifically, monolingual 7- and 9-year-olds performed better than monolingual 5-year-olds. Causative verb-type differences were only seen for 5-year-old monolinguals, who performed better for lexical than morphological verbs; in contrast, 5-year-old bilinguals performed equally well on the two types of causatives, and better than 5-year-old monolinguals on morphological causatives. Overall, these findings indicate that learning an L2 with structural similarities and differences compared with L1 might enhance children’s awareness and correct use of causal linguistic structures.

Štrukturalizmus a jeho vplyv na vybrané oblasti slovenskej lingvistiky

Contemporary Slovak linguistics has built upon the research tradition arising from the field’s earlier stages of development. Modern linguistic trends active since the 1920s have also influenced Slovak linguistics significantly. Based on the examination of scholarly articles from that period, this paper aims to assemble a selection of information related to the establishment of a new linguistic trend – structuralism – in Slovak linguistics in the context of Czechoslovakia. The cultivation of theoretical discussions in the post-war period – connected with the organization of linguistic research in Slovakia – is observed on the basis of contemporary Slovak and Czech linguistic texts on selected linguistic topics written from the 1930s to the 1970s. Apart from that, publications evaluating the presence of structuralism in Slovak linguistics are also examined (e.g. Anton Popovič, Ľubomír Ďurovič, Ján Kačala, Rudolf Krajčovič and František Štraus). The paper focuses on the beginnings of structuralism in Slovak linguistics, devoting attention to the Bratislava Linguistic Circle (1945) and its activities. Views of neogrammarianism and structuralism are observed, for in Slovak linguistics such views influenced the way the Czechoslovak question was perceived, while also informing research into phonology, dialectology, morphology and syntax, as well as lexis and language culture. The paper also traces the impact of particular views on educational practice.

Exposure to Language in Video and its Impact on Linguistic Development in Children Aged 3-11: A Scoping Review.

Early exposure to books can benefit language acquisition by expanding children's linguistic experience and engaging them in a shared activity (Nation et al. 2022; Dowdall et al., 2020). Video media (including television) could potentially fulfil a similar role by exposing children to new linguistic phenomena in an engaging setting. However, while many studies have examined the impact of screen-time on cognitive development (for a review see Kostyrka-Allchorne et al., 2017), the findings relating specifically to language remain unclear. The aim of this review is to understand how encountering language content in video media might impact a variety of language skills in children aged 3-11. This review maps the methods and findings of 93 studies that met preregistered criteria with the goal of understanding which factors impact learning outcomes following video exposure. Results from observational (N = 31) and experimental (N = 62) studies reveal a divided literature in which video viewing is linked to short-term benefits for learning specific linguistic structures from high-quality video media, as well as having negative or null long-term associations with standardised language measures. Results highlight various methodological difficulties and limitations faced by experimental and observational approaches and reveal the importance of video quality and viewing context for language learning.

The verses of Laylat al-Qadr in surah al-Qadr and al-Dukhan: A linguistic and semantic study

The researcher demonstrates the connotations of the expressions and linguistic structures in Surat Al-Qadr, and the verses that talk about the Night of Power in the beginning of Surat Al-Dukhan, guided by the sayings of commentators, linguists, grammarians and the authentic hadiths of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him. Explain its significance, and the effect of the morphological and grammatical form in connotation on the meaning. The researcher studied the audio clips and their impact on the textual cohesion in the noble verses, morphological formulas and grammatical structure and their impact on the significance of the noble verses, to present a linguistic study on the verses of Laylat al-Qadr in the Suras Al-Qadr and Ad-Dukhan. Key words: Al-Qadr, Blessed Night, Laylat al-Qadr.

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANINGS OF AḤWᾹL MUTTAʻALIQᾹT AL-FIʻLI BASED ON RELEVENCE THEORY IN SURAH AL-MULK

Linguistic structure greatly influences the understanding of the meaning of an utterance. However, in contrast to general discourse, the linguistic structure of the Qur'anic language style has a rich and deep meaning. One of the language styles that has an unusual construct is ahwal mutaʽalliqāt al-fiʽli. Relevance theory is present to reveal the meaning of ahwal mutaʽalliqāt al-fiʽli contained in the verses of the Qur'an so that it becomes evidence to strengthen the miracle of the Qur'an in terms of its language. This research aims to introduce as well as focus on examining more deeply the meanings of ahwal mutta'alliqat al'fi'li in the verses of the Qur'an. The research method used is descriptive-interpretative with Content Analysis model. The approach used is an inductive approach which is then presented descriptively to explain the meaning of ahwal mutaʽalliqāt al-fiʽli based on the principles of relevance theory formulated by Sperber and Wilson. The findings obtained a total of 16 data of ahwal mutaʽalliqāt al-fiʽli from 11 verses of surah al-Mulk which are divided into the categories of omitting fāʽil, omitting maf'ul, giving precedence to maf'ul, giving precedence to jār majrūr, and giving precedence to żaraf. All data are understood by contextual reasoning based on the theory of relevance which is also in line with the rules of balaghah according to Al-Harbi and Al-Hasyimi.

Voice actors show enhanced neural tracking of pitch, prosody perception, and music perception

Experiences with sound that make strong demands on the precision of perception, such as musical training and experience speaking a tone language, can enhance auditory neural encoding. Are high demands on the precision of perception necessary for training to drive auditory neural plasticity? Voice actors are an ideal subject population for answering this question. Voice acting requires exaggerating prosodic cues to convey emotion, character, and linguistic structure, drawing upon attention to sound, memory for sound features, and accurate sound production, but not fine perceptual precision. Here we assessed neural encoding of pitch using the frequency-following response (FFR), as well as prosody, music, and sound perception, in voice actors and a matched group of non-actors. We find that the consistency of neural sound encoding, prosody perception, and musical phrase perception are all enhanced in voice actors, suggesting that a range of neural and behavioural auditory processing enhancements can result from training which lacks fine perceptual precision. However, fine discrimination was not enhanced in voice actors but was linked to degree of musical experience, suggesting that low-level auditory processing can only be enhanced by demanding perceptual training. These findings suggest that training which taxes attention, memory, and production but is not perceptually taxing may be a way to boost neural encoding of sound and auditory pattern detection in individuals with poor auditory skills.

Exploring Speech Act Patterns In Anthropological Pragmatics

The purpose of this paper is to look into discourse patterns of President Joe Biden from an anthropological pragmatics perspective, and the theory of speech acts, in particular. I will argue that speech acts are double-edged tools in human communication that have the power to create objective facts accepted and maintained by human agreement on the one hand but are also determined by fluctuating socio-cultural context. In exploring the topic of the American presidency from an anthropological pragmatics perspective, this article addresses theoretical and methodological issues which further our understanding of linguistic structure of social reality determined by socially constrained functions that underlie culture. Thus, this paper argues for a broadened research path to advance the theory of speech acts in political discourse. An analysis of President Joe Biden’s language practices uncovers the rhetorical concept of ethos and its criterion of credibility that is indicative of his presidential status.