Linguistic Components Research Articles

Қазақтілді медиаконтент ұлттық бірегейлікті нығайту факторы ретінде

In the context of globalization, the issue of national identity is becoming increasingly important, one of the factors in the formation of which is the linguistic component. In Kazakhstan, despite the indicators of population growth and the number of people who speak Kazakh, the lack or poor quality of media content in the state language remains an urgent problem of the information space. The article examines the state of Kazakh-language media content within the framework of the State Program for the implementation of language policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020-2025, where the task is to create successful media products for the dissemination of Kazakh-language content. To achieve this goal, a survey of residents aged 10 to 50 years old who speak the Kazakh language was conducted. Respondents were asked questions about the daily use of content in the Kazakh language, their assessment of the availability and quality of media content in the Kazakh language, including on the Internet, as well as how it affects their views. The correlation was revealed that residents of cities and regions where the majority use Kazakh in everyday life, estimate the level of accessibility of content on the Internet in Kazakh is lower than those regions where Russian is mainly used. This is the answer to the question of how the program is being implemented to expand the scope of the state language in the conditions of digitalization. Thus, the results of the survey allow us to draw conclusions about the lack of media content in the Kazakh language, which directly affects the self-identification of Kazakhstanis and the formation of Kazakhstan’s national identity as a whole

Аксиологическое пространство карачаево-балкарского кинодискурса (на материале документальных фильмов о депортации «Хорлатмаз адам эси», «Судьбы печальные страницы» и художественного фильма на основе реальных событий «Мариям»)

Introduction. The article is devoted to linguo-axiological and linguo-cultural analysis of the units used by the speakers of the Karachay-Balkarian language in the verbalization of memories associated with the fundamental event for the formation of the linguistic culture and linguistic picture of the world of this people, the forcible deportation of 1943–1957. The relevance of the article is due to an attempt made in it to bridge the gap in the field of linguo-axiological and linguo-cultural studies of the Karachay-Balkarian language with the reference to film discourse related to the deportation theme. On the basis of a deep and detailed analysis of languages units used by the characters of the films, the units containing an element of evaluation are identified. The purpose of the article is to establish the features of the use of such units and the nature of their formation. Materials and Methods. The units for analysis were selected by the method of continuous sampling and subjected to general and author’s categorization in accordance with their intentional component. The comprehensive methodology of the research includes linguoculturological, contextual, consituational and conceptual analysis of the axiological concepts under consideration. Analysis. The most representative objects of analysis in this regard are the film texts of documentaries and feature films, the plots of which are based on real events, since, due to the arbitrary nature of the selection of linguistic means by the interview subjects in such films, we see the form of the language as close as possible to the natural speech of its speakers in everyday life. The representation of key axiologems in this case is verified by the existential form of explication. Results. The author of the article concludes that various means of language can be involved in the formation of evaluative units, and units with a negative evaluative component predominate in the film texts of the mentioned subject. The axiologization process of the most significant linguistic worldview components occurs in an inextricable relationship with the process of verbalization in the polycode text of a movie based on the components of the value-orientation space shared by all representatives of society.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ НАРАТИВІВ ВІЙНИ В УКРАЇНІ, ПОШИРЮВАНИХ В ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ КРАЇН-УЧАСНИКІВ І ПРОВІДНИХ ДЕРЖАВ СВІТУ

This paper examines the content and components used by enemies of Ukraine and its allies to form narrations from the beginning of the war in Ukraine. Particularly ones that are disseminated in the information environment of the global top influencers G7, and Ukraine itself designed especially for the West Ukraine habitants. The research reveals that narration domain is studied properly abroad, in European Union and the USA. And that it is practical for different applications in social studies and analytics. That enables make usable this groundwork in such practical spheres as Strategic Communications, Public Relations, Analytics etc. Narrations of russia invasion in Ukraine are distributed into sets according to the region they were disseminated, environments both Ukrainian and abroad. Contents inherent to narrations for each set are stated. Particularities for each group of environment are studied: in the information environment of the Western Ukraine in the beginning of russian invasion, the information environment of the world the most influencers that set trends in the global politics and economics and define the pace of developments that makes effect on subsequent future of many countries of the world. Properties of narrations inherent to information environment of the allies of belligerents are also examined. Both linguistic and pragmatic texts components inherent to mass media news content of Ukrainian counterparts and allies are the subject of interests. They are referred to in news content that is transmitted to certain audiences, and basic tendencies of the purpose-oriented information are followed. Contradictions tendency in mass media of the West (the USA and Western Europe) and East (Chine and Iran) narration content is revealed, with their correspondence to the most resonance topics related to information support of each part, belligerents ally. Trends for further studies and data regulation for narration research are defined. And events display perspective importance of this domain.

INSTRUÇÃO EM COMPREENSÃO DE LEITURA NA SALA DE AULA: O QUE PODEMOS APRENDER COM METANÁLISES?

ABSTRACT: The theory and research in reading comprehension (RC) make it clear that this ability fails to result automatically from the capacity of decoding a text because it involves linguistic and cognitive components which need to operate together with decoding fluency. Therefore, we must face the ability to understand as an object of teaching which and must be pursued by school instruction must pursue. Intervention studies - and meta-analyses on them - indicate effective interventions to foster this ability. However, the application of scientific evidence to teachers’ practice in classrooms is neither simple nor immediate, requiring new elaboration. This integrative review examines a group of meta-analyses on RC-intervention studies to verify the types of instruction analyzed, their effectiveness, and the main aspects which impacted this effect. Highlights among the findings include: teaching strategies favors all student profiles (with or without difficulties or at risk); some strategies are more recommended than others, such as setting reading goals (which facilitates the monitoring), asking questions about the text (during reading by teachers and students), and using written activities about the text. Furthermore, we found an important moderator effect related to who applies the instruction: its effectiveness diminishes if teachers are its applicators. The complexity of applying and preparing these instructions indicate that training teachers to implement is as important as developing RC programs.

Формирование у студентов педагогических направлений подготовки коммуникативной компетенции в области математического образования

We present a theoretical substantiation and practical implementation of the educational environment for students to study a mathematics course focused on the formation of communicative competence. The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate, practically determine and experimentally create an educational environment to develop communicative competence in future primary school teachers in the study of mathematics, as communicative competence is a necessary condition for the further successful pedagogical activity of a graduate. Research methods: a) theoretical: analysis, evaluation, interpretation of scientific literature on the research issue; b) empirical: pedagogical experiment. Conclusions and recommendations: in conducted theoretical study we substantively characterize the main approaches to the definition of the category of “communicative competence”, show the importance of communicative competence of future elementary school teachers, taking into account the specifics of the language of meaningful and formal mathematics. The importance of forming the linguistic and pragmatic components of communicative competence in students in the course of studying the mathematical content at the university is theoretically substantiated. The effectiveness of the use of dialogue situations during the work of students in small groups with a mathematical text in order to develop the communicative competence of future teachers has been experimentally proven. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of an educational environment for studying the course of mathematics in the pedagogical areas of the university, focused on the formation of students' communicative competence in mathematical education. The practical results of the study can be used in the practice of the work of mathematics teachers at universities to form the communicative competence of future teachers in the study of the discipline “Mathematics”.

ЗІСТАВНИЙ АСПЕКТ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЗМІВ З ЛІНГВОКУЛЬТУРНИМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ В ІСПАНСЬКІЙ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВАХ

This article is devoted to the study of the linguistic and cultural component in the phraseological units of the Spanish and Ukrainian languages. Phraseologisms were considered as an important aspect of language culture and studied from the point of view of cultural features of the historical development of each of these languages. The article analyzes similarities and differences in the use of idioms in the two languages and reveals the influence of cultural and historical contexts on their interpretation. The methods of comparative analysis were used to identify common and unique features of phraseological units in Spanish and Ukrainian languages, and also provide specific examples that illustrate the peculiarities of the use of phraseological units in each language. The results of this study help to better understand the relationship between language and culture, as well as contribute to the deepening of knowledge about the phraseology of the Spanish and Ukrainian languages. This article is useful for linguists, translators, and anyone interested in the study of Spanish and Ukrainian languages and cultures.

Destructive economic media discourse: The experience of analyzing Russian and foreign media

The purpose of the article: to consider the linguistic components of destructive orientation in the media discourse of Russia, Vietnam, China and Kazakhstan. Hypothesis: the mass media discourse of Russia, Vietnam, China and Kazakhstan actively uses aggressive verbal strategies to construct a pronounced negative image of a target that opposes, according to the governments of these countries, national interests. The object of the study is the economic media discourse of Russia, China, Vietnam and Kazakhstan. The subject of the analysis is the linguistic components of a destructive nature used in the economic media discourse of the above countries. The scientific novelty is due to the elaboration of previously not considered, new modern speech material, which is of interest both in terms of theory and practice, since it helps to understand the directions of purposeful transformation of the ideological paradigm of the potential target audience with the promotion of clear updated parameters of acceptance/ rejection of the economic situation in the country and/or around it. The relevance of the study is predetermined by the fact that the economic media discourse of these countries previously represented a research lacuna. The scenario approach in the study is used in reconstructive linguistic modeling of destruction in modern economic media in a situation of dominance of digital communication. Communicative actors in the economic media discourse are analyzed through a system of motives that create conditions for the successful implementation of targeted persistence. The simulated transformation of the basic values of the economic space in the structure of background knowledge is based on associative series of interpretation, which depend on the involvement of the intended recipients in a particular information background that is subject to destructive influence. The results of the study are based on a prospective analysis of destructive components in the economic media discourse of the above countries. In the course of the work, the frequency manipulative destructive elements in the economic media discourse have been identified, which are aimed at transforming the standards of public reactions in public coverage of economic and financial problems.

한국어 계승어 화자의 발화오류와 사용 특징 연구

This study investigated the types of speech errors by Korean heritage speakers. A total of 238 speech errors were obtained from 14 groups of Korean heritage speakers in their twenties or thirties living in the USA, and we they were classified according to their linguistic components and forms of errors. The rates and types of the errors were compared with those of native speaker groups. The overall results led us to the claim that their errors were made not randomly, but in systematic ways, which reflected their knowledge of Korean. Such comparisons provide some linguistic clues for the process of language production and development. Considering the lack of studies on Korean speech errors made by native Koreans and heritage speakers, this research provides valuable data and analyses for researchers of speech error patterns, speech production modeling, language development, and/or heritage speakers’ linguistic system.

VALIDATION OF STUDENT WORKSHEET CONTAINING SCIENTIFIC LITERACY FOR STRAIGHT MOTION MATERIALS

The 21st century demands that students be able to have critical thinking competencies, communicate, relate global issues and literacy of scientific. Efforts made by the government to meet these demands are by improving the curriculum and holding the program of School Literacy Movement. But in reality there are problems related to literacy which is applied only to note and listen to the teacher, the unavailability of worksheets in all subjects, and the low understanding of students in answering questions. One way to deal with this issue is to develop a physics worksheet containing literacy in scientific. The research purpose was to determine of Characteristics of LKS containing literacy of scientific in straight motion material. This research type was design research (Design Research). The research object was the physics worksheet with literacy of scientific on the material of straight motion. The research instrument used was a self-evaluation assessment sheet, a one to one assessment sheet consisting of material components, learning design, implementation and technical. Expert validation sheet consisting of content, linguistic, presentation, and graphic feasibility components. The data analysis technique uses Aiken's formula to be able to calculate the content validity coefficient. The results of the LKS validation assessment obtained a value on the content feasibility component of 0.8 in the category was valid, the value on the linguistic feasibility component of 0.75 in the category was valid, the value on the presentation feasibility component of 0.77 in the category was valid, and the value on the feasibility component graphics of 0.83 in the category was very valid. Based on the results of research on physics worksheets containing literacy of scientific in the category was valid with an average validity value of 0.79.

Stance-Modal and Semi-Modal Verbs: A Corpus-Based Study

This research examines the role of linguistic components in the chosen corpus in respect of written and spoken English. The main objective was to investigate the effectiveness in addressing and corpus-based examination of modal, semi-modal verbs, and stance adverbs. This is a way to better understand the proper use of modals. To conduct this study computational techniques and design were used. Using the quantitative approach, the data were quantified in various ways, including statistical analysis. Only ten Englishlanguage and linguistics publications were considered for inclusion in this study. AntConc 3.2.4. software was used to deal with the corpus. The study concludes the corpus analysis is a quick and helpful method for gaining significant linguistic insights. The frequency of modals varies from each other depending upon the writer’s use. The study suggests that one way to better understand the proper use of words is to scan corpora for explicit contexts and consult important books and dictionaries.

History in Understanding Poetry

UNDERSTANDING POETRY has never been a stable artefact, the linguistic components of which can be isolated and analysed for their intrinsic qualities, but rather a continuously developing text, which went through several, occasionally surprising, transformations. When Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren initially published their textbook in 1938, the editors had in mind mainly immediate and practical concerns. Barely two years had passed since they had published their more comprehensive Approach to Literature. As Brooks recounted on various occasions, their decision to put forth a separate study of poetry was intended as a provisional solution, designed very much in response to their experiences with their students at Louisiana State University.1 It was only in the course of several editions, each with substantial alterations to content and organisation, that the latter anthology would become what one critic describes as ‘the single most influential textbook published this [twentieth] century’.2 These alterations contribute to the textbook’s increasing authority and influence, reflecting the authors’ growing ability to convey a sense of set principles about the study of poetry to an increasingly broad audience of students across America. They also are noteworthy in the ways they document the continuing evolution of the editors’ responses to the problems of textual analysis which they took up. Any account of Understanding Poetry, then, should be mindful of its history of revisions across successive editions, from the poems they chose to include to the extensive textual apparatuses in which the editors laid out what it means to read poetry for its intrinsically literary qualities.3 Focused attention to single poems – the present essay takes, as its case, Marvell’s ‘Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland’ – brings into view fundamental questions about how the proper study of poetry, as a classroom activity, is framed for its readers.

Zaraza i rat kao anticipatori smrti: „Tifusari” Jure Kaštelana

The paper examines Jure Kaštelan’s poem The Typhus Victims, an emblematic text of modern Croatian literature, from the perspective of his relation to the thematic context of contagion (typhus) and war (World War II), the key semantic pillars leading to death as an inevitable result. The Typhus Victims is an example of the synthesis of diverse literary modes on numerous discursive levels — starting with semantic polyvalence, where they participate within the framework of several semantic fields (disease as an augury of death, the cataclysm of war, freedom as an ideal), through a global structure (six heterogenous parts), to stylistic heterogeneity. The various linguistic and stylistic components synergistically contribute to the identifying death as the key theme of The Typhus Victims, as well as love and freedom on its thematic antipodes. The paper aims to study the functional relationship of formal elements of poetic utterances with the aforementioned thematic structures, with special emphasis on the procedures of anticipating death on the semantic axis of the cataclysm of war, in which violence and contagion are the key generators.

SUBJECT ASPECT IN PROSPECTIVE GERMAN LANGUAGE TEACHERS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENT WORK

The article deals with the subject aspect of the content of the formation of intercultural communicative competence of future teachers of German. The methodical, linguistic, psychological literature, the scholars’ experience in the field of the formation of foreign language skills and abilities in the context of intercultural communication are analyzed. The cultural component of the content and its relationship with teaching aids are highlighted. A communicative psychological model is substantiated, the observance of which contributes to the discourse development in the process of producing texts. The functions of texts as a starting point for the development of communicative skills and abilities in all types of speech activity are indicated. Within the framework of the subject aspect of the content, the characteristics of the discourse as a text “immersed in life” are presented. The attention is focused on the knowledge of the linguistic component, the use of which ensures the effectiveness of expressing an opinion in German. Examples of speech means in German are given and their national and cultural peculiarity in the process of creation and perception of texts of different genres and types is noted.Possible ways of modeling communicative situations in which future teachers act as potential mediators between native and German-speaking cultures are studied. Conclusions are drawn about the use of authentic texts and photo-illustrative material. It significantly expands the cultural aspect of the content of educational and methodological materials and ensures the effective formation of intercultural communicative competence. In addition, the authenticity of the educational material provides real conditions for conducting discourse, taking into account the national and cultural characteristics of the language being studied.

Causativization in Arabic: Evidence for the interface between semantics and morpho-phonology

Meaning is derived through the interaction of the components of the linguistic system. As established within the Parallel Architecture Framework (Jackendoff 1997), the linguistic system is composed of components considered equal in terms of producing meaning. In other words, linguistic components are related to each other via interface rules and principles so that they cooperate to derive meaning. In this regard, Morpho-phonological processes constitute the interface between morpho-phonology and semantics. Morphological and phonological features of a word bear on its semantic interpretation. In this article, I deal with Causativization in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA, henceforth), representing a pure phenomenon for the morpho-phonology-semantics interface. Causative verbs in MSA provide good insights into this issue. Adopting Jackendoff’s Conceptual Semantics framework proves that morphology is an autonomous generative component that can generate some aspects of meaning either independently or in cooperation with phonology and/ or other linguistic components; therefore, this proves the interface between morpho-phonology and semantics.

Representation of the Ethnical and Cultural Identity of Russian Germans of the Omsk Region

The article is devoted to the analysis of literary works of Russian Germans of the Omsk region. The relevance of the research is due to the need to preserve the history, culture and language of individual ethnic groups in the context of globalization. The purpose of the article is to define and describe the elements of ethnocultural identity in transnational literary texts of Russian Germans. The work was carried out within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach using the methods of discursive, contextual and semantic analysis, elements of linguistic and cultural description. The research material is the works of authors – Russian Germans, whose life is connected with the Omsk region. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that the specificity of these texts allows them to be attributed to transnational literature, since in most cases these works are autobiographical and dedicated to the search for identity. At the same time, the ethnocultural identity of Russian Germans living on the same territory includes national and regional components. As a result of the analysis of literary works, the authors have identified the following enlarged thematic groups that characterize the life of Russian Germans in the Omsk region: spatial, social, linguistic, cultural. Elements of both regional and ethnic identity of the Russian Germans of the Omsk region were identified in each thematic group. It is established that regional identity prevails in the spatial and socio-household components, and ethnic identity prevails in the linguistic and cultural components. The authors of the article show that ethno-cultural identity is objectified to a greater extent at the level of the identified thematic groups, to a lesser extent at the level of the use of stylistic means. The study revealed that colloquial mixed bilingual vocabulary prevails in terms of language as a means of humor and satire, as well as expressive and evaluative epithets.

ORIGINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN EXPRESSIONS OF CULTURAL ICONS

The article clarifies the list of the most basic features of the Ukrainian language, which have become the focus of attention of leading cultural figures, scientists in linguistic aphorisms of different time periods. The sources of the research were figurative statements about the language, represented in the works of famous scientists, cultural icons and included in modern collections of statements about the language. To implement this task a descriptive method and elements of the linguistic component analysis of the text were used.
 The analysis of linguistic aphorisms, whose authors are scientists, cultural icons of the past and present, proves that to the most important specific features of the Ukrainian language they attribute the power, richness of expressive means, picturesqueness, brightness, melodiousness, sweetness, flexibility of morphological and syntactic means, poeticity of the Ukrainian language. These features are currently confirmed by the scientific investigations of modern scientists. The melodiousness and sweetness of the Ukrainian language is based on the pronunciation peculiarities of vowels and consonants, the structure of the Ukrainian syllable, and quantitative indicators of the frequency of sounds formed with the participation of the voice in texts of various styles. The power is confirmed by the stability of linguistic means over the centuries, the richness of expressive means – the length of the rows of lexical synonyms, the variety of grammatical and syntactic synonymy.
 Picturesqueness, brightness, and poetics are confirmed by classical prose and poetic works that enrich world culture. We see the prospects of the research in describing the specifics of figurative means of linguistic aphorisms, scientific, journalistic and artistic discourse.

Pengembangan Buku Teks Berbasis Pembelajaran Saintifik Pada Mata Pelajaran Akuntansi Perbankan Syariah Untuk Kelas XI Kompetensi Perbankan Syariah SMK

This development research produces textbooks using scientific steps at the core learning activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of developing textbooks, analyze the feasibility of textbooks, and analyze students' responses to textbooks based on scientific approaches on the subjects of accounting of Islamic banking. The type of research used is Research and Development (R&D) with the 4D development model developed by Thiagarajan without doing the disseminate stage. The subjects of this study were students of class XI Islamic Banking at SMK Negeri 1 Lamongan. The results of this study show the average results of the feasibility of textbooks as determined by experts to be 85.34 percent in the very valid category. The content feasibility component shows a result of 86.15 percent with a very valid category, the presentation feasibility component is at 82% with a very valid category, linguistic component is at 100% with a very valid category, and the graphics component is at 99.57 percent with a very valid category. The results of product trials also show that textbooks can attract students' interest in learning, as indicated by the percentage of 87.87% with valid categories.

Interrelation and Consistency in the Thematic Stages of the Publicistic Style

In the article, we analyzed the combination of thematic and key vocabulary, words with the highest usage rates. In today's world of publicistic communication has gained global significance. Summarizing all that has been said about the thematic chains of the publicistic text, let us note their structural and content certainty: as the main nomination, they consistently use the basic one, in the composition of non-main nominations the most significant are folded transforms, after which, significantly inferior to them in frequency, there are substitutes. Semantically and stylistically, the thematic chains of a publicistic text are uniform, they have a bookish character, since these chains are defined by a term and implemented on its basis. Comparison of the use of the terms cyclization and cycle in this text shows that the second of them, being no less frequent in the text, is used mainly as a means of segmentation in the middle of the article and especially when it comes to research material. The differences in the composition of the nomination chains of the main theme are insignificant. To the named structural types of nominations, one can single out the main nominations of the text chain, add only grammatical transformations. Thus, in this article we can note the status of the base unit as the main in the text. The nature of the information entered and the compositional role properties of bundles that are equally relevant for a publicistic text. A certain uniformity is also observed in the field of combinatorics of the linguistic components of the publicistic thematic chain.

Communicative and Linguistic Characteristics of the Comic Discourse (on the Material of English-Language Belles-Lettres Works)

The article deals with the investigation of the communicative and linguistic features of the comic discourse on the basis of the English-language fictional works by M. Spark, R. Dahl, K. Vonnegut Jr, I. Shaw, R. Carver and K. Barry. The author represents the description of a comic discourse in terms of Linguistic Pragmatics. Extra-linguistic components of the literary text creating and actualizing, which include pragmatic characteristics, social and cultural factors, psychological peculiarities, cognitive component and paralinguistic supplement, are described. The article also provides a detailed classification of comic discourse linguistic components on the material of belles-letters communication in the works of aforementioned writers. All linguistic characteristics within five groups, according to the violation/lack/incompleteness of the discourse certain communicative qualities disclosure, are distinguished. Besides, there is a thorough analysis of the presupposition as a constituent part in the comic discourse definition. The article dwells on the interlocutors’ micro and macro presuppositions introducing, the absence of which leads to non-cooperative communication with, predominantly, a comic effect. The results of the experiment show that the participants’ (readers’ particularly) background knowledge helps them interpret a literary discourse. The article continues the study of special special means and techniques of comic effect producing that provides a further understanding of the authors’ individual styles.

Formation of Cross-cultural Competence of Prospective English Teachers

The article substantiates the importance of forming prospective English teachers’ cross-cultural competence. Nowadays, education focuses on cooperation and establishing cross-cultural relations between the representatives of diverse cultural societies. Therefore, it concentrates on forming a personality capable of absorbing and reproducing verbal and non-verbal information during dialogical communication with foreign negotiators. This paper aims to validate the category “cross-cultural competence of a prospective English teacher,” develop its structure and experimentally verify its effectiveness. The study establishes that cross-cultural competence covers linguistic, sociocultural, activity, and axiologically-emotive components. The authors used the following theoretical research methods: analysis of philosophical, lingua didactic literature and scientific studies, synthesis, comparison, concretization; empiric methods: questionnaire-diagnostic (survey, testing, summative assessment, interview); analysis of speech activity products (spoken replies); lecture attendance and analysis; pedagogical experiment; methods of statistical treatment and experimental results analysis. The research on the training peculiarities of future English teachers based on cross-cultural grounds allowed us to conclude that the experimentally-verified methodology is effective. The practical data analysis points out the rise of forming cross-cultural competence levels in the experimental group. The reason is the cultural enrichment of linguistic material and the revelation of contrastive aspects.