Linguistic Forms Research Articles

Digital Expressions of Grief and Mourning between Music, Language and Speechlessness

A variety of music videos are available on the video platform YouTube, many of which can be commented on. This paper focuses on a certain type of commentary that links a piece of music with memories of deceased relatives or friends. For some users, listening to particular pieces of music consciously, after the experience of a personal loss, appears to be a self-chosen form of processing emotions, which may then be shared anonymously with others in the comment section. These forms of remembrance in turn often garner responses in the anonymity of the comment section voicing sympathy, empathy or one’s own memories. The paper presents linguistic patterns of this digital mourning and the chosen linguistic forms of reactions. This qualitative analysis draws on the comment section of music videos on YouTube, followed by a methodological discussion of the role of music in this »multimodal ensemble« (Stöckl 2019, p. 60) with respect to emotions.

The Role of English Language Newspapers in Language Improvement

This article explores the role that English language newspapers play in the improvement of English language. Even though English language newspapers are or may not be primarily designed to improve linguistic skills of learners, there are many ways by which a second-language learner can benefit from them. The newspapers have a variety of columns, ranging from news, views, articles, games, and so on, that are very interesting to the daily lives of readers. At the same time, the newspapers are prepared in such a way that they pass through a rigorous process of editing in terms of the verifiability of their stories and the linguistic formality of their sentences and paragraphs. The newspapers use a wide variety of word class vocabularies, phrases, idioms, and expressions to give metaphorical meanings to their stories. To the English language learner who reads those newspapers on a continuous basis and is given assignments by teachers to discuss, debate, have conversation, and answer comprehension questions from them, the linguistic benefits are enormous. This article explains how learners would be able to boost their vocabulary, reading skills, listening skills, as well as speaking abilities by using English language newspapers.

Spanish translation of the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) compilation

BackgroundMost implementation science resources (e.g., taxonomies) are published in English. Linguistic inaccessibility creates a barrier to the conduct of implementation research among non-English-speaking populations, so translation of resources is needed. Translation into Spanish can facilitate widespread reach, given the large proportion of Spanish speakers around the world. This research aimed to systematically translate the Expert Recommendations for Implementation Change (ERIC) compilation into Spanish as an exemplar for the linguistic translation process.MethodsUsing the World Health Organization guidelines, this work translated the ERIC compilation strategy names, short definitions, and thematic clusters through a three-step process: 1) forward translation into Spanish by a native Spanish-speaking implementation scientist, 2) back-translation into English by a bilingual global health researcher, and 3) piloting via virtual focus group discussions with bilingual researchers not conducting implementation research. To achieve a generalizable translation, recruitment targeted a multicultural group of Spanish-speaking researchers. At the conclusion of each step, the transdisciplinary research team (N = 7) met to discuss discrepancies and refine translations. The Spanish version of the ERIC compilation was finalized through group consensus. Reflections from research team meetings and focus group discussions were synthesized qualitatively.ResultsGiven that dialectical nuances exist between Spanish-speaking regions, efforts prioritized universally accepted terminology. Team discussions focused on difficult translations, word choice, and clarity of concepts. Seven researchers participated in two focus groups, where discussion surrounded clarity of concepts, alternative word choice for Spanish translations, linguistic formality, grammar, and conciseness. Translation difficulties highlighted lack of precision in implementation science terminology, and the lack of conceptual clarity of words underscored limitations in the application of the compilation.ConclusionsThe work demonstrated the feasibility of translating implementation science resources. As one of the first systematic efforts to translate implementation resources, this study can serve as a model for additional efforts, including translation into other languages and the expansion to conceptual modifications. Further, this work yielded insights into the need to provide conceptual clarity in implementation science terminology. Importantly, the development of Spanish resources will increase access to conduct implementation research among Spanish-speaking populations.

Causal Relations and Cohesive Strategies in the Narratives of Heritage Speakers of Russian in Their Two Languages

Causal relations allow a very detailed insight into the narrative skills of children from various backgrounds; however, their contribution has not been sufficiently studied in bilingual populations. The present study examines the expression of causal relations and the linguistic forms used to encode them in narratives of bilingual children speaking Russian as the Heritage Language (HL) and Hebrew as the Societal Language (SL). Narratives were collected from 21 typically developing Russian–Hebrew bilingual children using the Frog story picture book and were coded for frequency and type of episodic components, and for causal relations focusing on enabling and motivational relations. Results showed that the number of episodic components was higher in Hebrew than in Russian. An in-depth analysis showed that more components were mentioned in the first five episodes, particularly at the onset of the story. Causal relations were similar in both languages but were differently distributed across the languages—more enabling relations in Russian stories and more motivational relations in Hebrew stories. Production of episodic components and causal relations was affected by language proficiency but not by age of onset of bilingualism (AoB). In terms of language forms, lexical chains (e.g., search~find) were the most frequent means for inferring relations. Syntactic and referential cohesion were used in dedicated episodes to convey relations in both languages. Finally, a higher number of significant correlations between narrative productivity measures, episodic components, and causal relations were found in SL/Hebrew than in HL/Russian. The study results underscore the need to understand how language-specific abilities interact with knowledge of narrative discourse construction.

Neues aus Thyatira – eine lex sacra aus vorchristlicher Zeit

Abstract Among the few inscriptions published in recent times that can be attributed to Thyatira, one of the seven cities of Revelation (cf. Rev 1:11; 2:18–29), a particularly noteworthy example is a lex sacra, or purity law. It regulates access to the sanctuary of an unspecified deity (presumably the μήτερ τῶν θεῶν). After presenting the material findings along with the Greek text and the German translation, the inscription is analyzed in terms of its linguistic form and genre. This is followed by a discussion of the individual cases of defilement (death, eating and touching garlic, murder and manslaughter, sexuality). Cross-references to biblical and intertestamental literature are included. The aim is to enhance the religious-historical profile of Thyatira, an Asia Minor city, which has received comparatively little attention in New Testament research.

SEMANTIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

This study conducts a semantic structural analysis of speech acts in English and Uzbek languages to explore the pragmatic functions, linguistic forms, and cultural influences shaping communication in diverse cultural contexts. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, key findings reveal both similarities and differences in the realization of speech acts between the two languages. While both English and Uzbek employ a range of speech act types to achieve communicative goals, variations in linguistic forms and cultural connotations reflect cultural norms and social expectations.

Register in Reviewing Indonesian Food in Marina Tasha’s YouTube Vlog: Sociolinguistics Study

This research, titled "Register Reviewing Indonesian Food in Marina Tasha’s YouTube Vlog: A Sociolinguistic Study," aims to identify and classify the registers used in food reviews in Bandung, as well as analyze the variation of language and linguistic forms of these registers. The theories employed in this study are those of Martin Joos (1968) on language variation, and George Yule (2006) on linguistic forms. Additionally, the research utilizes a descriptive methodology. This research focuses on the analysis of registers used in food reviews presented in a popular YouTube vlog hosted by Marina Tasha. The study aims to (1) identify the various registers employed by the vlogger when reviewing Indonesian cuisine, and (2) examine how these registers differ in terms of linguistic forms and language variation. The primary data source for this descriptive qualitative research is the script and transcripts of selected food review segments from Marina Tasha's YouTube channel. The data for this study were collected from food review vlog video published on YouTube. The result is revealed 25 words that exhibited variations in language and linguistic forms within registers. The language variations found in the register words in food reviews are formal (5 words, 20%), consultative (6 words, 24%), casual (13 words, 52%), and intimate registers (1 word, 4%). The most dominat register in Indonesian Food in Marina Tasha Youtube is casual.

Content and Context of Kaṇakkatikāram Manuscripts

Kaṇakkatikāram is the title of elementary mathematical treatises that focus on measurements, calculation techniques and practical-recreational word problems. These treatises enjoyed substantial distribution in medieval and colonial Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Parameswara Iyer 1990, Vol. 2, 524-527). In this paper we will describe these treatises based on Malayalam manuscripts. We will discuss their content, linguistic and stylistic form, context of use, relation to actual professional practices, the cultural values that they express, and the political-economic reality that they reflect. Since the Tamil versions have already been analyzed in Senthil Babu (2022), here we focus on aspects that complement his analysis and on features that are unique to, or more salient in, the Malayalam versions.

Behavior-induced identity inferences, politico-ideological polarization and the emergence of sociolinguistically marked terms

This paper investigates behavior-induced identity inferences (as exemplified by phenomena such as virtue signaling), and their implications for politico-ideological polarization and the emergence of linguistic forms associated with specific politico-ideological positions (such as great replacement, used nearly exclusively by members of the extreme right). Through three simulations, it will be shown that behavior-induced identity inferences consistently increase politico-ideological polarization. However, the emergence of expressions linked to particular politico-ideological stances requires the additional process of schismogenesis, that is, a differentiation process between the behavioral profiles of agents belonging to different groups.

A few-shot word-structure embedded model for bridge inspection reports learning

Intelligent bridge maintenance requires the comprehensive utilization of inspection records, as they contain valuable insights into structures’ long-term service conditions. To efficiently focus and utilize this data from extensive reports, reliable extraction methods are highly sought after. However, the heavy reliance on large amounts of manually annotated data limits the applicability and practicability of existing information extraction methods from bridge inspection reports, especially given the non-uniformity in report formats and expressions. To address this issue, this study proposed a few-shot information extraction model for bridge inspection reports understanding, comprising Word and Structure Integration Embeddings, Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), and Condition Random Field (CRF). The model’s strength lies in its easy-to-implement word-structure embedding approach, which combines domain-specific word representations and sentence structure information. Specifically, the bridge inspection-domain pre-trained language model was further pre-trained and fine-tuned to obtain word embeddings, containing prior knowledge of the domain and tasks. Moreover, a novel encoding method was designed to generate sentence structure embeddings from dependency syntactic analysis results, providing textual representation information. Finally, the integrated word-structure embeddings, created by aligning dimensions for concatenation, were fed into the BiLSTM-CRF architecture to capture contextual dependencies and constrain extraction results. Empirical evaluations conducted on four few-shot datasets with 10, 30, 50, and 100 samples demonstrate that the proposed model achieved high accuracy and F1 score, outperforming prior methods, general domain models, and large language models. Specifically, in a dataset containing 50 sentences, our model achieved an accuracy of up to 0.9357 and an F1 score of 0.8683, representing an average increase of 38.4% higher than these methods. Ablation experiments revealed the contributions of each model component. These results suggest that the proposed model can accurately extract key information from bridge inspection reports even with limited training data scenarios, thereby facilitating applications such as structural condition evaluation and maintenance decision-making.

Register in Ensemble Stars Music Game

This research aims to describe the linguistic form, discover the meaning, and identify the register's function in the Ensemble Stars Music game. The theories applied are Finegan's theory to describe register linguistic forms, Halliday's theory to find register meaning, and identify register functions. This study uses a qualitative methodology by way of discourse analysis. The data taken is in the form of words related to gameplay. From the 25 data found, there are 14 single words, 7 compound words, and 4 shortenings divided into 3 initialisms and 1 acronym. Regarding the meaning discovered, most registers are classified as open variations compared to closed ones. Based on the analysis, the register function that appears the most is personal. In addition, the registers also have imaginative, representational, interactional, and instrumental functions.

BILINGUAL ADVERTISING COMMUNICATION IN A DIACHRONIC ASPECT (BASED ON RUSSIAN AND CHINESE ADVERTISING SIGNS IN HARBIN, CHINA)

The article discusses the features of the Russian Chinese pidgin against the background of Russian-Chinese intercultural communication from different points of view in terms of the formation and development of regional cultural linguistics. A diachronic study of bilingual advertising communication based on signboards is carried out from the sociolinguistic and linguistic perspectives. The object of the study is the lexicon of two types of pidgin from Chinese-Russian pidgin dictionaries and the Harbin dialect dictionarу as long as Chinese-Russian bilingual signs in the city of Harbin from 1902 to the present day. The change of the dominant language and translation strategy in bilingual advertising communication is analyzed.

Features of translation of similes in literary translation (based on J. Rowling's novel “Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone”)

The scientific paper analyzes the transmission of similes in literary translation from English into Kazakh. On the example of the literary translation of J. Rowling “Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone”, the problems of using similes in the source language and their translation to the target language are considered. Based on the theoretical work of domestic and foreign scientists who studied similes, the problems of the features of their application, classification and translation are studied. At the same time, the features of literary translation and its importance in the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage were considered. In the course of the study, the problem of preserving the style, tone, meaning and spirit of similes when translating similes structures from the source language into the target language was discussed. Various ways of translating similes were also discussed, taking into account cultural differences and characteristics of the target audience. The problems faced by translators, such as the gap between linguistic forms and cultural contexts, are studied. Summarizing the article, it was concluded that the study of literary translation is one of the most pressing issues for preserving linguistic and cultural diversity in world literature and providing Kazakh-speaking readers with the opportunity to enjoy great works.

The Dialectical Relationship of the Arbitrariness and Iconicity of Linguistic Semiotics

The enduring debate surrounding the arbitrariness and iconicity of linguistic signs centers on the relationship between form and meaning, or signifier and signified. This study aims to clarify the dialectical relationship between these two foundational principles in linguistics. Historically, arbitrariness, as proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure, posits that the connection between a linguistic sign's form and its meaning is conventional and lacks inherent justification. Conversely, iconicity suggests a natural or motivated connection between form and meaning, a view supported by cognitive and functional linguistics. This paper critically reviews the historical and contemporary arguments from both camps, highlighting significant contributions from scholars such as Saussure, Peirce, and Haiman. Through a comprehensive analysis, it is demonstrated that arbitrariness and iconicity are not mutually exclusive but coexist at different levels within language systems. The paper argues for a nuanced understanding that considers both synchronic and diachronic perspectives, ultimately suggesting that these two principles can complement each other, providing a deeper insight into the nature and function of linguistic signs. This study contributes to the broader discussion on the inherent characteristics of language, with implications for linguistic theory, language teaching, translation, and cognitive science.

Development of “sacredness-morality” concept in Russian pedagogical education of the last century

Introduction. The article is the result of analyzing complex dual-core concept of “Sacredness and Morality” in the discourse of educational text on pedagogy. Aim and objectives. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of the concept for pedagogical discourse, including its basic conceptual features.Materials and Methods. Conceptological analysis made it possible to develop a system of conceptual features for each of the nuclear concepts.Results. The structure of the concept has five conceptual features characteristic of both nuclear concepts: ideality, complexity, achievability, social and individual conditionality. The resulting model was applied to the textbooks on pedagogy of pre-Revolution, Soviet and post-Soviet periods. In all cases, it established incomplete relationship with the original linguistic form. In preRevolution period, concept structure did not expose two cores, sacredness concept had a complex structure and is individually conditioned, possibility of its full implementation was rather denied, verbal signs of its dependence on social attitudes were not found in the text, and sign of ideality was not fully realized. The implementation of concept in the textbook of mid-twentieth century looked too idealized. The construction of an absolutely new communist morality made it possible to present current understanding of the concept in “broad strokes”, to express the neophytes’ conviction in reality of embodying standard of a true communist through the means of Soviet education. The model proposed by modern authors did not implement core of morality in general. The textbook returns to one of original ideas about sacredness, but with significant differences. Firstly, it equalized all religious ideas and excluded dominance of one confession in education process. Secondly, it perceived weak social conditioning as a shortcoming that must have been eliminated.Discussion and Conclusions. Analysis of the factors limiting full concept representation lead to recommendations for their elimination. We propose to consider modern request for sacred and moral education in light of normal evolution of the concept underlying it. Despite the words order in nominating phrase, morality core is interpretive and fundamental for a correct understanding of sacredness. For effective work on needs of moral education, we recommend organizing practical work consistently, with progressive and gradual formation of first moral values, and then sacred ones. The basic principles of such work should be those conceptual features that are regularly and fully implemented in each of concept cores.

PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT THE LINGUISTIC FORM OF THE RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT OF THE KYRGYZ EXPERIENCE

The article considers the basic theoretical provisions on the importance of the comparative legal method in scienti c researches and in the practice of national criminal law-making. The article proves the admissibility and expediency of using the comparative legal method in the scienti c substantiation of ways to improve the linguistic form of the Russian criminal law. It is speci ed that the possibilities of the comparative legal method in this area are limited, as each national law is written in the original na-tional language, which has features of the lexical composition and grammatical structure, therefore, it is not the national systems of lexical and grammatical means themselves that are important for improving the linguistic form of the Russian criminal law, but rather positive experience with regard to general approaches to their use in the formulation of the content of criminal law prescriptions. Based on the analysis of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, a number of successful legislative decisions are identi ed in terms of giving precision and clarity to the language of criminal law, attention is focused on the pragmatic function of legislative de nitions, revealing the meaning of terms used in criminal law and giving them strictly xed normative content, which contributes to the formation of uniform law enforcement practice; and it is substantiated that the Kyrgyz experience in this area deserves the close attention of the Russian legislator.

Multilingual end-to-end ASR for low-resource Turkic languages with common alphabets

To obtain a reliable and accurate automatic speech recognition (ASR) machine learning model, it is necessary to have sufficient audio data transcribed, for training. Many languages in the world, especially the agglutinative languages of the Turkic family, suffer from a lack of this type of data. Many studies have been conducted in order to obtain better models for low-resource languages, using different approaches. The most popular approaches include multilingual training and transfer learning. In this study, we combined five agglutinative languages from the Turkic family—Kazakh, Bashkir, Kyrgyz, Sakha, and Tatar,—in order to provide multilingual training using connectionist temporal classification and an attention mechanism including a language model, because these languages have cognate words, sentence formation rules, and alphabet (Cyrillic). Data from the open-source database Common voice was used for the study, to make the experiments reproducible. The results of the experiments showed that multilingual training could improve ASR performances for all languages included in the experiment, except Bashkir language. A dramatic result was achieved for the Kyrgyz language: word error rate decreased to nearly one-fifth and character error rate decreased to one-fourth, which proves that this approach can be helpful for critically low-resource languages.

Linguistics-based formalization of the antibody language as a basis for antibody language models.

Apparent parallels between natural language and antibody sequences have led to a surge in deep language models applied to antibody sequences for predicting cognate antigen recognition. However, a linguistic formal definition of antibody language does not exist, and insight into how antibody language models capture antibody-specific binding features remains largely uninterpretable. Here we describe how a linguistic formalization of the antibody language, by characterizing its tokens and grammar, could address current challenges in antibody language model rule mining.

Ансамбль онтологических моделей для обеспечения интеллектуальной поддержки лазерных аддитивных технологических процессов

Barriers hindering the use of additive manufacturing processes for metal parts production are discussed. The necessity of integrating an intelligent decision support system (DSS) into the professional activities of laser additive manufactur-ing engineers is substantiated. The advantages of the developed ontological two-level approach for forming semantic information are highlighted. This approach's peculiarity lies in separating ontological models from the databases and knowledge formed on their basis—target information. The ontology dictates the rules for the structured formation and interpretation of target information. An ensemble of ontological models, forming the foundation of the developed intel-ligent system, is presented. The composition of the ensemble, the purpose of its individual components, and possible types of connections between them are described. The ensemble includes ontologies for reference databases on equip-ment and materials for laser additive manufacturing, an archive of protocols for technological operations of laser pro-cessing, a knowledge base about settings for laser processing modes, and a database of mathematical models. The en-semble of ontological models is implemented on the IACPaaS cloud platform using its tools. Ontologies, databases, knowledge bases, and a decision support system are part of the Laser Additive Manufacturing Knowledge Portal. Ac-cumulating and using the knowledge and experience from different technologists in the portal will reduce the number of preliminary experiments needed to identify suitable technological modes and lower the qualification requirements for users of technological equipment.

Design of Artificial C-Peptides as Potential Anti-HIV-1 Inhibitors Based on 6-HB Formation Mechanism.

The six-helix bundle (6-HB) is a core structure formed during the membrane fusion process of viruses with the Class I envelope proteins. Peptide inhibitors, including the marketed Enfuvirtide, blocking the membrane fusion to exert inhibitory activity were designed based on the heptads repeat interactions in 6-HB. However, the drawbacks of Enfuvirtide, such as drug resistance and short half-life in vivo, have been confirmed in clinical applications. Therefore, novel design strategies are pivotal in the development of next-generation peptide-based fusion inhibitors. The de novo design of α-helical peptides against MERS-CoV and IAVs has successfully expedited the development of fusion inhibitors. The reported sequences were completely nonhomologous with natural peptides, which can provide some inspirations for the antiviral design against other pathogenic viruses with class I fusion proteins. Here, we design a series of artificial C-peptides based on the similar mechanism of 6-HB formation and general rules of heptads repeat interaction. The inhibitory activity of peptides against HIV-1 was assessed by HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusion assays. Interaction between artificial C-peptides and target peptides was evaluated by circular dichroism, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatography, and sedimentation velocity analysis. Molecular docking studies were performed by using Schrödinger molecular modelling software. The best-performing artificial C-peptide, 1SR, was highly active against HIV-1 env-mediated cell-cell fusion. 1SR binds to the gp41 NHR region, assembling polymer to prevent endogenous 6-HB formation. We have found an artificial C-lipopeptide lead compound with inhibitory activity against HIV-1. Also, this paper enriched both N- and C-teminal heptads repeat interaction rules in 6-HB and provided an effective idea for next-generation peptide-based fusion inhibitors against HIV-1.