Linguistic Marking Research Articles

Text plan and argumentative orientation in the opinion article genre of the selection process of a Federal Institute

The main objective of this work is to analyze the opinion article genre produced in the selection process of a Federal Institute. Surely, when analyzing the examples of these textual productions with a focus on argumentative orientation, the research allows us to weave reflections on writing in Basic Education. To do so, we focus on studies that deal with textual, linguistic and enunciative aspects of argumentation, anchored, above all, on Textual Analysis of Discourses, bearing in mind theoretical assumptions concerning the text plan and linguistic marks, important aspects in understanding of written production. Methodologically, the research has a qualitative approach, and the corpus consists of a prototypical composition of the selection exam. The results confirm the importance of the teaching process and the school as spaces for the development of argumentative action in the most varied discursive practices. Regarding the text plan, we observed the influence of the ENEM writing, mainly, in the conclusion of the analyzed text, considering that the strategy is the inclusion of the thesis resumption and the intervention proposals, in general.

Insights into the time course of evidentiality processing in Turkish heritage speakers using a self-paced reading task

IntroductionStudies with heritage language speakers (HLS) have often used offline measurements, investigating the post-interpretive effects which emerge after processing has been completed. Relatively few studies have investigated heritage language processing using time-sensitive methods that allow the collection of evidence regarding real-time language processing rather than post-interpretive judgments. Using a self-paced-reading paradigm, we aimed to expand our understanding of HLS language processing by investigating evidentiality-the linguistic marking of information source, which is grammatically expressed in Turkish, but not in English.MethodParticipants were 54 bilingual speakers of Turkish and English: 24 HLS (English onset: 0-5 yrs) and 30 emigrant Turkish speakers (ES) who grew up in Turkey before emigrating to Australia (English onset = 6-17 yrs). Participants read sentences with evidential-marked verb forms that either matched or mismatched to the information source context. Word-by-word reading times and end-of-sentence acceptability judgment speed and accuracy were measured.ResultsThe results showed that although the HLS' responses were slower and less accurate than the ES in both reading times and end-of-sentence acceptability judgments, they showed similarities in online processing patterns. Both groups were faster at reading the mismatching sentences compared to the matching sentences; however, this pattern emerged during the time course of reading first for the indirect condition for the ES, and only later for the direct condition and for the HLS for both evidential conditions. Only HLS read faster in the target region with the direct evidential that is shown to be acquired earlier in childhood, than they did for the indirect evidential which is mastered later. In contrast, the end-of-sentence judgment data showed that while the ES group responded faster to matching direct sentences than matching indirect, this effect was missing for the HLS. Nevertheless, there were similar patterns for accuracy across evidential conditions: both groups were more accurate with the direct evidential.DiscussionOverall, the use of the self-paced-reading paradigm allowed insights into HLS' evidentiality processing above and beyond their generally slower and less accurate processing compared to the reference group. This study provides further evidence for differences in the patterns observed using online vs. post interpretive measures in HLS, reinforcing the importance of combining these methodologies for further understanding of HLS competence and performance.

Responding to Omicron: Speaker Commitment and Legitimisation in COVID-related Press Conferences

This paper examines the ways in which New Zealand and Polish government officials communicated the easing of COVID restrictions to the general public. The study aimed to identify legitimising strategies used to justify the lifting of restrictions and related measures, and to establish how agency and responsibility were discursively constructed in the subgenre of political press conference in two different socio-political settings. Informed by the notions of legitimisation (Chilton 2004), speaker commitment and stance (Marín Arrese 2011, 2015, 2021), the research looked into the linguistic marking of effective stance (deonticity, assessments, attitudinals and directives) and epistemic stance (epistemic modality, truth-factual validity as well as experiential, cognitive and communicative stance), considering both the subjectivity/intersubjectivity dimension and the explicitness/implicitness of the speaker’s role. In addition, the study considered the key discursive strategies used to (de)construct agency in the discourses of NZ and Polish policymakers seen as proponents of divergent public health policies. As the findings indicate, the Polish officials conveyed chiefly experiential stance and projected less involvement, whereas the NZ Prime Minister favoured cognitive stance and deonticity as well as direct appeals to the audience. The analysis shows that the speaker’s (dis)identification with the respective policy finds reflection in the varying degrees of speaker commitment and the (de)construction of agency.

ASEMIOTIC STRUCTURAL READING OF THE CHARACTER OF YUNUS-PEACE BE UPON HIM- OF QURANIC, AND THE AESTHETICS OF THE SPACE IN THE QURANIC STORY

The semiotics of the literary character is one of the branches of linguistic semiotics, which paves the way to highlight the personality in a more profound and accurate way to reveal the hidden The Holy Qur'an, as the most prominent and wonderful literary text, carries with it enormous linguistic marks, and the many characters mentioned directly by the Holy Qur'an are important linguistic signs. Here, her study comes in a semiotic direction that leads to revealing the meanings, concepts and connotations of this character. We have also dealt in our research with the aesthetics of the place in the story of Yunus (peace be upon him), and we proved that the place has a semiotic and actual role in creating the narrative, as the imaginary narrative has a role in giving specificity to the real space that shelters the Qur'anic character, which is In turn, she moves and squirts according to where she is sheltering on her journey. We have divided the two types of place, the reference and the miraculous, into safe and fearful places.

Not When But Whether: Modality and Future Time Reference in English and Dutch.

Previous research on linguistic relativity and economic decisions hypothesized that speakers of languages with obligatory tense marking of future time reference (FTR) should value future rewards less than speakers of languages which permit present tense FTR. This was hypothesized on the basis of obligatory linguistic marking (e.g., will) causing speakers to construe future events as more temporally distal and thereby to exhibit increased "temporal discounting": the subjective devaluation of outcomes as the delay until they will occur increases. However, several aspects of this hypothesis are incomplete. First, it overlooks the role of "modal" FTR structures which encode notions about the likelihood of future outcomes (e.g., might). This may influence "probability discounting": the subjective devaluation of outcomes as the probability of their occurrence decreases. Second, the extent to which linguistic structures are subjectively related to temporal or probability discounting differences is currently unknown. To address these, we elicited FTR language and subjective ratings of temporal distance and probability from speakers of English, which exhibits strongly grammaticized FTR, and Dutch, which does not. Several findings went against the predictions of the previous hypothesis: Framing an FTR statement in the present ("Ellie arrives later on") versus the future tense ("…will arrive…") did not affect ratings of temporal distance; English speakers rated future statements as relatively more temporally proximal than Dutch speakers; and English and Dutch speakers rated future tenses as encoding high certainty, which suggests that obligatory future tense marking might result in less discounting. Additionally, compared with Dutch speakers, English speakers used more low-certainty terms in general (e.g., may) and as a function of various experimental factors. We conclude that the prior cross-linguistic observations of the link between FTR and psychological discounting may be caused by the connection between low-certainty modal structures and probability discounting, rather than future tense andtemporality.

Internet as a Basis for Research on Ethnic Identity: Polish Blogs in Lithuania

This article discusses an important type of public communication taking place in Lithuania – internet blogs written in Polish. The study presents how they function, outlines the reasons behind their creation, and analyses the topics which they concern. As this is a sphere of uncontrolled communication, the author makes an attempt to present various social attitudes and to analyse subjective opinions on cultural and identity issues. The linguistic ways of expressing them are also an equally important issue. In this study, we assume that the sphere of the internet, although so far little explored, can be a very good basis for research on the way ethnic identities are shaped. The analysis of the genres of texts posted on blogs or social networking sites indicates that they are characterised by rhetorical coherence, enter into various relationships with each other, creating a blogosphere, and have a dialogical nature. They are usually written in a general language with regional accretions. A frequent phenomenon is using these features as the hallmark of a group, a factor integrating the internet community. Due to the fact that the authors of these websites are usually young people, a common phenomenon is the colloquial linguistic marking of statements, striving to exaggerate certain events, using stylistically marked lexis. We are dealing here with the colloquial style preserved in the written version.

Marking and unmarking the (non)native speaker through English language proficiency requirements for university admission

AbstractThis article examines the language ideologies undergirding university English language admission requirements. Universities are today caught between the order of the nation state and that of corporate globalization as they seek to attract both national and international students. This tension produces conflicting processes of (converse) racialization and linguistic (un)marking within which universities construct language proficiencies and ethnonational identities. Our study finds two categorically different constructs of English language proficiency (ELP): inherent ELP based on citizenship, linguistic heritage, and prior education, and tested ELP. These two constructs of ELP map onto two dichotomous student groups. One side of this binary—the white native-speaker citizen construct—is subject to converse racialization and unmarking. While it becomes blurred, it casts its Other into clear relief: the Asian non-native speaker non-citizen. The research has implications for critical language testing and language policies in higher education. (Citizenship, English as a global academic language, internationalization of higher education, international students, language ideologies, language testing, native speakerism, racialization, World Englishes)

Marking Contrastive Topics in a Topic Shift Context: Contrastive Adverbs versus Emphatic Pronouns

This paper is about two competing marking strategies for contrastive topics in a topic shift context in French: emphatic pronouns and contrastive adverbs. We analyse the choice between these markers in one specific syntactic position, i.e. when they occur between the subject and the finite verb, in different corpora consisting of formal written, informal written and spoken French. Our results indicate that the frequency of emphatic pronouns and contrastive adverbs is register-dependent. Emphatic pronouns appear more often between the subject and the finite verb in the informal written and spoken corpora, whereas contrastive adverbs occur more frequently in this position in the formal newspaper corpora. Moreover, we show that the use of emphatic pronouns is affected by pragmatic constraints, which is not the case for contrastive adverbs: emphatic pronouns typically modify subjects with a clearly identifiable – preferably human – referent. Hence, in a more general way, this study provides evidence for the idea that both language-internal and language-external factors should be taken into account when analysing the “free” choice between two similar linguistic marking strategies.

Tempos e temporalidades Contribuições para a descrição do ‘comentário’ como género

Grammatical tenses contribute to the characterization of temporality that is present in different texts and discourses. This observation is the starting point of the reflection presented in this paper. Thus, based on texts that circulate with the label ‘commentary’, we propose to verify how linguistic marks (used in the different forms and constructions of those texts) contribute to a description of what is (or could be) a commentary. We start with the analysis of texts that are available in the corpus G&T.Comentaand we attempt to characterize the values of grammatical tenses in Portuguese, and the temporal locators that contribute to the construction of temporality in those texts. This approach allows for relating textual genres and types of discourse (Bronckart, 1997). The proposals developed within the scope of Sociodiscursive Interactionism will be followed as a guiding principle.To account in a sustainable way for the values that derive from the various grammatical tenses used in those texts, we will consider the proposals that were developed within the perspective of the Enunciative Formal Theory (Culioli 1995), among others. Based on this framework, it is assumed that the different values characterizing grammatical tenses derive from the interrelation between different grammatical categories such as aspect and modality.The relationships that can be established in the articulation between a micro analysis (centered on forms and constructions) and a macro analysis (which captures the text as a complex whole), will allow us to contribute to a characterization that we consider useful not only for defining properties of texts that are included in the commentary genre, but also for defining the values of grammatical tenses.

Linguistic Traces of Subjectivity and Dissent. A Discursive Analysis of Inclusive Language in Argentina.

In Argentina, the so-called “inclusive language” aims at avoiding the bias for a particular sex or gender and objects to a grammatical binary system (feminine – masculine). Although in most Spanish-speaking countries, inclusive language has been limited to the realms of activism, gender studies and a certain type of public administration, in Argentina, its use has been extended to different social spheres, mostly urban. Considering such context, this work aims to investigate the inclusive language in Spanish and characterize its most relevant resources in a series of public texts that circulated in Argentina between 2018 and 2020. On the one hand, its origin is explained, differentiating it from non-sexist language and the different theoretical positions around inclusive language are exposed. On the other hand, from the Dialogical Approach to Argumentation and Polyphony, this paper proposes to address inclusive language resources as subjectivity and polyphony marks which evidence certain aspects of the discourse of patriarchy, with respect to which there is dissent; therefore, inclusive language resources show viewpoints that were once silenced and rejected. For this, a corpus of various speeches is addressed, made up of outdoor urban inscriptions, flyers (advertisements), audiovisual informative speeches and digital press, written in inclusive language, between 2018 and 2020. Throughout the paper it is warns that the inclusive language marks, such as –e and x, are traces of the “heterogeneity shown marked” that object to grammatical binarism and convey comments by the subject about their own enunciation, alluding to the image of previous sexist and patriarchal discourses with whom they disagree. The analysis reveals that the words or expressions in which inclusive language resources are employed (-e and x) work as traces of harassed identities and manifest comments by the speaker on their own enunciation. This way, this research shows that gender inclusive language holds conflict linguistic marks which point to historically denied dissidence forms, linked to gender identity and the assertion of collective rights. Finally, this article aims at, on the one hand, contributing to the description of Argentinean Spanish, and on the other, promoting reflection in favor of linguistic education. Undoubtedly, opening instances of debate on the subject can have an impact on the deepening of linguistic reflection and the training of speakers who contribute to forging a more egalitarian society, one which is inclusive and respectful of differences.

La "fantasía" de la pandemia Covid-19 en los discursos políticos: las comillas y sus efectos en el género periodístico artículo de opinión

According to Maingueneau’s (1997) conceptions, which emphasizes the relevance of considering the conditions of production when using quotation marks, this work aims to discuss the effects of meaning signaled by the graphic sign, which, besides being a linguistic mark, it is a discursive and argumentative resource present in the journalistic genre opinion article, in which the opinionated content stands out. We adopted the methodology of exploratory research based on discursive theories, covering the perspectives of Maingueneau (1997), Charaudeau (2013), Orlandi (2008) and Pêcheux (1997). In a qualitative approach, we have analyzed the opinion article “Trump e Bolsonaro: aves de mesma plumagem”, published in Folha de São Paulo, to investigate the effects of meaning that quotation marks play in varied statements. The results show that it is essential to consider the circumstantial aspects of the discursive process for the interpretation of the meaning effects produced by the quotation marks and that the genre opinion article has a lot to offer for a linguistic-discursive analysis due to the articulations elaborated with the premise of persuading readers to adhere to a point of view, according to the writers’ political position.

Temporal Relations at the Sentence and Text Genre Level: The Role of Linguistic Cueing and Non-linguistic Biases\u2014An Annotation Study of a Bilingual Corpus

This study investigates the role of non-linguistic biases in the obligatory (verb tenses) and optional (discourse connectives) linguistic marking for inferring temporal relations at the sentence and the text genre levels. Specifically, we formulated and tested several assumptions: (1) the linguistic cueing assumption (verb tenses inform language users about the temporal relation), (2) the implicitness assumption (highly expected relations need not be overtly marked), (3) the specialized connective assumption (specialized connectives are more efficient than underspecified ones), (4) the text genre assumption (language users’ expectations of temporal relations are linked to the text genre), and (5) the text status assumption (information in translated texts tends to be more explicit than in original texts). We carried out an annotation study of a bilingual corpus (French–English) belonging to two different text genres: literary and journalistic. Our results challenge the implicitness and the text status assumptions while confirming the linguistic cueing and the text genre assumptions. So, we put forth an alternative view, according to which language users have equal expectations about all three types of temporal relations and are oriented to one relation or the other by linguistic cueing (obligatory and optional marking) as well as text genre.

Linguoaxiosphere of Society and Personality in American Drama Discourse

The article presents the results of the study devoted to the linguistic axiological analysis of the XXI century American drama discourse. Contemporary drama discourse, due to its special linguistic status, is a space for verbal representation of characters’ individual axiological trajectories, the analysis of which contributes to determining the values, which are relevant for society as a whole. The aim of the study is to systematize the dynamic structural and content elements of drama characters’ personal axiological spheres and to define their involvement in the piece of social value paradigm, which has its linguistic reflection in modern American drama. The empirical research is based on the texts of the plays written by American playwrights in 2015-2020. Individual linguistic axiological spheres are examined in terms of flexible hierarchical structures, the dynamism of which is determined by the characters’ life experience. The method of linguistic axiological interpretation based on the combination of axiological analysis and discourse analysis is applied to show that the structure of individual linguistic axiological spheres presented in the contemporary American drama discourse is a simplified version of the social linguistic axiological sphere; it has fewer value dominants and evaluative vectors while preserving the diversity of linguistic means of evaluative representation. Linguistic marking of characters’ individual axiological spheres occurs with the help of evaluative utterances, which include evaluative lexemes. Their frequency is characterized by quantitative and qualitative fluctuations in the speech of different communicants and is predetermined by the evaluative potential of the word semantics. In American drama discourse, the individual axiological sphere has a linguistic representation not only in personal evaluative remarks, but also in the personage’s reaction to other people’s value judgments, as well as in the utterances where the object of evaluation is the character himself/herself. The discrepancy between the content-based evaluative vectors or the difference in the position of personal value dominants within individual linguistic axiological hierarchies can lead to communication failures. As a result of the linguistic axiological interpretation of individual linguistic axiological trajectories, represented in American dramatic discourse of the XXI century, a fragment of the current American social linguistic axiological sphere is identified, and the central value dominants are highlighted.

Imitation and creativity in school essays

The paper deals with the problem of representation of the imitation processes and productive activities in school essays. The prerequisites for the study are approaches to the analysis of school essays as a type of creative work, which reflects one or another degree of imitative communicative activity of a person, as well as the relevance of the problems of determining the features of the integration of reproductive and productive activities in communication, the representation of the creativity of a linguistic personality in the text. Solving these problems allows us to determine the ways of actualizing the creative component of preparation for essays and translating it from a potential state into a real one. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions for the realization and indicators of the reproductive and productive components in the communicative activities of the author of the essay and the conditions for the dynamics of their communicative state. The following methods were used content analysis, communicative and structural/semantic analysis of essays, analysis of linguistic marking of the processes of imitation and creativity in texts. For the first time, the paper reviews the awareness of the communicative intention and genre characteristics of the sample as the leading condition for the implementation of imitation and creativity in school essays, describes the indicators of the dynamics of the communicative state from the state of imitation to the state of creativity, which are correlated with creative abilities: the multiplicity, diversity, and consistency of micro themes (indicators of thinking flexibility), the balance of the boundaries of the author’s intention (an indicator of the ability to see the essence of the problem, the subject of speech), the transformation of speech cliches (an indicator of the ability to resist stereotypes). The authors also propose a typology of reproductive, reproductive/productive, and productive communication skills of school students: the ability to copy the genre frame, interpret the sources of the author’s intention, correct the system of structural and semantic components of the text of the essay.

POLYSEMANTICS AND FIL TICS AND FILTER IN SEM TER IN SEMANTIC TAGGING SY GGING SYSTEM

Background. Semantic markup is an issue that has been thoroughly studied by experts. If the first generation of language corpora was a collection of electronic texts, then a tool with a query-responsive interface was later formed into literal corporations with linguistic and extralinguistic markings. Linguistically marked corpuses were initially only morphological, then morpho-syntactic, and in recent years the perfect form of linguistic marking - the corpus with morphological, syntactic and semantic markings - has undergone a stage of development. The introduction of semantic markup into the case was initially based on theory, while semantic marking problems were explored. Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavskiy, B.L. Iomdin, E.V. Biryaltsev, A.M. Elizarov, N.G. Jiltsov, V.V. Ivanov, O.A. Nevzorova, V.D. Solovev, I.S. Kononenko, E.A. Sidorova, The research of E.I. Yakovchuk, E.V. Rakhilina, G.I. Kustova, O.N. Lyashevskaya, T.I. Reznikova, O.Yu. Shemanaeva, A.A. Kretov can be included in such works

A POLIFONIA COMO ESTRATÉGIA ARGUMENTATIVA NAS REDAÇÕES DO ENEM

Com base nos estudos da Semântica Argumentativa, a pesquisa estudou o fenômeno polifônico pela perspectiva de Ducrot. O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a presença da polifonia na perspectiva de Ducrot, por meio das marcas linguísticas, usadas como recurso argumentativo. O corpus foi composto das dez redações do Enem, edição 2015, cujo assunto foi “A persistência da violência contra a mulher na sociedade brasileira”, as quais tiveram sua divulgação no portal de notícia G1 por atingirem a nota máxima. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva. Após a numeração das redações foram identificadas as temáticas desenvolvidas por cada candidato, seguida da identificação das marcas linguísticas que indicassem possíveis vozes. Como resultados verificamos que a polifonia se apresenta como recurso argumentativo nas redações estudadas. Acerca dos enunciadores o E1 foi o mais recorrente durante as análises, tanto na frequência dos enunciadores por redações, como na análise de frequência dos enunciadores e por parte constituinte do texto. O E1 teve a sua identificação por meio da característica da voz do conhecimento compartilhado.

A competição entre Simple Past e Present Perfect no inglês estadunidense: um estudo de caso sobre o perfect de resultado


 
 Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar a competição entre Present Perfect e Simple Past na expressão do aspecto perfect resultativo na língua inglesa. Testa-se a hipótese de que, no inglês estadunidense (AmE), contextos de transição, com estado-alvo resultante relevante no presente (compatíveis com resultativos fortes), são representados linguisticamente pelo Simple Past preferencialmente. Para tanto, adota-se como metodologia um estudo de caso triplo com base em um experimento de produção semiespontânea que elicita resultativos fortes. Os dados indicam variação morfológica na descrição de situações resultativas fortes, com preferência pelo uso do Simple Past, logo, a hipótese não foi refutada. O Simple Past assume a forma default, pois seu uso prevalece mesmo quando o contexto indica continuação e relevância do resultado no presente. Todavia, o uso do Present Perfect foi favorecido em situações cujo estado resultante é condição para uma demanda prévia por ação do interlocutor, especificamente, quando não há outra marcação linguística de causalidade.
 

At the juncture between evidentiality and argumentation

AbstractThe contribution discusses the theoretical problem of the relationship between evidentiality and argumentative justification. Within a framework that combines semantic and syntactic analysis with a topics-based approach to argument schemes, it is argued that the functional domains of information source and argumentation overlap in utterances in which the former is linguistically marked, rather than entailed or implicated: explicit linguistic evidential marking is a special case of argumentation. The connection between a proposition and its source gives rise to a class of arguments from a reliable procedure that are similar to arguments from authority. When the indicated source is an inferential procedure (rather than direct experience or hearsay), the evidential argument may be combined with additional arguments that lay out part of that procedure. The particular case of inferential sources is illustrated by means of an analysis of weakly grammaticalized constructions in Italian, based on verbs of thought, communication and perception that relate a propositional complement to a subject NP or tosource/placecomplements of the verb. The analysis shows that such further complements can either refine the categorization of the inferential source signalled by the verb, thereby contributing to the main argument from a reliable procedure, or express a premise that allows the hearer to reconstruct the internal structure of the procedure.

Estratégias de transcategorização de referentes em narrativas orais amazônicas

Objetiva-se, neste artigo, divulgar os resultados de uma investigação realizada com dez alunos do nono ano de uma escola de uma periferia do Rio de Janeiro. Filiados ao paradigma quali-quantitativo, perguntamos como os sujeitos de pesquisa entenderiam a argumentatividade presente em exemplares de três gêneros textuais: a notícia, a propaganda e a tirinha. Pautados na abordagem sociocognitivo-discursiva da Linguística Textual, propusemos atividades que possibilitassem uma análise linguístico-discursiva de exemplares dos gêneros propostos. Os resultados sugerem que a maior parte dos sujeitos consegue identificar a tese, quando presente nos textos, embora não consiga argumentar seu achado a partir das marcas linguísticas desses textos. Apesar de contar com poucos participantes, o estudo aponta para uma necessária metodologia que observe os gêneros em seu funcionamento, e que associe as escolhas linguísticas a esses objetivos, a fim de que os alunos de periferia possam acessar os diversos fatos sociais de forma includente.

A compreensão da argumentatividade em três gêneros textuais

Objetiva-se, neste artigo, divulgar os resultados de uma investigação realizada com dez alunos do nono ano de uma escola de uma periferia do Rio de Janeiro. Filiados ao paradigma quali-quantitativo, perguntamos como os sujeitos de pesquisa entenderiam a argumentatividade presente em exemplares de três gêneros textuais: a notícia, a propaganda e a tirinha. Pautados na abordagem sociocognitivo-discursiva da Linguística Textual, propusemos atividades que possibilitassem uma análise linguístico-discursiva de exemplares dos gêneros propostos. Os resultados sugerem que a maior parte dos sujeitos consegue identificar a tese, quando presente nos textos, embora não consiga argumentar seu achado a partir das marcas linguísticas desses textos. Apesar de contar com poucos participantes, o estudo aponta para uma necessária metodologia que observe os gêneros em seu funcionamento, e que associe as escolhas linguísticas a esses objetivos, a fim de que os alunos de periferia possam acessar os diversos fatos sociais de forma includente.