Linguistic Manifestations Research Articles

Gramatykalizacje modalności w językach naturalnych na przykładzie japońskiego rzeczownika tsumori

Abstract The Japanese noun tsumori is used as the so-called formal noun and the head of syntactic nominalization. Its main meaning of ‘aim, intention’ is expressed through the basic sentence pattern of (suru) tsumori da. The modal meanings of this noun reveal close connections with the pragmatics of linguistic politeness and manifestation of attitudes in interpersonal communication. The article deals with the main sentential patterns and functions from the comparative perspective.

Anti-racist Text and Talk: A Critical Discourse Studies Approach to Black Feminism

While racist discourse has received much attention in Critical Discourse Studies (CDS), there is a dearth of scholarship on the anti-racist text and talk. A critical observation is that the anti-racist movement, and hence, discourse, often exclude women. With the goal of contributing to this gap in the CDS literature, the current analysis examines Black women's discourses concerning anti-Black racism in general and Black Feminism in particular. Four YouTube videos that feature both conference talks and news programs surrounding the topic of Black Feminism are analysed for recurring themes using thematic analysis and discourse structures from the perspective of critical discourse analysis. Findings reveal that the primary themes that emerged are the inclusion of Black women, Police brutality and unaccountability, and Black Feminism Defined, with various subthemes. In addition, the discourse structures examined are lexical choice, presupposition, pronominal choice, and the use of tag questions, among others. This study serves to further our understanding of the linguistic manifestation of ideologies through discourse concerning anti-racism and Black Feminism.

Способы репрезентации семантики запрета в тувинском языке

Introduction. The article discusses the linguistic manifestation of prohibition semantics in Tuvan, analyzes the grammatical and lexical means of its expression, determines the semantic differences of the prohibition indicators and their functional/stylistic features. Goals. The paper aims to describe the grammatical and lexical means of expressing the semantics of prohibition in modern Tuvan, to analyze their meanings, pragmatic and stylistic functions. Materials and Methods. The study employs the descriptive method, functional/semantic and communicative/pragmatic approaches. The research material was provided by examples from digital sources of Tuvan-language texts available at: http://www.tuvancorpus.ru/. Results. The research of Tuvan language materials confirms the data from typologically different languages that indicators of the negative imperative are stylistically universal transmitters of the prohibitive meaning. Other means of expressing prohibition — besides the negative form of the future tense –бас — are stylistically marked. When it comes to express a prohibition, intonation holds an important place since it interacts with the former’s formal indicators proper, context and communicative situation. The paper identifies several types of prohibition (the prohibitive) that have received grammatical and lexical expressions in the Tuvan language — the regulative, preventive, constative, and corrective. Semantically, a comparatively wider range of prohibition values is possessed by the analytical form Tv-п болбас ― a special grammatical indicator of prohibition expressing the regulative, preventive, and constative. For other grammatical means within this system of indicative indicators, transfer of prohibition values is not a key function of theirs. This is the case of the future negative -бас (regulative, preventive) and the past -ды. The latter conveys a value of the admonitive. The system of lexical and grammatical means of expressing prohibition is distinguished by the lexemes хоржок (preventive), болзун, адыр (corrective) that have no certain part of speech status within the modern language. The prohibition lexeme болзун is a grammaticalization of the verb бол- in the meaning ‘to finish’ for the third imperative. There are two verbs бол- and сокса- that implicitly express prohibition/correction. The considered lexico-grammatical and lexical means of prohibition belong to the colloquial style. The formal style employs a number of special lexemes with the meaning of the regulative formed from the stem хору-. This word-formation nest includes verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The results of the study in the functional/semantic field of prohibition in the Tuvan language shall be demanded in further research on modality in the Turkic and other languages.

Newspaper headlines as a tool for linguistic modeling of police image

The article considers the issue of linguistic modeling of the image of the police in the newspa[1]per discourse, in newspaper headlines in particular. This article is relevant and determined by the need to study the representation of reality in the media discourse and its linguistic manifestation. In addition, the media have recently paid close attention to the coverage of the activities of social institutions, especially with regard to law enforcement agencies. The authors describe the characteristics of the mass media discourse as one of the tools for implementing public power, organizing the activities of political and social institutions, and forming an image. The paper considers the specific features and functions of the newspaper discourse, and also considers the newspaper headline, which acts as a pragmatic component of a newspaper article contributing to the creation of information and social mediation between addressees and addressers in order to exert a regulatory influence on public opinion. The article focuses on the structural, semantic and stylistic analysis of the newspaper headlines that represent information about law enforcement agencies’ activities in Russia and the United States. The authors divide the publications into neutral (“Arguments and Facts”, “USA Today”, “Wall Street Journal”), pro-government (“Newspaper. Ru”, “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” and “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, “Associated Press”) and opposition newspapers (“Novaya Gazeta”, “Kommersant”, “The New York Times”, “Washington Post”). In total, 60 newspaper headlines were analyzed for the period from September to December 2020. The results show that the texts of newspaper reports perform informative and pragmatic functions, and the newspaper headline is the key to understanding the author’s position and intentions. Lexical, grammatical, and stylistic differences in the headlines of Russian and American newspapers devoted to the activities of law enforcement agencies were identified, as well as language techniques for exerting speech influence on the reader and linguistic modeling of the police image.

Linguistic Indicators of Coercive Control: Evidenced in Sex Trafficking Narratives

Prior research on coercive control has focused on coercive behavioral tactics to better understand how coercion is exacted in abusive relationships. Furthering this body of research, this study extends coercive behavior to the linguistic domain, by examining the linguistic correlates of long-term coercive relationships. Using transcripts of wiretapped conversations, spanning a 2-year period, between two pimps and four women they sexually exploited, this study examined the distinct linguistic manifestation of asymmetric power in commercial sexual exploitation. Our findings suggest a complementary linguistic dimension to the commonly reported behavioral repertoire of coercive control tactics. Specifically, the victims consistently complied with the microregulation and surveillance presumed by their pimps by engaging in discursive overelaboration. This overelaboration often included details of their location, activity, and timing—and were designed to justify those as work-and profit-relevant. This pattern of pre-emptive, unsolicited overelaboration that the commercial sexually exploited women exhibited toward their pimps was almost nonexistent in their personal conversations with other individuals. These results open the opportunity for the indirect measurement of interpersonal abuse, making it less dependent on explicit physical abuse and more broadly situated within the coercive environment.

Openings and Closings in Workplace Emails

Languages vary when it comes to linguistic manifestations of formal politeness, but what particularly marks professional email communication is the flexibility of the genre compared to traditional, formal business letters. This poses the question of how individual email writers navigate without clear standards and clearly prescribed formulae. This study focuses on the individual email writer and, specifically, opening salutations and closing valedictions in 927Norwegian workplace emails, followed by metapragmatic interviews with their senders. In an egalitarian society with few explicit linguistic manifestations of formal politeness, individual choices of formulations provide a rich source of data. Linguistic content analysis reveals a significant degree of consistency in each person’s individual use, which indicates that when there are no commonly held norms, people make their own rules. The interviewees are aware ofwhich openings and closings they prefer, but often not why. Further analysis of the data reveals that hierarchical social distance is not a motivational factor, but the intentions to be either personally close or professionally distant are. Both are regarded as viable options in formal workplace emails by their users. However, the informants’ perception of which linguistic items represent these motivations depends on individual preferences rather than on any establishedor institutionalised practises. The latter is not a uniquely Norwegian problem, but concerns email correspondents in general because of the flexibility innate to the email genre.

CONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF GERMAN AND HUNGARIAN IDIOMS

The subject of the study is the examination of figurative meaning in Hungarian and German. In the present study, I present the interpretation of figurative meaning within the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics by analysing idiomatic expressions in Hungarian and German on the example of the concept of ‘time’. In this contrastive research, I primarily look for the answer to how ordinary people use cognitive tools to grasp intangible abstract concepts such as ‘time’ and what connections can be observed between literal and figurative meaning.
 The examined Hungarian and German idioms are the linguistic manifestations of the conceptual metaphor time is money (valuable resource). The study aims to support the assumption that in any language an abstract meaning can only be expressed with a figurative meaning.
 Time is an abstract concept that is present in the everyday language use of all people. The expressions time passes, the time is here, my time has come, it takes a lot of time – to mention just a few, have become so conventionalized in our language that we take their meaning literally. Nonetheless, they are based on conventional conceptual metaphors that we use to make the concept of time more tangible to ourselves. The linguistic manifestations of these conceptual metaphors are created and understood without any mental strain.
 In the first stage of the research, I searched for possible German equivalents of Hungarian expressions, and then I used Internet search engines and idiom and monolingual dictionaries to select the most frequently used equivalent in German. As a next step, I examined 1) the word form, 2) the literal meaning, 3) the figurative meaning, and 4) the conceptual metaphor of idioms in both languages, which were either been identical or different. Because they are different languages, the word forms are inherently different. At the end of the study, I compared the formed patterns from which I drew conclusions, which support that figurative meaning is figurative in another language as well.

Hedges and Boosters in Indonesian Scientific Articles

Hedging and boosting or ‘pembentengan’ (Indonesian) is the act of scientific writers in maintaining smooth scientific communication. This paper answers two problem formulations, i.e., what are the linguistic manifestations of hedges and boosters in Indonesian scientific articles, and how their meaning reveals the writer's level of confidence in the information conveyed. This study aims to enrich the description of scientific writing practices in Indonesia to support the development of scientific writing skills in general. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. This research data is in the form of sentences containing hedges and boosters from various scientific journals published in Indonesia through the note-taking technique. The main theory to analyze the data is the theory on hedges and boosters. The data were analyzed semantically, syntactically, and pragmatically. The results show that hedges and boosters in the form of adverbs are the most commonly used in Indonesian Scientific writing. The meaning of hedges and boosters cannot always be determined by their lexical meaning because each hedge and booster has to be seen in its use in the sentence. The Indonesian scientific community has its own agreement in the social interaction of scientific articles.Keywords: scientific writing; hedges and boosters; confidence; doubt; function; interaction

Begriff (Concept)

The lexeme Begriff marks Goethe’s ongoing reconstruction of the traditional philosophical concept across a variety of disciplinary practices. In its most developed articulations, it also works transcendentally to establish the conditions of possibility for thought and intelligibility on a dynamic plane of verbal experimentation and reinvention that cuts immanently through the world. Unlike the clear and distinct concepts of rationalist metaphysics, which function as fixed universals beyond the reach of the senses, Goethe’s extensive usages and ongoing conceptualizations of Begriff draw on an expressive power within language to generate sequences of cognitive moves and moments of transitional understanding that stand in close relation to each other and can be gathered in graded series to be saved for further observation, description, reflection, and reconfiguration. Through its successive linguistic manifestations, moreover, and in line with Goethe’s heterodox approach to systematic philosophy, Begriff lays out force fields of verbal and philosophical activity and discovery with fluid and permeable borders. In ways comparable to the power of reflective judgment in Kant’s third critique, which dispenses with the categories of the understanding and their determining judgments to work intuitively within the world of living forms (Gestalten), Goethe’s lebendiger Begriff (living concept) proves to be a more encompassing structure of thought and its processes than the conceptual machinery of orthodox metaphysical systems with their regulatory regimes of limit-setting terms. Redeployed as an experimental object of experience, Begriff is, therefore, also anschaulich (visual, accessible to intuition). By offering a dynamic perspective onto the fugitive things of the world—including its thought things—it continually reveals the hidden secrets of its own perpetual becomings.

In Any Case No Upper Palatinate Dialect

This article investigates important factors concerning the urban identity of the inhabitants of Regensburg and their linguistic manifestation. In interviews with citizens of Regensburg five characteristic factors emerged, which lead to the core factor, the popular idea of Regensburg as a linguistic enclave of the Middle Bavarian dialect surrounded by North Bavarian. The article shows how this idea became part of the cultural memory in Regensburg.

The Role of Media in Shaping Public Perception of Immigrants

Immigration has become one of the most important topics in the political debate and the public media for the last decade. This study analyzes the patterns of words that the press uses to describe immigration and immigrants. We will focus on conceptual metaphors and their linguistic manifestations in the British, American and Croatian mainstream newspapers. This study attempts to gain an understanding of the strategic use of conceptual metaphors to construct and shape the context of the immigration discourse. The cognitive theory is outlined (see Lakoff & Johnson 1980, Kövecses 2002, Goatly 2007, Barcelona 2000, Croft et al. 2004) and applied to the immigration discourse as found in the public media (see Wodak 2015, van Dijk 2000, Cunningham-Parmeter 2012, Musolff 2015, Drulak 2006, etc.). The results of the analysis of a representative data of immigration metaphors show that a small set of 'conceptual frames' underlies the perception of immigrants. Several competing metaphors have been identified: immigrant=alien, migration=water, flood, immigration=movement/journey, etc. These metaphors are constantly repeated in different discourses that revolve around the concept of immigration. This study empirically attempts to identify how the media formulates its views about the migrants. In exploring the phenomenon of immigration we have used an interdisciplinary approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods, including socio-political and linguistic perspectives. The outcome of this research may provide the relevant source for future research to measure media’s role in shaping and defining public opinion about immigration issues.

“Will I make it or will I make a fool of myself”: Polish-English certified interpreters’ experience of anxiety

The paper presents a study of the psycho-affective factor of anxiety experienced by Polish-English certified interpreters while performing certified consecutive interpreting. The first part of the article sketches the theoretical background of the study, by focusing on interpreter psychology, a subfield of interpreting studies offering the methodological scaffolding for the study of interpreting-related psychological phenomena, and on anxiety as one of the components of the interpreter’s psycho-affectivity. What follows is an overview of certified interpreting in the Polish context. The major part of the article provides an insight into the study of the certified interpreters’ experience of anxiety—its types, causes, linguistic and extra-linguistic manifestations. What emerges from the study is that anxiety is quite a potent psycho-affective factor which is likely to obstruct certified interpreting performance and lower the quality of its outcome—the oral output.

EMOTIVES OF SURPRISE IN MODERN ENGLISH POETRY

The paper focuses on linguistic manifestation of emotion of surprise in modern English poetic texts. The study is guided by the statement that emotions – psychosomatic processes – can be fixed in fictional texts (including the poetic ones) in the form of emotives – the linguistic units that manifest emotions and/or feelings of the addresser. The emotion of surprise differs from other basic emotions of a person due to its ambivalence and specific prerequisites to emergence. As surprise comes forth unexpectedly, the study looks for basic situations in the context of poetic texts when emotives of surprise appear. To study the phenomenon, the concept of emotional situation is employed. It marks the circumstances under which the persona experiences the emotion of surprise. The results obtained from the analysis of modern English poems distinguish several emotional situations in which emotives of surprise appear. They occur at the junction of image-bearing spaces of 1) dream and reality; 2) reality and fantasy; 3) expectations and their fulfilment; 4) two contrasting situations in reality. These image-bearing spaces may have either contrasting or complementing features. The defeated expectancy effect that occurs due their interaction manifests itself verbally via the emotives of surprise.

Linguistic Problems in Light of General Semiotics

This article is based on several primary postulates. Here is the leading one: A science, called semiotics, which is rapidly developing before our eyes, has not yet developed a standard and acceptable scientific paradigm for most of its followers. It is interpreted in various ways by schools that have arisen in different countries, relying on completely different positions. The school from the Estonian city of Tartu, for example, is guided by the fact that all signs arose in inanimate nature and continued in the life of plants and all living beings, including humans. Thus, any cause leading to the same effect is a sign for this effect. The semiotic school in Gothenburg (Sweden) defends the thesis that images are the basis of all other sign formations. Many semioticians, following de Saussure, are convinced that linguistic signs are the leading and initial ones, and all other sign constructs follow them. The author of this work proceeds from the assumption that the symbolic storehouse contains signs for very different content and of very different origins. From natural signs that came to us from nature (we see smoke, it means something is burning; we hear thunder, it means that it is raining somewhere), to signs in mathematics, which all came from the human mind. Language constructions are included in this system along with signs of other types. None of these types is the leading and decisive one; all of them were born in the course of the development of human civilization, as the human spirit strengthened and developed. And each of them performs its own function – for example, images underlie all arts, and languages are called upon to explain everything and everyone. Therefore, each type of sign is specific, and all together they make up a complete set of tools with which we can understand the events taking place around us and influence them. A complete and deep explanation of the entire sphere of signs and sign systems is available only to general semiotics – it determines the place of each specific sign topic. This article is devoted to the definition of the possibilities of linguistic signs – it seems to be objective enough and it presents linguistic manifestations familiar to us in a new way. What is a word? What is grammar? What is lexicography? etc. But it presents them from a different point of view, from the point of view of semiotics.

Developing awareness of interference errors in translation. An English-Spanish pilot study in popular science and audiovisual transcripts

The use of astronomy discourse in the form of written and web/audiovisual texts has been gaining ground in undergraduate courses of specialized translation. These materials have been used at the University of Leon for the last four years during the last semester of the degree Filologia Moderna: Ingles , as part of the course Traduccion ingles -espanol II , basically geared towards awareness raising of translation problems and solutions available. The aim of this paper is twofold: a) to show the main differences between the language of astronomy in different genres (Stolze 2009; Byrne 2012; Tessuto, Bait 2017) in English and in audiovisual texts (Diaz Cintas, Remael 2007; Chaume 2012) in English and Spanish and b) to show which linguistic areas are more problematic for undergraduate students, e.g. types of technical dialects, nominalization chains, metaphoric language, among others (Rabadan 1991; Shuttleworth 2014). We will use two small comparable subcorpora of written research articles and popular science, and an audiovisual corpus of popular science in order to identify a) similarities and differences at different levels and b) a hierarchy of relevance. Our taxonomy will include linguistic, cultural, genre-based, and semiotic problems and their linguistic manifestations. We will also use an En-Es parallel corpus (Gutierrez Lanza 2011) which will include the originals mentioned above and the translations made by undergraduate students during this period. They will be compared with a “standard” target text in order to identify which features are more problematic in English-Spanish transfer. The results will be collated both statistically and qualitatively so as to produce a tagset of errors to be applied to learners’ corpora. The procedure is replicable for other domains, genres, and language pairs. These corpus-based data En-Es will be used to produce language pair focused training materials (Lopez-Rodriguez, Tercedor-Sanchez 2008; Rabadan 2010).

Porządkowanie źródeł polskiego prawa a refleksja nad językiem (na materiale "Akt grodzkich i ziemskich z czasów Rzeczypospolitej z archiwum bernardyńskiego we Lwowie", XIX wiek)

Celem artykułu jest refleksja nad językowymi przejawami porządkowania informacji dotyczących edycji dokumentów źródłowych z dziedziny prawa przez XIX-wiecznych uczonych zajmujących się historią Polski. Prace nad utrwaleniem drukiem pomników polszczyzny były w XIX w. motywowane pragnieniem udokumentowania i udowodnienia dawności polskiej kultury i języka polskiego, historycznego znaczenia polskiego narodu w okresie utraty państwowości. Porządkowanie treści w badanym opracowaniu źródłowym następuje poprzez dobór materiałów, selekcję, nadanie im układu chronologicznego, określenie ich pochodzenia oraz opatrzenie komentarzem o tematyce językowej, historycznej, obyczajowej. Refleksja nad językiem dotyczy grafii, sprawności pisarza, poprawności gramatycznej i leksykalnej tekstu, realizacji łaciny, wyjątkowo etymologii. Autorzy komentarza najczęściej zabierają głos w sprawie autentyczności tekstu. Refleksje o języku dokumentu służą jako argument o oryginalności lub nieautentyczności źródła. Orzekanie o autentyczności tekstu i jego znaczeniu odzwierciedla jedną z podstawowych idei poznawczych tego okresu — porządkowania edycji pomników polskiego prawa. W strategii dyskursywnej historyków refleksje nad językiem zostały jej podporządkowane.

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the F-A-S fluency test in people with aphasia.

ABSTRACT.Verbal fluency tests are widely used in neuropsychological assessment. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the performance of aphasic individuals on the phonemic verbal fluency (PVF) test can contribute to a better understanding of cognitive changes in this group of patients.Objective:This study aimed to analyze clustering and switching measures of PVF in people with aphasia and investigate the relationship between the use of these strategies, the quantitative performance on the test, and the performance on executive functions.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study of 15 people with aphasia, right-handed, native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, aged 19 to 92 years. They were submitted to the F-A-S test and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT). The following measures were obtained in the F-A-S test: total score, number of clusters, mean cluster size, and number of switches. Spearman's test was used to analyze correlation.Results:We found a positive correlation among all F-A-S test scores, ranging from p=0.61 (p<0.001) to p=0.91 (p<0.001). No correlation was identified between these measures and CDT performance (p≤0.31; p≥0.260).Conclusions:The quantitative and qualitative analysis of F-A-S in people with aphasia, even those with different linguistic manifestations, showed that these individuals presented lower scores and that the number of total words and the number of switches were strongly correlated. We found no correlation between executive function, assessed by the CDT, and switching performance on the F-A-S test.

Developments in Dissociation: Past Contexts, Present Applications, Future Implications

ABSTRACT Dissociation is considered by many to be Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's most innovative and significant contribution to rhetorical theory. Currently on display in American debates over racial justice and public health, dissociation is a nuanced process of conceptual reconfiguration. After exploring how dissociation figures in these debates, the introduction summarizes how scholars over the years have extended and complicated the concept. The introduction then identifies key gaps in scholarship that are addressed by the articles included in this special section, including dissociation's philosophical genesis, its linguistic manifestations, its structural possibilities, and its role in comedic discourse.

Khants-Mansi folk motives in the modern Yugorsk advertising: cultural and linguistic aspect

Introduction. The article analyses of extralinguistic factors that form the advertising trademarks of Ugra. Created emblems, product logos represent an original trade proposal, based on the culture and language of the Khanty and Mansi peoples. The aim of the paper is to determine the role of folk images, motives of the Khanty and Mansi in the process of creating modern trade marks for Ugra advertising. When analyzing logos, brands, symbols of Ugra brands, it is substantiated that one of the effective methods of influencing the audience is the appeal to folk culture, folk memory. Materials and Methods. Advertisement texts were collected from Khanty-Mansiysk local printed media, Internet advertisement (VKontakte social media, Youtube) by the continuous sampling method. A total of 450 advertisements were analysed. The main research methods are descriptive, component analysis, as well as individual elements of comparative and contextual methods. Results and Discussion. Background knowledge of the Khanty and Mansi peoples that were presented in the product’s trademark, stimulate the recipient’s mental process, activate autocommunication. Creolization in demonstrating the advantages of the Yugor brand allows a potential customer to complete the message by replenishing the details, thereby contributing to the promotion of goods in the consumer market. Nowadays the research in the Khanty language lack specialised research papers dedicated to folklore references in advertisement, there are only a few piecewise studies. On the other hand, the abundance of research in folklore studies, social studies, cultural studies and brand-building demonstrate the timelessness of the subject from the perspective of the linguistic manifestation of Khanty worldview in advertisement texts. Conclusion. The material of the study reveals the people’s wealth and the effectiveness of Khanty and Mansi references in advertisement. Linguistic ethnical and cultural stereotypes construct a wideview on the subject and create a unique, individual trade proposal in other regions as well.

From Flaming to Incited Crime: Recognising Cyberbullying on Chinese WeChat Account

Cyberbullying involves the use of ICTs (information and communication technologies) to carry out an act or a series of acts intended to harm victims emotionally [12, p. 288]. As a crucial type of cyberbullying, flaming is also intended for emotional harm to victims [10, p. 419]. WeChat subscription accounts, as one kind of the most popular social media in China, are a perfect venue for flaming. WeChat account writers are permitted to post their attitudes which may contain flaming language under the veil of legitimate account. Sometimes such flaming language may further incite crimes or moral wrongs. However, the potential harmful effect and the underlying risk of incitement become invisible and have been paid little attention. In order to reveal the flaming nature of WeChat accounts, twenty-six suspect articles from a Chinese Wechat subscription account are analysed from the perspectives of corpus linguistics and pragmatics. As a result, linguistic clues to flaming (cyberbullying) are recognised, and related legal issues concerning internet incitement are addressed. Specifically, it is found that: firstly, the linguistic manifestations of the invisible flaming could be revealed in terms of keywords, semantic prosodies and speech acts; secondly, the flamer is very good at formulating some emotionally harmful keywords and semantic prosodies into his attitudes and imposing them upon the readers; thirdly, language crime of incitement requires only the inciter’s illocutionary act, i.e., intention, rather than the outcome of the incitement. These results suggest that linguistic approach helps in penetrating and recognising flaming (cyberbullying) articles in Chinese social media for protecting the mass audience from being fallen victims. Besides, the results also provide some implications on social media laws and regulations in mainland China.