Linguistic Norms Research Articles

Das sieht ja ganz anders aus, wie fühlst du dich denn? Teaching Modal Particles ja and denn with the Queer Eye Germany series: a didactic model based on a Descriptive Format

This article proposes a linguistically based framework that can be used for the teaching of Modal Particles (MPs) using contextualized examples of authentic interactions from the Netflix's series Queer Eye Germany. For the description of MPs ja and denn we employ the Descriptive Format (Diewald et al. 2017), an interlinguistic schematic table which provides a definition of the morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of MPs. The format provides a linguistic framework for the development of a didactic material for teaching MPs, that is divided into three stages (Ende et al. 2013): introduction, elaboration and production. Therefore, the activities of the didactic model will be carried out in two phases: (i) the description of the formal and pragmatic characteristics of MPs ja and denn through the Descriptive Format; (ii) the elaboration of a didactic sequence with reception and production tasks using occurrences of MPs in authentic communicative contexts. This proposal aims to fill gaps in the teaching of MPs that takes into account a metalinguistic reflection (Aquino 2020), by which students can critically reflect on linguistic norms and the sociocultural reality of the target as well as of their own language.

Unconventional Linguistic Normativity: Maybe Not So Deranged After All

Unconventional Linguistic Normativity: Maybe Not So Deranged After All

Текст музейной экспозиции: межкультурный и переводческий аспекты

The article is devoted to the study of the texts of the museum exhibition, which play the mediator role between visitors of a museum and its artifacts. The purpose of the study is to consider the text of the museum exhibition as an effective tool for intercultural communication. The review of foreign and domestic works shows that multilingual museum exposition helps to develop a dialogue and understanding between different cultures. The author studied the museum labels of the State Hermitage Museum, their grammatical and stylistic peculiarities, which should be taken into account while translating museum texts from Russian into English. It is determined that the grammatical peculiarities of the museum texts are verbless constructions, incomplete sentences, where linguistic norms are violated. The style of the texts of museum expositions is, as a rule, publicistic, some texts also have features of scientific, spoken and literary styles. While translating, the translator should aim to save the meaning and functional style.

Метафизика языковой реальности: к постановке проблемы

The relevance of the present research is determined by the ambiguity of understanding the issue of “one's own-another's” in relation to the boundaries of the world defined by the native language. Suppose that “any language can be learned in such a way” that we will not need translation and will be able to “think in this language” [7, p. 448]. However, will it be the same as in Russian? Is it possible to master a foreign language by making it your own? The paper suggests looking at the “wars of languages” as the idea of Noomachia (deep “war of minds”) and tries to find its traces. The author discovers the grammatical features of the Russian and English languages and interprets them as their own logos structures of languages. They manifest themselves in syntax (chaos vs order), in the way a person speaks the world (statement vs sentence), in the difference between the philosophical limit of possessiveness (“linguistic property vs obedience”) and “grammatical centers” (verb vs noun). They express ontological and philosophical-anthropological and socio-cultural aspects of mental linguistic differences and metaphysically conflicting combinations of Logos of Noomachia. Russian is dominated by Dionysian and Apollonian, in English — Apollonian and Cybelic, which is reflected in the psycho-emotional constitution of Russians and Englishmen and cultural and linguistic norms. English is the “language of time”, Russian is the “language of space”. Russian language and mentality are qualitative, English is quantitative. Language “carries” some, others are its “carriers”. English reduces being to existing material things, Russian — breaks through to the being. The scale of these differences is so great that it allows their interpretation in terms of the speculative hypothesis of Noomachia in relation to the sphere of language.

Language Reflection: Digital Etiquette

The author argues that modern digital etiquette is in the process of formation and constantly evolving. Old norms of business correspondence do not always align with the current conditions and users’ views on effective and ethical communication. Researchers are faced with the question of what can serve as a source of information on emerging ethical and linguistic norms. The purpose of the article is to prove that the analysis of language reflection can be an effective way to study the norms of modern digital etiquette. The study conducted in the fall of 2022 used the method of analyzing the corpus of language reflection. The dataset obtained through a two-stage survey includes an assessment by 3464 Internet users of 92 formulas and expressions used in digital correspondence. The article analyzes the state of modern digital etiquette, substantiates the need for the analysis of language reflection to study ethical and speech norms, describes the methodology of studying language reflection through surveys, and con cludes on the necessity of analyzing language reflection to capture trends in digital etiquette. The novelty of the article is determined by at least two factors. Firstly, it addresses the topic of unexplored and unstable norms of digital etiquette. Secondly, it highlights the need to analyze language reflection on the rules of speech behavior on the web. The significance of the study is related to the fact that digital etiquette norms are constantly changing, and researchers need a tool to capture such changes. The practical value of the study is that it enables certain recommendations on email etiquette and warns against potential communicative failures in internet communication.

Analysis of Context-Dependent Errors in the Medical Domain in Spanish: A Corpus-Based Study

This corpus-based study aimed to investigate the presence of context-dependent linguistic errors in a corpus of clinical reports. The data were taken from a corpus comprising more than 2 million words and made up of clinical reports from emergency medicine, intensive care unit, general surgery, and psychiatry. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out. A language model based on n-grams was developed for the detection of errors, parameters for the selection of cases were defined, and a classification tool was implemented. The findings indicated that emergency medicine was the medical specialty with the highest number of context-dependent errors and that the most frequent type of error was omission of written accent. Furthermore, the analysis revealed the presence of errors of competence due to the incorrect application of the linguistic norm of Spanish, phenomena of phonetic similarity, and composition of words; it is also worth noting that performance errors occurred due to rapid typing on the keyboard. This study constituted the first analysis and creation of a typology of context-dependent errors for the medical domain in Spanish. It contributed to the design of a module based on linguistic knowledge that can be used for the development and improvement of automatic correction systems that, in turn, are used for data processing in medicine.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ УРОК ИНОСТРАННОГО ЯЗЫКА В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

Among the goals of digital transformation, there is a transformation of the model from a traditional one into a model of continuing education, and under these circumstances, school becomes the stage where, among others, the basic skill of a modern person is formed — the ability to learn. Teaching to learn is one of the most important ideas of current federal state educational standards. The authors propose to consider a modern foreign language lesson in the unity of aspects-components: communicative-interactive, logistical, procedural, instrumental. Each of the conditional components, representing an independent whole, is determined by and determines itself the normal functioning of content and activity, internal and external entities, as regards the lesson as a form of organization of the educational process at school. It is suggested that the complete replacement of teaching tools and means with digital analogues is impractical, due to the need to take into account certain patterns of mastering linguistic norms, a foreign language communication, as well as compliance with the health care rules for children and adolescents – students of educational organizations implementing general education programs in the country. The purpose of the study is to reveal the prospects of digitalization within the framework of the modification of components-aspects of a foreign language lesson, as well as to analyze the basic principles and conditions required for the transition to one of the levels of digital transformation of education as proposed by modern researchers. The authors come to conclusion about the need of a multi-level approach to change, to digitalization of each of the components-aspects of the lesson, about the potential choice of the desired depth and intensity of digital transformations in each case.

ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ УРОВНЕЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ КОМПАНИЙ

The authors of this article propose to consider the development of a methodology for normalizing the key activity levels of industrial enterprises based on linguistic normalization of factors by methods of fuzzy sets theory. The method is based on annual reporting of 86 of the world's largest industrial enterprises concentrated in 5 industry classes. 12 business activity factors are analyzed. The reporting is collected for the period of 20152018. For each business activity factor, over 300 measurements are collected, which are acceptable for generalization within the framework of statistical histograms. Processing such histograms allows us to form a scale of linguistic norms from five qualitative gradations for each factor in the assessment. Building systems of linguistic gradations for 5 industry classes and collected standards allow a new assessment of the complex properties of enterprises: economic resilience, competitiveness, financial viability. A computational example of assessing the economic resilience of the ABC electrical company is considered. In the time period, statistics tend to become obsolete, so it is necessary to develop a methodology for excluding irrelevant measurements from the statistical base. The authors' research is addressed to industrial enterprises of a wide spectrum that would like to correlate their own performance indicators with group results of leading world companies.

On the Effect of Reciprocal Dyadic Relations on the Share of Lexical Practices

Abstract Variationist studies have shown the implication of tie properties in the emergence and preservation of linguistic norms. This contribution deepens the understanding of this mechanism at the dyadic level. It explores relational subjectivity and relativity among individuals of a community and their implications in the distribution of lexical variants. The aim is to understand how the reciprocity of a relation influences the share of lexical practices. To do so, we analyze the network of discussions of bachelor's degree students of the University of Geneva and their lexical practices. Using the modern methods used in social network analysis to study relational properties and by running multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP), reciprocal interactions are found to lead to a higher lexical share and similarity.

В Україні чи на Україні: великоросійський шовінізм у лінгвістичному вимірі дискурсу

This article is determined to analyze the way Russian political and ideological system is using linguistics in the means of its informational and psychological aggression against Ukraine. The war launched by Russian Federation has become the culmination of its prolonged aggressive actions on many fronts: ideological, economical, cultural, linguistic and so on. Current cremlin hosts are trying to regain full control over Ukraine in every imaginable way, drawing on the previous political regimes' experience. This article investigates one of the definitions of chauvinism as harassment of so-called "small nations" on the domestic and international levels that is shaping into political oppression and assimilation of languages. Have it that cremlin ideologues have always exploited any opportunity to diminish Ukrainians' self-consciousness, in particular by means of different quasi-scientific theories. Here we explored one example of the forementioned such as the creation of fake exception to the rule of spelling of prepositions "in" and "on" with administrative geographical names by Russian philologers that only applied to place-name "Ukraine". In contradiction to linguistic norms of Russian language Russians use "on Ukraine" in accusative and locative cases. We respectively analyzed arguments of Soviet linguists D. Rozental and K. Bilinskyy, and also modern Russian geographers and their theory of geo concept that basically comes to one statement: such version has been made up through history and is backed up by the expression "on the outskirts". The Ukrainian linguist I. Ohiyenko's work, in which he explained that the expression "in Ukraine" positioned it as a separate state, is mentioned in the article. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the logical norm "in Ukraine" was being used in the official documents of Russian Federation for a while, but after the cremlin tacked its course to re-establish its dominance over the former Soviet republics, they returned to the previous version. The sources that have been studied in the article point out that the political and ideological system is of a paramount importance for Russian linguistic science and is using it as a non-lethal weapon against Ukraine.

Internet stylistics. Pragmatic aspect

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the patterns of formation and qualities of a modern linear text and an Internet text. The article is the result of the study of Internet text stylistics, based mainly on Russian-language texts from Russia and Ukraine. The paper considers the process of formation of a new type of text - the Internet text. Being essentially different from the classical linear text, the Internet text does not lend itself well to the description based on the classical text theory. Thus, the Internet text is not complete, vectorial, not united by the completeness of thought expression. An important characteristic of the Internet text is its interactivity, which means that the roles of addressee and addressee are constantly changing. In addition, it is difficult, or even impossible, to define the boundaries of the Internet text due to its hypertextuality, which has become habitual intertextuality. All the above-mentioned aspects make up the pragmatics of the Internet text as a subspecies of the media text. Another crucial problem addressed in the paper is the study of the regularities of Internet communication in general and the stylistics of the Internet text. In the course of the research it became obvious that speech aggression and violation of norms of speech culture are stylistic dominants of online communication. This influenced the formation of other stylistic dominants such as, hate speech, fake, hype, clickbait, etc. Internet style is clearly characterized by being provocative, aggressive, hostile. The problems of bullying, humiliation of human dignity, invective and obscenity are actively studied from the standpoint of linguoecology, because, according to most researchers, the constant neglect of communicative and linguistic norms leads to the degradation of the national language style and literary norms. Despite the fact that there is still a division between public and interpersonal online communication, i.e. formal and informal, the problems of speech behavior of Internet users are becoming increasingly relevant.

Research Partnerships and Guidance in Academic Global Ophthalmology.

Research Partnerships and Guidance in Academic Global Ophthalmology.

THE CONCEPT OF NORM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTEGRAL LINGUISTICS

The concept of norm, developed by Eugeniu Coșeriu in 1952 as part of the trichotomy system, norm, speech, and later related to the notion of language type, was defined as a system of obligatory, common, normal actualizations and traditions of the language, which are not necessarily functional, and which vary from one community of speakers to another. In the view of the Tübingen linguist, within the same linguistic community and the same functional system more types of norms can be identified: the norm of the literary language, the norm of the vernacular, the norm of familiar language, the norm of formal language, the norm of vulgar language, etc. In what concerns norm, the Romanian linguist also makes another important distinction, namely that between social norm and individual norm. The present paper deal s with linguistic norm, as it was theorized by Eugeniu Coșeriu, and then focuses on the norm of the Romanian language in particular. Considering the “architecture” of historical language, i.e. the internal differences of the language: diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic also described and analysed by Eugeniu Coșeriu it will illustrate the division of the norm within the Romanian language.

Transfiguration of Language Death in Iraqi – Karbala Dialect: A Sociolinguistic Study

The present paper represents an attempt to shed some light upon the phenomenon of language death in Iraqi dialect in relation to the social factors of age, gender and region. For this purpose, 400 informants (200 males and 200 females) have been approached so as to elicit relevant data. They are subdivided according to age group, gender as well as region. The sample used in this investigation is native speakers of Iraqi Arabic. The model is used according to Trudgill (1974). It could be said that the age of the speaker is a social factor with which linguistic variables have been found to correlate very closely. The normal pattern of style and age differentiation occurs when the youngest and the oldest represent the highest scores. When they become older, they will be more influenced by the values of the society. So, they will be affected by their social networks. Thus, they are linguistically more influenced by the standard language. On the other hand, older and retired people are away from the standard forms due to the effect of their peer group. Again, their social networks are narrower than that of the middle aged groups.There is another social pressure on women to acquire correct linguistic norms. Men tend to be favorably disposed to low status speech forms than women. This is may be because of the connotations of 'toughness' and 'masculinity' associated with working class language, so it could be said that woman don't use the dying word.

La traducción y lo lúdico en el cambio social

Abstract Gender-inclusive language, both binary and non-binary, advocates for wider visibility of non-dominant genders. However, in the Spanish context, this language, especially the binary variant, has been received with much opposition led by the institution establishing linguistic norms. This paper addresses the possibility of using gender-inclusive language as a political practice in translation and explores how entertainment genres, particularly comics, and information on the social goals of heterodox linguistic practices may be conducive to relaxing the adherence to dominant doxas. By priming responses based on two gender-inclusive (one binary and one non-binary) translations of the comic Morgane by Kansara and Fert, differences between four focus groups were analyzed. Two of them received a briefing session detailing the social agenda of gender-inclusive language, and two were offered no such sessions before reading and discussing the translations. Results showed how the briefing sessions relaxed adherence to the dominant doxa even though the social purpose of gender-inclusive language was widely questioned. Further, results evinced that binary translation was more strongly opposed than the non-binary variant. It is argued that translation can be used as a tool for political and social change and become instrumental in advocating for equal opportunities for all genders.

Plain language as a team game: reflections of a trainer, linguist, practitioner

This article juxtaposes the reflections on the expectations from plain language as declared by the participants of workshops delivered by the Jasnopis team with the status of linguistic research on phenomena such as linguistic awareness, linguistic norm, or attitudes towards language. These arguments serve the purpose of proposing a comprehensive approach to text, which positions the recipient in the centre of works on plain language, which allows for the output of other disciplines of knowledge and requires cooperation between experts and practitioners in a given field, text recipients, and linguists/editors. Such an approach is put forward also by the plain language ISO standard (due for publication), which encourages examination of a text together with its recipients and employment of non-linguistic information design techniques. Keywords: plain language – ISO 24495-1 – comprehensive approach to text.

Catalan Identity and Language Attitudes Through Fan Translation of Video Games in the Digital Wilds

ABSTRACT For fans of popular cultural products, digitization has meant the configuration of affinity spaces online and opportunities for learning in the “digital wilds,” including incidental language learning and identity development. Through online multiparty written interaction, we explored how 15 Catalan-speaking gamers organized themselves to translate games from English into Catalan. Results indicated distributed roles, routinized translation practices, and, through translating and commenting on new members’ translation tests, the emergence of folk linguistic attitudes and beliefs regarding Spanish-Catalan interference, changes to Catalan linguistic norms, or positionings towards the group’s English-Catalan translation strategy: They favored creative expressions and what they believed were idiosyncratic language choices with symbolic power to signal what Catalan is or ought to be. The group of fan translators configured a site for metapragmatic discussion and identity development which navigates across monoglot/heteroglossic, prescriptive/descriptive/idiosyncratic conceptions of language, manifesting grassroots linguistic activism fueled by the diglossic status of the Catalan language.

Poļu izcelsmes vārdi Latvijas baltkrievu presē 20. gs. sākumā

This article is a continuation of the research that the author has carried out analysing the contacts between Belarusian and Latvian languages in Belarusian periodicals published in the 20th century. This study analyses the influence of Polish in the Belarusian language of Latvia, as reflected in the periodicals of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to present some aspects of the influence of Polish in the local Belarusian language. The importance of Polish and Belarusian as contact languages in Latvia is mainly determined by the historical and areal aspects of language contact. Poles and Belarusians are territorial neighbours with close genetic ties and long-standing economic, cultural, and political relations. Poles and Belarusians are Latvian minorities whose history is linked to Latgale. Polish was, for a long time, the dominant language in the religious sphere (Catholicism) and culture, so in the local Belarusian periodicals, it is possible to observe the influence of Polish in the Latvian Belarusian language, which was reflected in the use of some Polish words and word components. As languages come into contact, it can lead to borrowing from one language into another. Interference occurs when linguistic norms are mixed and other linguistic norms are picked up so that deviations from the norms of the mother tongue can occur under the influence of the contact language.

How to promote the development of pupils’s oral speech

One of the main goals of the national curriculum is to develop oral speech culture in students, to develop basic speech skills - writing, reading, listening, speaking. In the standard of Georgian language and literature, one of the most important directions of teaching is the development of oral speech, because this direction combines two closely related speech behaviors: listening and speaking.The consistent development of skills related to these speech behaviors is aimed at forming a person who is ready for free, modern communication. This involves the development of oral communication, expression skills, listening skills, social communication and interactive skills.  At school, the student learns the results of social experience through textbooks, where the necessary information is given in linguistic form. Language is needed so that a person can express his feelings, emotions, mysterious thoughts with its help.A modern school should provide the upbringing of such a person who possesses not only knowledge, but is able to use this knowledge in life. The goal is not for the student to know as much as possible, but to be able to act adequately in any situation and solve problems.We have to teach the child the spoken language, to master the linguistic norms that have been established in the language throughout history, a child's speech and views are formed by the adoption of these norms, a  person needs speech at every step, in every business. After all, speech is a necessary means of expressing thoughts, communicating between people, and perfecting the inner world of a person; It is a type of human action that realizes thinking based on the use of linguistic means; Performs the function of communication, emotional self-expression and influence on other people. Well-developed speech is an important means of active human activity in modern society, and for a student it is a necessary condition for successful learning at school.

Translanguaged discourses of Bemba and English: The mobility and mixing of languages in a multilingual space

Couched within the overarching framework of translanguaging, this paper attempts to show the real-life language practices of social actors away from the dominant narratives of translanguaging in bilingual education. Predicated on the mixing and mobility of languages across time and space, the paper uses casual conversations from two multilingual spaces, a university campus, and a marketplace. Firstly, the paper shows the mixing of the English language and Bemba, a widely spoken indigenous language in Zambia while arguing that the Bemba-English translanguaged discourses provide evidence for the mobility and the disembodiment of language and locality. Secondly, the paper argues that the spread and circulation of Bemba in multiple localities should be seen as the mobility of bits and pieces -and/or resources akin to urbanity and hybridity. The paper concludes by bringing into the spotlight the dynamics of the Bemba-English translanguaged discourses in which morphemes as semiotic resources create new lexical items which destabilize expected linguistic norms and boundaries.