Linguistic Rules Research Articles

Linguistic Rules of Legal Technique: Reasonableness, Obligation, Efficiency

The article discusses the requirements that are necessary to simplify the text of the law and increase its intelligibility. The main attention is paid to the rules for the use of contextual and generally accepted abbreviations, because they can significantly reduce the volume of the law, save it unnecessary repetitions and make it more understandable. Examples of inconsistent use of contextual abbreviations by the legislator are given, as well as examples of texts in which it would be appropriate to use abbreviations. It is concluded that the effectiveness of technical legal rules is possible only if they are reasonable and obligatory to comply to. It is proved that the problem of the complexity of the modern Russian legal language needs a planned state policy, covering the reform of both the rules of legislative technique and the legislative procedure itself. As tools to assess the effectiveness of these rules and support their observance, it is proposed to establish a mandatory automatic check of bills for syntactic complexity, as well as to involve focus groups to assess the level of readability of texts and the comprehensibility of the terms and abbreviations used in them. The study is financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project № 21-18-00484, https://rscf.ru/project/21-18-00484/.

The Role of Language in a Dynamic Situation of Globalization

The central and vital role and function of language make it very interesting to continue to be explored, questioned, and studied. The Republic of Indonesia has an official language used by its citizens, namely Indonesian. This language aims to unite the Indonesian nation, which is multicultural or has ethnic and cultural diversity, so that there is no distance separating fellow Indonesian citizens from hundreds of ethnic groups, according to the 1928 Youth Pledge Convention. What must be realized now is the use of Indonesian, which needs to be stronger. The weakness is not that it is not used at all but foreign terms that enter public discussion and tend to be considered more prestigious. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method that refers to literature sources and the results of previous studies. The existence of the Indonesian language can decline when most Indonesian people are happy and proud to use a foreign language considered more respectable and classier. However, the condition for the Indonesian language's existence is still in a safe stage. The Indonesian language can continue to exist by continuing to preserve it by adhering to the overall context and linguistic rules and developing its constructions by the needs and desires of civilization.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN KEBAHASAAN DALAM PENULISAN KARYA TULIS ILMIAH

The purpose of this study is to describe: (1) Indonesian errors in scientific papers, (2) factors causing errors (3) solutions to minimize language errors. This research is qualitative descriptive research with a sample of scientific papers of level 1 students. Purposive sampling techniques are used to obtain research data as well as through interview and document analysis. The interactive analysis model is used as a data analysis technique, this technique includes four components, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results that can be concluded from this study are 1) there are errors at the linguistic level which include 65% errors in the field of morphology, 20% errors in the field on syntax and 15% errors in the field of semantic 2) factors that cause these errors, namely students inaccuracy in heading linguistic rules, lack of understanding of student and ineffective ways of delivering material by lecturers 3) the solution to overcome these language errors is to increase the accuracy of students and lectures using teaching materials that can increase student motivation in learning.

Strategy for Establishing an Arabic Language Environment in the Palengaan Laok Village School, Palengaan Pamekasan

Learning Arabic will be maximized and perfect by creating a conducive language environment. The language environment provides intensive teaching to students to practice their language skills both orally and in writing. Learning Arabic in the classroom generally prioritizes understanding of linguistic rules including nahwu and sharaf, communicative Arabic practice is rarely applied in class because learning refers to the curriculum and specified material. The language environment is a place for students to practice their language skills, especially speaking skills. Armed with an understanding of the language rules learned in class, students have a great opportunity to apply their Arabic language skills with linguistic activities that are implemented in a speaking environment to the fullest. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. The researcher chose this method because the data obtained by the researcher in the field was stated in verbal form and in descriptive analysis without using statistical data. This research was conducted with an inductive point of view, the researcher went into the field first to identify the problem under study. Then the researchers conducted further research and collected data related to the formation of a language environment. The language environment in schools and boarding schools in Palengaan Laok provides opportunities for students to be creative in practicing their language skills as well as various language activities that support the development of their language skills significantly, with a language environment. Arabic learning process becomes more dynamic, effective and varied.

Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining on Twitter Data Set Using Linguistic Rules

Objectives: To propose the most effective machine learning technique for aspect based sentiment analysis of consumer feedback reviews by correlating people’s emotions of different aspects of a product or service with word importance, linguistic rules, tagging, dependency relations and filtering to enhance the classification accuracy and to explore the different machine learning approaches in order to determine their significance and to spark interest in this field of study. Methods: The dataset has been taken from the most popular networking site twitter using twitter API. A total of 33,036 tweets were retrieved for this study from16 July 2022 to 16 Sept. 2022, but were only able to include 7570 tweets after data cleaning and then proposes a model named SVMS (SVM using Spacy) for sentiment Analysis. To measure the performance of a particular model, numerous analyses are conducted on the dataset and then the effectiveness of proposed model is compared with 4 basic classifiers LR, NB, RF and SVM. The parameters used in this study are accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Findings: It is found that the Proposed SVMS model shows better results than all other algorithms by having 96% accuracy which is 1% faster than LR, 2% faster than NB, 5% faster than RF, and 4% faster than SVM, 96% precision, 98% recall and 97% F1 score. SVMS is recommended in this research context for the classification of the text and has a great significance for future researchers in sentences and text classification. Novelty: In this paper the performance of sentiment analysis classifiers is evaluated. In addition to general opinions, the work examines specific aspects such as product, quality, service, price, and ease of use. Comparing the proposed model with the existing models, it has been found that it outperformed the other models in most of the aspects. Keywords: Aspect; Sentiment Analysis; NLP; Spacy; Linguistics

Modelling and assessing how small hydropower facilities affect sediment transport by using fuzzy inference systems

Small dams for power generation are increasingly being built around the world, and the reported impact caused by these structures on sediment transport varies widely, ranging from substantial to minimal or non-existent alterations among different dams. Such variability is still poorly understood. In this study, we present an original application of fuzzy inference systems (FIS) to extract knowledge concerning the effect of small dams on sediment transport, providing understandings of how different variables related to watershed characteristics, dam characteristics and hydrological variations can affect sedimentological responses of these structures. Numerous small dams have been built, and many more are in development or proposed, in rivers that drain into the Pantanal, a world-renowned tropical wetland, where we apply the methodology. Data on 23 hydropower facilities from the uplands of the Pantanal region were used, with a total of 535 records. The models presented very good results (NS equal to 0.92 for the most detailed FIS model) and provided a better understanding of the phenomenon through their explicit linguistic rules. The upstream suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is the most determinant variable for the alteration caused by dams. Higher SSC entering the reservoir is related to higher sediment retention. Vegetation cover and soil type of the drainage area of dams also influence the alterations on SSC caused by these structures. Dams located in basins with greater vegetation cover tend to affect less sediment transport, and dams located in basins with high percentages of agriculture and pasture tend to alter more. FIS models also confirmed that the size of dams is directly proportional to their capacity to alter sediment transport. The methodologies developed for the interpretation of fuzzy rules proved to be useful for assessing how small dams affect sediment transport along river systems.

On the performance and interpretability of Mamdani and Takagi-Sugeno-Kang based neuro-fuzzy systems for medical diagnosis

PurposeNeuro-fuzzy systems aim to combine the benefits of artificial neural networks and fuzzy inference systems: a neural network can learn patterns from data and achieves high performance, whereas a fuzzy system matches inputs and outputs using linguistic and interpretable rules. The combination of these two techniques yields models that can both perform well and provide interpretability in a fuzzy linguistic manner. DesignIn this paper, the performance and interpretability of five neuro-fuzzy classifiers were evaluated (three Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) classifiers: adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), dynamic evolving neuro-fuzzy system (DENFIS), self-organizing fuzzy neural network (SOFNN), and two Mamdani classifiers: hybrid fuzzy inference system (HyFIS) and neuro-fuzzy classifier (NEFCLASS)). All the empirical evaluations were over four benchmark medical datasets (Wisconsin breast cancer dataset, SPECTF heart dataset, Parkinsons dataset, and diabetic retinopathy Debrecen dataset), and used five performance criteria (accuracy, precision, recall, f score, and training time) and two interpretability criteria (number of rules and number of membership functions). FindingsResults showed that the TSK-based self-organizing fuzzy neural network classifier, in general, outperformed the others. In terms of interpretability, DENFIS and NEFCLASS were the best Takagi-Sugeno-Kang and Mamdani classifiers respectively. The findings also suggested that three classifiers: DENFIS, SOFNN, and NEFCLASS achieved a good performance-interpretability tradeoff. OriginalityTo the best of our knowledge, no study has compared the neuro-fuzzy techniques presented in this paper in terms of performance and interpretability in the medical domain.

The descriptive approach in teaching Arabic grammar to non-Arabic speakers, an applied study in the light of modern standards

Teaching any language to foreigners is considered a topic of great importance because it constitutes the communicative role of language, through which civilizations meet and exchange experiences and information. Therefore, the current study aimed to know the contents of teaching grammar in non-Arabic speaking education programs and the extent to which non-Arabic speaking education programs respond to the needs of learners among Teaching Arabic grammar. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach by applying a questionnaire consisting of (12) phrases distributed on (4) axes (use - deduction - induction - difficulties). On a random sample of (50) male and female students of Kurdish nationality who are registered in language teaching institutes Arabic to non-native speakers in Iraq. After carrying out the appropriate statistical treatments through the use of the statistical package processing program (SPSS), the study reached the following results: Modern standards in teaching Arabic grammar to non-Arabic speakers contribute to the learners using the Arabic language correctly to a moderate degree. Curricula for teaching Arabic grammar to non-Arabic speakers depend on deriving linguistic rules from realistic situations to a moderate degree.

Applying propositional calculus of formal logic to formulate research hypotheses in management sciences

The article is devoted to the topic of formulating research hypotheses in management sciences. On the basis of the author’s research results, it may be concluded that although the related literature indicates the features of a properly formulated hypothesis, errors still tend to occur in the process of its construction and as a consequence, the answers to the question or questions determining the research problem are not correctly formulated. Examples of such errors include attempts to check statements which are unverifiable in practice, which could be observed even in Master’s theses. The propositional calculus, whose source is in formal logic, may prove a useful tool in creating proper hypotheses. The primary aim of the article is to prove the usefulness of the propositional calculus of formal logic in formulating the main hypothesis and partial hypotheses in research work relating to management sciences. Prior to adopting a hypothesis for further proceedings, it should be decomposed into prime factors, followed by an analysis of the propositions. Adopting such a calculus when formulating each hypothesis should result in their comprehensible and logical form, compliant with linguistic rules.

A hydroponic greenhouse fuzzy control system: design, development and optimization using the genetic algorithm

Aim of study: The design and development of a hydroponic greenhouse fuzzy control system. Area of study: The evaluation was performed using experimental data obtained from the literature. The construction and evaluation of the fuzzy control hydroponic greenhouse system was carried out in a greenhouse in Tehran, Iran. Material and methods: The greenhouse environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide, were controlled. The design of a fuzzy controller begun with the selection of linguistic variables, process status, and input and output variables. The fuzzy control system consisted of three modules: 1) fuzzy module, 2) cost function, and 3) genetic algorithm for the adjustment of the greenhouse environmental conditions.The next step was to select a set of linguistic rules and the type of fuzzy inference process. The rules were set once, and the fuzzy set and output value needed to be specified after the inference, along with the development of a non-fuzzy strategy. Main results: The mean temperatures provided by the fuzzy control system during the day and night were 34.25°C and 23.22°C, respectively, which were improved to 31.17°C and 21.96°C after optimization. The mean humidity was 39.4% and 56.5% during the day and the night, respectively, which turned 60.22% and 74.59% after optimization. The control system also achieved desirable conditions in terms of CO2 amount. Research highlights: The results showed that the measured values of temperature and relative humidity of the greenhouse were improved after optimization with genetic algorithm.

English Writing Challenges of First-Year Students: A Case Study of a University in the Eastern Cape

Writing is a productive skill, which means that the emphasis is on the output. The fact that most students in South Africa learn English as a second language (L2) presents challenges concerning English writing proficiency, because writing is different from speaking since it utilises higher-order cognitive skills. The study analysed 184 students’ scripts showing different forms of students’ writing, such as, reports, creative writing assignments, language tests, business correspondence, research papers, answering open-ended questions on extracts and the like. A qualitative method was used to explore and describe challenges encountered by students in English writing by collecting students’ scripts to identify problem areas where interventions needed to be applied. Purposive sampling was employed for the study as the focus was specifically on first-year University students registered for different modules, but all taking Communication (English), which is a compulsory module. Various theories such as the writing process, error analysis and proficiency theory were explored in order to understand the processes that underpin academic writing. The hypothesis is that mother-tongue linguistic features will pose challenges as they are embedded in the students’ cognitive language skills, and they will therefore interfere in English writing since the students’ mother tongue and English have different linguistic rules. Possible solutions for the many and varied challenges are the application of different processes that include different pedagogical methodologies. Error analysis played a crucial role in the study since it has a bearing on students who speak English as a second language because it investigates errors which are systematic and which result from language interference (this can manifest in intralingual and/or interlingual interference). In order to address these challenges, facilitators must employ pedagogical strategies that will encompass different teaching methods and different assessment methods that will link language exercises to other forms of writing such that there is a correlation between different aspects of language skills. Keywords: English writing challenges, language interference, error analysis, teaching methods, assessment methods, language skills

Sejarah dan Metoda Syarah Hadis

Syarah is a scholar’s attempt to find the meaning of hadith texts. So it can be concluded that sharh hadith is for an explanation of the meaning of the text, pronunciation or sentences related to the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. This research is a library research and is included in the category of qualitative research. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the science of sharh al-hadith, as well as the history of its development. The results of this study indicate that the syarah of hadith includes: 1) Explaining the quantity and quality of hadith, both from the sanad side and from the matan side, and both global and detailed. This includes an explanation of the paths of transmission, an explanation of the identities and characteristics of the narrators, as well as an analysis of matan in terms of linguistic rules. 2) Describe the meaning and intent of the hadith. This includes explaining how to read certain pronunciations, explaining sentence structure, explaining lexical and grammatical meanings and the intended meaning. 3) Describe the meaning and intent of the hadith. This includes explaining how to read certain pronunciations, explaining sentence structure, explaining lexical and grammatical meanings and the intended meaning.
 Keywords: Sharia Hadith, History, method

Hybrid simplification algorithm for unorganized point cloud based on two-level fuzzy decision making

Traditional point cloud simplification algorithms have specific application scenarios. If these well-known methods can be accurately applied to different feature regions of a point cloud, high-quality point cloud feature preservation can be realized. In this paper, a hybrid point cloud simplification method, based on two-level fuzzy decision making, is proposed. Specifically, the number of peak points and bin intervals of each dimension density histogram of the point cloud are counted, and the cluster number and initial centers of fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering method are determined, hence the autonomous FCM clustering method of point clouds is realized. Based on the expert linguistic inference rules of type-1 fuzzy system, its output is used to accurately identify clusters as flat, transitional and drastic type. According to the attributes of the clusters, predefined thresholds or algorithms are applied in each one, achieving high quality point cloud simplification. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively determine the number of clusters, improve the speed of FCM clustering algorithm and achieve feature preserving point cloud simplification, after removing 50–90 % of the points.

TEXT BETRAYAL VERSUS CULTURAL LOYALTY: EMPLOYED STRATEGIES IN TRANSLATING ARABIC POETIC TEXT INTO ENGLISH

Translating Arabic poetry into English or any European or (anti-Semitic) language constitutes an essential burden on the translator due to their common origins that are similar in terms of rhetorical uses (e.g., synecdoche, metaphor, simile, euphemism, and the most important of all, similarity in grammatical, morphological and derivational linguistic rules). In the case of rendering Arabic poetry into English, the gap is vast and this requires a double effort, wider knowledge, and a high-level culture awareness on part of the translator. More importantly, the translator has to be equipped with an abundant knowledge of the means of influence that fall within the circle of rhetoric methods that may be unique to both Arabic and English languages. That is what we called Text Betrayal Versus Cultural Loyalty.

The Importance of High-Frequency Bandwidth on Speech and Language Development in Children: A Review of Patricia Stelmachowicz's Contributions to Pediatric Audiology.

We review the literature related to Patricia Stelmachowicz's research in pediatric audiology, specifically focusing on the influence of audibility in language development and acquisition of linguistic rules. Pat Stelmachowicz spent her career increasing our awareness and understanding of children with mild to severe hearing loss who use hearing aids. Using a variety of novel experiments and stimuli, Pat and her colleagues produced a robust body of evidence to support the hypothesis that development moderates the role of frequency bandwidth on speech perception, particularly for fricative sounds. The prolific research that came out of Pat's lab had several important implications for clinical practice. First, her work highlighted that children require access to more high-frequency speech information than adults in the detection and identification of fricatives such as /s/ and /z/. These high-frequency speech sounds are important for morphological and phonological development. Consequently, the limited bandwidth of conventional hearing aids may delay the formation of linguistic rules in these two domains for children with hearing loss. Second, it emphasized the importance of not merely applying adult findings to the clinical decision-making process in pediatric amplification. Clinicians should use evidence-based practices to verify and provide maximum audibility for children who use hearing aids to acquire spoken language.

A deep learning approach to building a framework for Urdu POS and NER

The study examines various studies on Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Part of Speech (POS) tagging for the Urdu language conducted by academics and researchers. POS and NER tagging for Urdu still faces obstacles in terms of increasing accuracy while lowering false-positive rates and labelling unknown terms, despite the efforts of numerous researchers. In addition, ambiguity exists when tagging terms with different contextual meanings within a sentence. Due to the fact that Urdu is an inflectional, derivational, morphologically rich, and context-sensitive language, the existing models, such as Linguistic rule application, N-gram Markov model, Tree Tagger, random forest (RF) tagger, etc., were unable to produce accurate experimental results on Urdu language data. The significance of this study is that it fills a gap in the literature concerning the lack of POS and NER tagging for the Urdu language. For Urdu POS and NER tagging, we propose a deep learning model with a well-balanced set of language-independent features as well as a survey of important Urdu POS/NER techniques. In addition, this is the first study to use residual biDirectional residual Long short-term memory (residual biLSTM) architecture trained on the Urmono dataset in conjunction with the randomly initialised word2vec, fastText and mBERT embeddings are utilised to generate word or character vectors.For each experiment, the paper also employs the evaluation methods of Macro-F1, precision, precision, and recall. The proposed method with mbert embedding as word vectors provides best results of F1 score for POS and NER at 91.11% and 99.11% respectively. Also, the accuracy, precision and recall for POS are reported at 94.85%, 91.79% and 90.77%. Similarly, the accuracy, precision and recall for NER of the proposed model are reported at 99.77%, 98.78% and 99.45% respectively, which are higher than baseline models.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA KLIPING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS TEKS PROSEDUR PADA SISWA KELAS XI SMA/MA

Procedure text is an instruction that contains steps or procedures to do something in order to achieve the goal. The results of observations in class XI IPA MA Sirojut Tholibin, researchers found that there were still many students who had difficulty in writing procedural texts based on linguistic structures and rules. The difficulty lies in the stage of finding ideas in assembling vocabulary into a systematic coherent sentence. One way that can be done to facilitate students in these problems is the use of appropriate learning media. The learning media needed for this problem are media that are able to stimulate students in developing procedural texts. For this reason, researchers conducted research and development of learning media in writing procedure texts in the form of clippings. The purpose of this research and development is to develop clipping media products and test the feasibility of clipping media products. The model used in this research and development is 4D from Sivasailam Thiagaranja, Dorothy S. Semmel, and Melvyn I. Semmel (1974) which consists of 4 stages which include Define, Design, Develop, and Dissiminate. Data collection techniques in this study were interviews with teachers, observations, and questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed to material experts, media experts, practitioners/teachers, and students. The results of the assessment of the feasibility of learning media products by material experts get a total percentage of 95.8%, media experts get a total percentage of 96.25%, expert practitioners / Indonesian language teachers get a total percentage of 90.4%, and students get a total percentage of 85 ,7%. From the overall results of the respondent's assessment, it can be concluded that the clipping media product has very feasible criteria to be implemented in learning.

Stochastic Configuration Based Fuzzy Inference System with Interpretable Fuzzy Rules and Intelligence Search Process

In this paper, a stochastic configuration based fuzzy inference system with interpretable fuzzy rules (SCFS-IFRs) is proposed to improve the interpretability and performance of the fuzzy inference system and determine autonomously an appropriate model structure. The proposed SCFS-IFR first accomplishes a fuzzy system through interpretable linguistic fuzzy rules (ILFRs), which endows the system with clear semantic interpretability. Meanwhile, using an incremental learning method based on stochastic configuration, the appropriate architecture of the system is determined by incremental generation of ILFRs under a supervision mechanism. In addition, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, an intelligence search technique, is used in the incremental learning process of ILFRs to obtain better random parameters and improve approximation accuracy. The performance of SCFS-IFRs is verified by regression and classification benchmark datasets. Regression experiments show that the proposed SCFS-IFRs perform best on 10 of the 20 data sets, statistically significantly outperforming the other eight state-of-the-art algorithms. Classification experiments show that, compared with the other six fuzzy classifiers, SCFS-IFRs achieve higher classification accuracy and better interpretation with fewer rules.

Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts in the Short Story “Letters from the Father” by Mona Trisyah

Speech acts are not only found in oral communication, but also in written form as in prose-shaped literary works, one of which is short stories. The structure of language and the structure of society influence each other. The emergence of linguistic units cannot be explained only by linguistic rules. There is a phenomenon which shows that one utterance can be used to express various kinds of speech acts. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The description of the data is in the form of story excerpts and dialogue in the short story "Letter from Father" by Mona Trisyah which contains locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary speech acts using theoretical concepts related to this study. The data source used for this study is the short story "Letter from Father" by Mona Trisyah. The type of research data is written data, in the form of story quotes and dialogues in short stories that contain locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary speech acts. This article aims to describe the types of locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts in the short story "Letters from Father" by Mona Trisyah

PENERAPAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING PADA PEMBELAJARANTEKS EKSPOSISI SISWA SMA

This research is the process of applying the problem based learning model in learning the structure and linguistic rules of exposition text, the effectiveness of the feasibility of the problem based learning model in learning to understand the structure of the exposition text and linguistic rules for students of class X (ten) SMA Bina Nusa Purwajaya in the 2021-2022 academic year. The purpose of this study was to determine the success of the application of the problem based learning model, to describe the process and results of the application of the problem based learning model in exposition text structure learning. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The research instrument used a test and a non-test. Before students take learning to write an exposition text, students must first understand the structure and linguistic rules used in the exposition text. In this study, we will discuss the importance of using problem based learning methods in learning exposition texts in the classroom, because this model will help students and teachers to find solutions for exposition text learning. The results of the research on the application of the problem based learning model after the application of the problem based learning model students obtained 20%. The application of this model is categorized as good.