Linguistic Exchange Research Articles

From Roots to Borrowings: The Evolution of the English Lexicon

The English lexicon is a dynamic and evolving entity shaped by centuries of internal development and external linguistic influences. This study explores the historical roots and borrowings that have contributed to its rich and diverse vocabulary. Through a historical linguistic approach, comparative analysis, and corpus-based studies, the research examines the interplay between native Germanic elements and borrowed terms from Latin, French, Scandinavian, and other languages. Findings reveal that borrowing has played a pivotal role in filling lexical gaps, enriching the lexicon, and reflecting sociocultural transformations such as Christianization, the Norman Conquest, and globalization. Borrowed terms, from Latin religious vocabulary to contemporary technology-related words, demonstrate the adaptability and inclusivity of English. The study also addresses challenges in categorizing borrowings, particularly the distinction between fully integrated terms and recent loanwords. The results highlight the lexicon as a testament to cultural and linguistic exchange, with implications for understanding English as a global lingua franca. Future research should focus on underexplored influences, such as Indigenous contributions and the role of digital communication in accelerating modern borrowing trends.

CORRESPONDENCE OF VENETIAN EMISSARIES IN CONSTANTINOPLE: TURKISMS IN THEIR EPISTLES AND THEIR LINGUISTIC FORMS IN THE BALKANS

The political and trade ties between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century significantly impacted cultural history and linguistic development. Skilled in the Ottoman language and the art of drafting official epistles, Venetian dragomans facilitated the incorporation of many Ottoman words into Italian, where they persist today. This linguistic exchange is documented in the reports of Venetian envoys in Constantinople, who recorded numerous Turkisms, including, political and economic terminology in particular and terms denoting occupations in the Ottoman Empire. Many of these Turkisms have remained in use in the Balkans. These reports are therefore vital cultural artifacts and valuable sources for researching culture, literature, and linguistics in Turkey, Italy, and the Balkans.

Consonantal Variation of Hindi-Urdu Loanwords in Standard English: A Phonological Analysis

This study delves into the intricate phonological transformations that transpire when Hindi-Urdu loanwords are integrated into the English lexicon. Through a meticulous curation and analysis of a corpus comprising Hindi-Urdu loanwords in English, this research scrutinizes the nuanced consonantal changes that arise from the linguistic exchange between these languages. With a particular focus on the interplay between Hindi-Urdu consonantal sounds and English phonological structures, the study examines processes such as deaspiration, deretroflexion, and deuvularization, and other relevant phonetic adjustments to provide a comprehensive insight into how Standard English phonological norms impact the interpretation and articulation of Hindi-Urdu consonants within loanwords.

Shared Vocabulary and Grammatical Influences Between Russian and Lithuanian

The linguistic relationship between Russian and Lithuanian is shaped by centuries of cultural and political interaction, resulting in a complex blend of shared vocabulary and subtle grammatical influences. This study analyzes key areas where Russian has left its mark on Lithuanian, particularly in governance, everyday life, and technology, while highlighting how Lithuanian has adapted these borrowings through phonetic and semantic shifts. Despite extensive contact, Lithuanian has retained its unique grammatical features, demonstrating significant resistance to external influences. The article also explores the sociopolitical factors that fueled language preservation efforts, particularly during the 20th century, and examines the broader cultural implications of this linguistic exchange. The findings underscore the significance of linguistic resilience and the ongoing efforts to maintain linguistic purity in the Baltic region, serving as a testament to the enduring power of cultural identity.

DEVELOPMENT OF LINGVOCULTURAL COMPETENCE IN THE DIGITALIZATION PROCESS

This article is devoted to the problem of the development of lingvocultural competence in students in the process of digitalization. The aim of this article is to examine the impact of digitalization on the development of lingvocultural competence, focusing on how digital tools and technologies can enhance the teaching and learning of cultural and linguistic knowledge in an increasingly globalized world. This article employs a mixed-methods approach to explore the development of lingvocultural competence in the context of digitalization. The main research methods are a qualitative analysis of selected case studies performed to illustrate how digital tools and platforms (e.g. online language learning platforms, digital tools for intercultural communication) are currently being used to develop linguistic and cultural competence. Lingvocultural competence, the ability to understand and effectively use language in relation to the cultural values and practices it reflects, is becoming increasingly important in the digital era, where communication transcends national and cultural boundaries. The article analyzes how digital technologies, online learning platforms, and digital communication tools influence the teaching and learning of lingvocultural knowledge. It also examines the challenges and opportunities presented by digitalization in promoting intercultural understanding. Through a review of current digital resources and methodologies, the article provides insight into how educators can leverage these tools to enhance lingvocultural competence among students. The findings suggest that while digitalization offers new avenues for cultural and linguistic exchange, it also requires innovative approaches to ensure effective and culturally sensitive communication in a globalized digital world.

Strained ties in plurinational states: Analysing the social network divide between Canada's two solitudes

AbstractPatterns of social networks in plurinational societies remain understudied in the inter‐group contact literature. In Canada, a significant number of authors have studied political divides between Quebecers and other Canadians, but little is still known about the scope and determinants of the social disconnect between both communities. This paper provides the first quantitative measure of the social networking gap between Canada's ‘two solitudes’ using behavioural data. Our analysis mobilises the Facebook Connectedness Index (2020), which provides district‐level connectivity estimates between all active Facebook users in Canada. Results obtained via linear regression models show that population size, distance and self‐isolation patterns cannot account for the significant connectivity gap between Quebec and the rest of Canada. However, bilingualism in Quebec is positively correlated with higher inter‐regional networks, suggesting asymmetrical linguistic exchanges. These results empirically confirm decades of anecdotal accounts about the existence of a social disconnect between Canada's French‐ and English‐speaking communities.

The normativity of logic and the natural normativity of argumentation

In this paper, I defend that logic has a normative status for reasoning. To support my argument, I question whether logic can be limited to a formal calculus that establishes relations among truth-bearers (Goldstein, 1988). Instead, I argue that logic encompasses the study of inference in ordinary language. Similarly, I challenge traditional views of reasoning that depict it as a private process of drawing inferences. Instead, I embrace perspectives that view reasoning as a social activity (Dutilh-Novaes, 2021; Godden, 2015; Kalis, 2022; Mackenzie, 1989). From these bases, I explore the concept of the natural normativity of argumentation (Gilbert, 2007; Jackson, 2019). Since argumentative practices inherently possess a normative dimension, logic aims to capture and represent the rules that govern these linguistic exchanges. Logical rules are the tools from which agents can exert normative control over argumentative practices.

English Lexical Borrowing in Filipino: Morphophonological Adaptation of English Lexemes and Loanwords

English has profoundly influenced the Philippine language through the assimilation of source language words into the recipient language. This linguistic exchange, influenced by historical and cultural contacts, has resulted in a notable transformation of linguistic aspects in the Philippines. Over time, English has seamlessly been incorporated into the Filipino language, highlighting a notable process of linguistic exchange. This study specifically delved into the morphological and phonological adaptations of English loanwords in Filipino, examining nuances and shifts in linguistic structure and meaning during the borrowing process through purposive sampling. Qualitative research methods and content analysis were employed, focusing on loanwords extracted from Bob Ong’s novels as a linguistic corpus, delving into the process of incorporating English loanwords into the Filipino language, exploring how this integration instigates a transformation to align with the grammatical and linguistic structure of the target language, and revealing notable morphophonological adaptations and semantic shifts that occur during the borrowing process. Inflections of English lexemes, complemented with Filipino morphemes, were observed, along with modifications to phonological rules, phonotactic constraints, morphemes, and shifts in semantic meaning. The analysis revealed an overall change in the morphophonological structure of phrases and sentences within the corpus. This research underscores the impact of cultural and contextual factors on the adaptation of English loanwords into Filipino, emphasizing specific patterns or structures in the vocabulary borrowing process tailored to the target language. This study contributes valuable insights for linguistic researchers, educators, and language enthusiasts interested in tracing language development and evolution through borrowing and adaptation.

Game on: Notes on Language Learning Potentials Through MMORPGs’ Social and Motivational Dynamics

This paper explores the dynamic intersection between Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) and second language learning, focusing on the intertwined elements of motivation and social interaction. Through a review of existing research, including works by Peterson (2010), Zheng et al. (2009), Thorne et al. (2009), and Sylvén and Sundqvist (2017, 2012), the paper highlights how MMORPGs provide immersive and authentic contexts for language practice. MMORPGs foster receptive and productive language skills by engaging players in complex linguistic exchanges and culturally rich narratives. The intrinsic motivational aspects of gaming and the social dynamics of MMORPGs create an engaging learning environment. However, the paper also acknowledges challenges such as cognitive overload, the use of informal language, the potential propagation of incorrect language use, and the possibility of negative social interactions. In conclusion, while MMORPGs offer innovative platforms for language learning, careful consideration of their opportunities and challenges is essential. The article calls for continued exploration and thoughtful implementation to fully harness the educational potential of MMORPGs in language education.

Jesuit Louis Antoine de Poirot’s Translation of the Bible: A Comparative Approach to Translation and Rhetoric

Abstract A critical study of the history of the use of language reveals that ideology, religion, and language have usually been intimately linked; this also applies to the topic of “mutual encounters and linguistic exchanges” between China and the West. At the same time, we can affirm that each Chinese encounter with the West represented an encounter with Christians and Christianity. Within this context, this article examines how Jesuit Louis Antoine de Poirot (He Qingtai 賀清泰, 1735–1814), who worked for Emperor Qianlong, composed Guxin shengjing 古新聖經 (Old and New Testament), a translation of the Bible in both vernacular Chinese and Manchu, in the second half of the eighteenth century. Specifically, it focuses on how de Poirot used rhetoric in shaping the language the Jesuits adopted for translating the Bible, as well as for addressing readers in Qing China. This article is part of the special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies, “Jesuits in Modern Far East,” guest edited by Steven Pieragastini.

Worlds from the Periphery: A Multilingual Reading of Saurav Kumar Chaliha and Anjum Hasan

The paper examines the Assamese short story “Xomoi-Xeema” (2005) by Saurav Kumar Chaliha and the English poetry collection, Street on the Hill (2006), by Anjum Hasan to propose an expanded notion of Anglophone writing through multilingual readings of regional Indian literature and offer alternative modes of political inclusivity. It examines the role of English in Northeast Indian literary texts in articulating cosmopolitanism from a marginalized space and probing the linguistic frontiers of the postcolonial nation-state. Through this comparative reading, the essay envisions the relationships between region, nation, and world through a series of overlapping linguistic exchanges and provides an alternative understanding of world literature to current models focused on the English-language novel.

Ta‘āruf

Most readers of this journal will not have seen this word before. How, then, can it claim a spot in this Keyword issue of Victorian Literature and Culture? How can a non-English word—not even a loan word in English—become an English keyword? Ta‘āruf’s presence here can be justified through the now less-familiar definition of the term “keyword” itself: “a word that serves as the key to a cipher or code.” A loan word from Arabic, in Persian ta‘āruf means pleasantries, greetings, and hospitality, on one hand, and gift-giving on the other. Conjoining a sense of linguistic surplus and gift-exchange, ta‘āruf, I argue, serves as a key to decipher some complications at the intersection of economic and linguistic exchange in Victorian literature and culture. As such, it also establishes that “Victorian” culture emerges out of transnational bargains of exchange and translation.

Diversity, multilingualism and inter-ethnic relations in the long-term history of the Upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon.

The Upper Rio Negro regional social system is made up of more than 30 languages belonging to six linguistic families. This results from socio-historical processes stretching back at least two millennia, which have built a system with different levels of autonomy and hierarchy associated with a mythical and ritual complex, and with social and linguistic exchanges. The analysis of these processes require an interdisciplinary outlook to understand the ways in which people from different linguistic families interacted and created it. More specifically, we ask how linguistic and cultural diversity have been created in the context of intense relations of multilingualism and inter-ethnic contact. To this end, we integrate perspectives from historical linguistics (regarding languages from the Tukanoan, Arawakan and Naduhup families) with archaeological data from the Amazonian past. Through this multidisciplinary approach, we seek to develop a linguistic-anthropological understanding of the dynamics shaping the region's diversity and inter-ethnic relations. We show that processes creating diversity are interrelated with changes in social histories, and are especially tied to the establishment of new forms of social organization as a result of pre-colonial inter-ethnic relations. This has led to the construction of various local multilingual ecologies connected to macro-regional processes in Amazonia.

Abstract and concrete concepts in conversation

Concepts allow us to make sense of the world. Most evidence on their acquisition and representation comes from studies of single decontextualized words and focuses on the opposition between concrete and abstract concepts (e.g., “bottle” vs. “truth”). A significant step forward in research on concepts consists in investigating them in online interaction during their use. Our study examines linguistic exchanges analyzing the differences between sub-kinds of concepts. Participants were submitted to an online task in which they had to simulate a conversational exchange by responding to sentences involving sub-kinds of concrete (tools, animals, food) and abstract concepts (PS, philosophical-spiritual; EMSS, emotional-social, PSTQ, physical-spatio-temporal-quantitative). We found differences in content: foods evoked interoception; tools and animals elicited materials, spatial, auditive features, confirming their sensorimotor grounding. PS and EMSS yielded inner experiences (e.g., emotions, cognitive states, introspections) and opposed PSTQ, tied to visual properties and concrete agency. More crucially, the various concepts elicited different interactional dynamics: more abstract concepts generated higher uncertainty and more interactive exchanges than concrete ones. Investigating concepts in situated interactions opens new possibilities for studying conceptual knowledge and its pragmatic and social aspects.

Reflection of Turkish-Persian Linguistic Interaction on Turkish Cuisine

All societies in the world have their own culinary culture and diet. These diets are shaped according to the cultural, geographical, ecological structure and historical process. During this shaping period, different cultures influence each other. For instance, the cultural proximity of Turks and Iranians reflected in today's Turkish cuisine. Although over the centuries the official language of these countries has been totally different, countless cultural commonalities have inevitably led them to linguistic exchanges. The relations of these two neighboring countries started with their conversion to Islam. During this period, the Turks flocked to the west from Central Asia and encountered the Iranians. This confrontation deeply affected both cultures. On the other hand, Turkish language adopted and localized many Persian words, causing the words used today to form. Accordingly, the study reported in this paper tends to investigate the present status of Turkish–Persian Linguistic Interaction in modern Turkish cuisine by considering the historical contact of two nations. Following this, Persian words in the cookery books and recipes have been collected by content analysis method and categorized with mentioning their origins. Based on data obtained in this study, total 148 words which are common between Turkish and Persian languages have been found. 36 food titles, 14 desserts, 24 fruits and vegetables, 34 food materials, 8 beverages, 17 kitchenware and 15 other words used for explaining recipes have been found in this study. According to these findings, etymological and historical factors that influenced the transfer of these words into the Turkish language have been thoroughly assessed. According to the findings due to the high number of words with Persian lexical roots, it can be said that the influence of the Persian language on Turkish in culinary field throughout history is noticeable.

Sociolinguistic Implications of Language Contact Situation and the Development of Kashmiri-Arabic Common Lexicon

Sharing lexicon is a direct outcome of a language contact situation. When two or more languages exist side-by-side while serving the communicative requirements in a particular social situation, they grow in an envelope and environment of linguistic exchange, and sharing of lexicon among them becomes a natural process. In a language contact situation, the speakers of one language are bound to incorporate linguistic items from their contact languages into their language to satisfy their communication needs. In the linguistically heterogeneous and multilingual situation of the Kashmiri Speech Community, Kashmiri, a member of the Indo-Aryan family, and Arabic, a language of the Semitic family of languages, are two significantly dominant contact languages. The side-by-side existence of these two languages while serving different sociolinguistic purposes and the assignment of different roles to them in various domains of the social life of the Kashmiri speech community have resulted in a linguistic amalgamation at a very large scale. This linguistic amalgamation has, in turn, resulted in the transfer of an enormously huge stock of lexicon from Arabic into Kashmiri, thereby paving a smooth path for the development of an extensively large amount of lexicon common to them. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to demonstrate various Kashmiri-Arabic language contact situations and the subsequent transfer of the Arabic lexicon into the Kashmiri language. The paper also considers the impetus and inspiration behind this Arabic-Kashmiri linguistic flow in detail. The influence of some sociolinguistic factors and linguistic implications of the Kashmiri-Arabic common lexicon has also been explored in the study. In the paper, an effort has been made to throw light on the hospitality of the Arabic language in donating an enormously huge amount of word treasure to Kashmiri and the receptivity of the Kashmiri language in accepting this vocabulary treasure from the Arabic language.

Dravidian Aesthetics - the foremost of Indian Aesthetics

The influences of contemporary events on the field of study and society on speakers of Dravidian languages such as Tamil indicate the primacy of Dravidian ideology. Scholars in other countries look at the functioning of the Dravidian movement in the political, social, and cultural spheres behind the Tamil aesthetics of Dravidian aesthetics being at the forefront of Indian aesthetics. The Czechoslovakian multi-linguist recalls in the interview the Sanskrit-Tamil linguistic exchanges, the unity, and other differences. The contribution of Dravidian culture to Indianization is revealed through the media interviews of Sri Lankan Tamil scholar Karthikesu Sivathambi. There is an explanation of the understanding of Tamil consciousness. Accordingly, the Dravidian movement developed by rejecting the Sanskrit tradition, the North Indian tradition, the Bhakti tradition, etc. Aside from religion, which is a feature of the past, the temple towers, the Nataraja image, the bhakti literature, etc., must be regarded as the active contribution of the Tamils, who were fully absorbed in Indian culture. These aspects were not adopted because of the atheistic, rationalist, and anti-Brahmin elements of the Dravidian movement. BC 100- AD 250 lays claim to Sangam literature, the Pre-Bhakti period literature. The central theme of the article was that the Dravidian movement regarded it as belonging to Tamils who did not have the Sanskrit tradition. It is understood that the contributions of Periyar and others led to the development of the Dravidian cultural ideology. Experts in other languages expound on Dravidian aesthetics. Malayalam scholar K. Ayyappa Panicker praises the Thinai doctrine of Tamil as a rare wealth of knowledge not found in the languages of the world. Not all Sanskrit language texts are based on the orthodox tradition they also include books.

Aboriginal linguistic exchange in an Australian city

Abstract Tropical northern Australia is a region of high linguistic diversity, with dozens of language varieties each spoken by a small number of people. Traditionally, this level of diversity has been supported by egalitarian linguistic ecologies, where Aboriginal people use multiple languages alongside one another in each local region. In this study, I explore new types of multilingual practices that are emerging in Darwin, the only major city in the area. Aboriginal people from the homelands often visit Darwin, and some become permanent residents, which provides the context for new types of multilingual encounters. Kriol and English are also used as a ‘fall-back’ languages to mitigate gaps in understanding, which allows multilingual interaction to occur between people who have only partial knowledge of eachothers’ languages. I characterise these practices as ‘linguistic exchange’, used by speakers to establish their links to kin and country, while also showing respect for their interlocutor’s social connections. Linguistic exchange also supports the distinctive Aboriginal mode of demand-driven resource sharing. Aboriginal language use in Darwin suggests that urban mobility is not necessarily detrimental to the future vitality of the region’s rich linguistic heritage.

ظاهرة الاستعارة بين اللغات (العربية والكردية والـفرنسية) نموذجاً

Contact between languages has been going on for centuries. Languages are not immune to linguistic exchanges. The lexicons of these languages have been greatly influenced by the various languages with which they have come into contact. The exchanges of these languages are under the influence of political, social, economic, touristic and cultural relations, with countries having one or more different languages. And lexical units from other languages are called in French LOANS (des EMPRUNTS). The lexicon continues to grow, mimicking the development of the whole society. The causes of borrowing are linked to different sociocultural and sociolinguistic conditions. Some borrowings are used in technical fields, such as sport, music, and cooking, to designate a foreign word that does not exist in the language system of the so-called target language, by copying and pasting these words, such as football, crescendo, and hamburger. That is to say, we borrow a word from a source language to fill the gap in the target language. Other borrowings come from the globalization of languages, such as the word weekend which already exists in French in the form end of week. French, like almost all languages in the world, has borrowed lexical units from other languages. The issue of borrowings that interests us here is that of contact between French and Kurdish, and French and Arabic.

Clinical Hand Over: A neglected domain in our Health Care

Clinical handover or shift handover refers to “the transfer of professional responsibility and accountability for some or all aspects of care for a patient, or group of patients, to another person or professional group on a temporary or permanent basis1. It is considered a vital and valuable affair in healthcare pathway in a clinical practice. In fact, it is a complex domain in advanced communication skills in medical sciences, which is being recognized increasingly to enhance patient care and safety. It involves the effective communication of high‑quality clinical information while transferring the patients care responsibility to other person or clinical team or at change of shift or any time or transferring to another hospital2. In clinical practice, if relevant clinical information’s were not shared timely and accurately, may results delay in diagnosis, delayed or inappropriate treatment, any adverse events or omission of care. To overcome this, an effective and accurate clinical handover is very crucial in promoting health care continuity and patient safety3. The World Health Organization, Association of American Medical Colleges and Joint Commission4 has also recognized the importance and emphasize the need to improve handovers quality. These organizations have declared it a core entrustable professional activity and issued a mandate by emphasizing the health care institutes to standardize the handovers process and incorporate handover training of their employees in order to improve the consistency and minimize the vulnerability to errors5,6. It is estimated that in USA over 300 million, in Australia more than 40 million and in UK above 100 million clinical handovers are conducted each year7. Arguably, this number is making this practice most frequent and significant process in communication between clinicians and paramedical staff in providing safe patient care. Due to increasing emphasis on person-centered medical care all over the world, a change from traditional to structured handover’s practices is being developed. Literature is now favoring the use of a structured handover framework and advocates patient’s placement at the centre of their care. It is purely a communicative event which can only be achieved through linguistic exchange, by clinicians or paramedics discussion and writing which is conducted between outgoing and oncoming staff at the time of shift change or during patient hand over. This acts a key tool in ensuring the continuity of patient’s information’s which in turns are very important for the continuity of care8. For better outcome technological support like templates, internet, computers, soft wares etc are also used to enhance the effectiveness and safety of this process5,7. To meet the colleague, organizational and patients’ requirements, the staff and doctors should be made aware about its importance and trained to deliver an effective handover9,10. It is also imperative that doctors and paramedical staff should identify any potential barriers encountered during handovers to effectively address these obstacles. As a part of Good Medical Practice, it is recommended and expected that all health professionals should learn and practice excellent handover skills, in order to ensure effective communication between each other of important patients’ clinical information, to ensure patient safety and enable inter-professional collaboration10. It has been reported in literature that the poorly conducted shift handovers, most likely threaten patient’s quality of care, safety and continuity of care2.