Linguistic Categories Research Articles

THE ROLE OF THE GAPSHIMA DIALECT IN THE SYSTEM OF THE DARGIN LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS: MORPHOLOGICAL DATA

The Gapshima dialect is one of the least studied dialects of the Dargin language group of the East Caucasian languages and that is the reason why its role in the system of the Dargin languages and dialects still remains undefined. Meanwhile, there are many peculiar linguistic phenomena, revealed both in phonetics and in grammar and vocabulary. The article deals with the morphological peculiarities of the Gapshima dialect. Nominal parts of speech and verbal categories and auxiliary parts of speech are studied. The method of synchronous description of linguistic phenomena and methods of field linguistics are used in the study. In the course of the research, the grammatical categories of case, person, tense and mood, and also various forms of the verb were studied. With the aim of identifying the peculiarities of the dialect and its role in the linguistic classification, all the presented data is compared with the data of the other Dargin dialects - Akusha, Tsudahar, Sirkhya. As a result of the study, it was established that the Gapshima speech is close to the dialects of the Akusha type by its grammatical characteristics. The results of the study can be contributed to the further work of establishing the classification of the language units of the Dargin area and can be applicable to the teaching courses of the Dargin morphology and dialectology at the universities.

Typology of modality category

The article studies the typology and the domain of one of the complex linguistic categories – modality. Our speech is glossed with a modal meaning. Modal meaning is defined as an overlaying meaning added to the proposition which is considered as the most neutral base of a sentence and enlivens our communication. Speech can predict the possibility, obligation and necessity of the action fulfillment and examine the ability, and desire of the subject of the sentence to perform the action given in the sentence including other overlaying meanings. The diversity of these connotations of speech and the dependence of them on the subject determines the relevance and complexity of the category of modality. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the essence of modality not only for linguists, but also the language users. Despite the fact that studies of modality hacks back to philosophy and logic, there are still relevant issues which require attention in the field. One of those topical issues is typology of modality. The article aims to examine foreign and local scientific works on modality and identify the theoretical architecture of modality category. In the result of our analysis, the scope and subcategories of modality were defined, and typological, cross-linguistics analysis served as a theoretical base for the article. The descriptive, analytical and comparative methods of linguistics were used in the study. As a result of the study, we define the category of modality as an overlaying meaning to the proposition and analyze it using necessity and possibility concepts. Distinguishing internal and external modality, as well as epistemological modality types, we classify them on the basis of necessity and opportunity paradigms.   &nbsp

Linguistic structures and innovation: A behavioral approach

We draw on the Sapir-Whorf theory of linguistics and its effect on cognition, to advance the theory of commercial innovation. We do so by analyzing the association between linguistic structures and innovation output. We evaluate three distinct linguistic categories (grammatical gender marking, the use of second-person pronouns, and the use of first-person singular pronouns) and demonstrate that the corresponding linguistic variables are strongly associated with innovation output and performance. Our paper makes several contributions to the literature. We advance management scholarship by demonstrating how the Sapir-Whorf theory of language relativity can provide a deeper understanding of technology development processes and the functioning of national systems of innovation. Specifically, our quantitative results regarding the association between the three metrics of linguistic structure and innovation have important implications for theory, policy, and practice. Finally, we contribute to the ongoing theoretical debates on gender inequality, group creativity, and collaborative innovation.

The rise of the WZIĄĆ (TAKE) Serial Verb Construction in Polish

The present study is dedicated to the emergence of an asymmetrical serial verb construction (SVC) with the verb wziąć in Polish. By making use of a dynamic prototype-driven approach to linguistic categorization and by reviewing the historical corpora that range from the first Old Polish texts in the 14th c. until the end of the New Polish period in 1939, the authors conclude that the wziąć SVC has resulted from the fusion of the original conjunctively coordinated (CC) clauses. Although two types of clause-fusion mechanisms have operated during the grammaticalization of the wziąć SVCs, their contribution to this process has been dissimilar. The evolution from the syndetic CC with the coordinator i to the wziąć SVC via a pseudo-coordinated (PC) stage (i.e., the wziąć-i PC) has constituted a faster and stronger drift, while the more direct evolution originating in the asyndetic CC with wziąć has been slower and less pervasive.

THE CATEGORY OF ASPECT IN ENGLISH AND BULGARIAN

The aspect as a linguistic category existing in both English and Bulgarian language is of interest not only to linguists, but also to teachers of English in Bulgaria who need to employ some optimal approaches to clarify the semantic peculiarities of this category as they are manifested in a different way in the two languages. Whereas in Bulgarian verb aspect is mostly expressed through morphological means – prefixes and suffixes, in English, verbs are classified in different categories according to their semantic features of the aspect, which are not manifested on a morphological level. This article presents and compares some of the ways of expressing the grammatical and lexical aspect in both languages and points out some of the difficulties Bulgarian students experience while acquiring the English lexical aspect.

GRAMMAR OF TEXT: LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CATEGORIES

The article is devoted to the investigation of grammar of the text with focus on the definition, history of formation, the main stages of development, its relationship with the linguistically and sociologically objective and subjective grammar. The two linguistic and social categories of the addressee-linguoperson and the addressee are clearly separated and clarified. Also, the status of the two in the text grammar is discussed in detail. The article offers analysis of the linguistic-social categories of text grammar with focus on specifics of expression of linguistic-social categories of the addressee-linguoperson, the addressee-linguoperson, intertextuality, intentionality, and situational pragmatics. The novelty derives from the determination and qualification of nuclear categories of text grammar, the linguistic and social dimension. The theoretical significance derives from establishing the main stages of text grammar with interpretation in broad and narrow aspects, intentionality, situationality and pragmatics in structuring the text. Linguistic and social categories of addressee, addressee, instruction, information dimensions, intertextuality comprise the core the grammar of the text and determine the features of structural and semantic coherence of textual values. They also allow to reflect on the levels of cultural, historical, and aestheticsemantic contexts. The external textual categories comprise the situational and pragmatic awareness of the addressee-linguistic persona, intentional orientation, informativeness while the intertextual categories cover the addressee-linguistic persona and intertextuality.The further studies of the topic are promising, especially on functional text load in cultural and historic period with language tools for the implementation of major linguistic and social categories in the grammar of the text in its active and/or passive aspects.

Body into Narrative: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Signatures of Action Text Processing After Ecological Motor Training

Embodied cognition research indicates that sensorimotor training can influence action concept processing. Yet, most studies employ isolated (pseudo)randomized stimuli and require repetitive single-effector responses, thus lacking ecological validity. Moreover, the neural signatures of these effects remain poorly understood. Here, we examined whether immersive bodily training can modulate behavioral and functional connectivity correlates of action-verb processing in naturalistic narratives. The study involved three phases. First, in the Pre-training phase, 32 healthy persons listened to an action text (rich in movement descriptions) and a non-action text (focused on its characters’ perceptual and mental processes), completed comprehension questionnaires, and underwent resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Second, in the four-day Training phase, half the participants completed an exergaming intervention (eliciting full-body movements for 60 min a day) while the remaining half played static videogames (requiring no bodily engagement other than button presses). Finally, in the Post-training phase, all participants repeated the Pre-training protocol with different action and non-action texts and a new EEG session. We found that exergaming selectively reduced action-verb outcomes and fronto-posterior functional connectivity in the motor-sensitive ∼ 10–20 Hz range, both patterns being positively correlated. Conversely, static videogame playing yielded no specific effect on any linguistic category and did not modulate functional connectivity. Together, these findings suggest that action-verb processing and key neural correlates can be focally influenced by full-body motor training in a highly ecological setting. Our study illuminates the role of situated experience and sensorimotor circuits in action-concept processing, addressing calls for naturalistic insights on language embodiment.

LEARNER NEEDS ANALYSIS OF FUTURE JOURNALISTS THROUGH THE PRISM OF PERSONAL-ORIENTED AND PRAGMATIC APPROACHES TO INTEGRATED LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The presented study reveals the theoretical prerequisites for the expediency of applying personally oriented and pragmatic approaches to the integrated learning of English for special purposes, in particular, when studying the learner needs of future journalists. The necessity to explore the specific learner needs in the field of professionally oriented English communication (POEC) of future journalists is determined by the requirement to adapt the language policy in higher education institutions in accordance with the demands for interrelated vocational and professional English language training of a future specialist. The formation of the secondary professional English-speaking personality of a future journalist depends on support of communicative interaction in English at classes; strengthening of conscious language learning; providing the journalism contextualized input; integrated development of POEC skills; compliance with the social and cultural norms of English-language communication in the professional field of journalism and the development of intercultural tolerance. Understanding of the specifics of the POEC is facilitated by the involvement of linguistic and social categories of pragmatics in the context of foreign language learning, especially in the integrated learning of English for the special purposes (ESP) of future journalists, where the social dimension is equally significant as the cognitive one. Based on the consideration of the concept of learner needs and description of the main types, a questionnaire was drawn up for the analysis of the specific learner needs of future journalists in ESP. The questions relate to the objective and subjective educational needs, shed light on the peculiarities of students' perception of the necessity to develop English proficiency for successful journalism career, the frequency of performing specific types of job-related activities at ESP classes, awareness of preferred style, channel and medium of communication, and as well as pragmatic functions of journalist's speech. Levels of English language proficiency and knowledge of journalism terminology are taken into account, as well as the main challenges of learning and the relevance of the possibility of formation of particular skills of POEC within the traditional and integrated ESP.

Коммуникативный аспект местоименной вербализации пространственного дейксиса в татарском и русском языках

Introduction. One of the important problems of contemporary linguistics is the incomplete correspondence between some linguistic categories and actual conditions of language use, which makes it difficult to apply scientific concepts in pragmatic terms. In this regard, some categories of classical linguistics require further clarification in the light of new scientific achievements. Goals. So, the article aims at analyzing deictic microsystems of languages different in origin and grammatical type through synergistic research approaches with due account of achievements of classical linguistics and data on the new communication theory. Materials and methods. The work employs comprehensive methodology: comparison of the Russian and Tatar deictic verbal means is accompanied by cross-situational/component analysis applicable in communication theory. The combination of new and traditional methods makes it possible, firstly, to optimize the traditional time-tested methods of comparing languages of different origins, and, secondly, to correct results of the comparative study in a communicative aspect. The study focuses on materials of the Tatar and Russian languages, since the latter coexist in one region and closely interact via Russian-Tatar bilingualism. Results. The use of comprehensive communicative/linguistic techniques yields a described universal action (deictic) category — implementing spatial coordination of participants and speech objects — for languages of different types. The study identifies spatial communicative indicators common to languages, features of action processes and means of their expression. Particular attention is paid to differences in the implementation of spatial deixis in the languages compared. Conclusions. Grammatically and communicatively, deixis is central to Russian and Tatar pronominal systems. Regular deictic means include key types of pronouns, such as personal, possessive, personal-demonstrative, and demonstrative ones. Functional qualities of all other pronouns and non-pronominal deictics are determined through relations with these central types.

Artificial Aesthetics and Aesthetic Machine Attention

The aesthetics of artificial intelligence is often viewed in relation to the qualities of their generated expressions. However, aesthetics could have a broader role in developing machine perception. One of the main areas of expertise in aesthetics is the understanding of feature-based information, which involves how the aesthetics of sensory features can cause affective changes in the perceiver, and the other way around – how affective states can give rise to certain kinds of aesthetic features. This two-way link between aesthetic features and affects is not yet well-established in the interdisciplinary discussion; however, according to perceptual psychology, it fundamentally constructs the human experience. Machine attention is an emerging technique in machine learning that is most often used in tasks like object detection, visual question answering, and language translation. Modern use of technology most often focuses on creating object-based attention through linguistic categories, although the models could also be utilized for nonverbal attention. This paper proposes the following perceptual conditions for aesthetic machine attention: 1) acknowledging that something appears (aesthetic detection); 2) suspension of judgment (aesthetic recognition); and 3) making the incident explicit with expression (aesthetic identification and amplification). These aspects are developed through an interdisciplinary reflection of literature from the fields of aesthetics, perceptual psychology, and machine learning. The paper does not aim to give a general account of aesthetic perception but to expand the interdisciplinary theory of aesthetics and specify the role of aesthetics among other disciplines at the heart of the technological development of the human future. Article received: May 10, 2022; Article accepted: July 15, 2022; Published online: October 15, 2022; Original scholarly paper

Code-Mixing in the Conversation of Northern Khmer Speakers in Thailand: A Case Study of Teenagers and Middle-Aged Northern Khmer Speakers in Buriram Province

This study aims to examine the linguistic performance of code-mixing by Northern Khmer (NK) teenagers in Buriram Province while conversing with NK middle-aged speakers in their community. It focuses on types of linguistic units or categories of code-mixing that occur in NK conversation and also on the various situations in which that linguistic unit occurs. It is found that code-mixing between NK and the Thai language occurs on three linguistic levels: morphological, syntactic, and discourse. On the morphological level, 7 categories of Thai words are found: noun, verb, adjective, final particle, quantifier, conjunction, and exclamation word. Three types of code-mixing are found on the syntactic level: Inter-Sentential, Intra-Sentential, and Extra-Sentential Code-Mixing. On the discourse level, code-mixing occurs in the middle and at the end of the NK discourse. There are 6 different situations in NK conversations where these types of code-mixing occur: (1) Greetings (2) Expressing appreciation (3) Expressions of politeness (4) Telling information (General and Specific) (5) Indicative mood, Lexical meaning, and Sentence structure, and (6) English loan words further borrowed from the Thai language. It is also found that NK speakers adopt the morphological processes of reduplication, the sentential structure, and serial verb construction when utilizing the Thai language to mix in their NK word formation and NK sentence structure. Lastly, NK speakers borrow English loanwords from Thai, instead of borrowing them directly from English.

Коммуникативный аспект местоименной вербализации пространственного дейксиса в татарском и русском языках

Introduction. One of the important problems of contemporary linguistics is the incomplete correspondence between some linguistic categories and actual conditions of language use, which makes it difficult to apply scientific concepts in pragmatic terms. In this regard, some categories of classical linguistics require further clarification in the light of new scientific achievements. Goals. So, the article aims at analyzing deictic microsystems of languages different in origin and grammatical type through synergistic research approaches with due account of achievements of classical linguistics and data on the new communication theory. Materials and methods. The work employs comprehensive methodology: comparison of the Russian and Tatar deictic verbal means is accompanied by cross-situational/component analysis applicable in communication theory. The combination of new and traditional methods makes it possible, firstly, to optimize the traditional time-tested methods of comparing languages of different origins, and, secondly, to correct results of the comparative study in a communicative aspect. The study focuses on materials of the Tatar and Russian languages, since the latter coexist in one region and closely interact via Russian-Tatar bilingualism. Results. The use of comprehensive communicative/linguistic techniques yields a described universal action (deictic) category — implementing spatial coordination of participants and speech objects — for languages of different types. The study identifies spatial communicative indicators common to languages, features of action processes and means of their expression. Particular attention is paid to differences in the implementation of spatial deixis in the languages compared. Conclusions. Grammatically and communicatively, deixis is central to Russian and Tatar pronominal systems. Regular deictic means include key types of pronouns, such as personal, possessive, personal-demonstrative, and demonstrative ones. Functional qualities of all other pronouns and non-pronominal deictics are determined through relations with these central types.

An Error Analysis on Dialogue Script Written by Eighth Grade of SMPN 3 Kota Jambi

In learning English especially in writing, the students made errors to write dialogue. They have lack of vocabulary and less idea in writing English sentence. They also need to consider about the grammatical components of English that differ from Indonesian language. The aim of this research was to describe errors made by the students in writing dialogue script. Thirty students from Eighth grade of SMPN 3 Kota Jambi were asked to write about free essay in dialogue script. All students writing are, then, analyzed in order to investigate students' errors. Based on findings of this research in linguistic category and surface strategy, it can be concluded that the students have difficulties in grammar (tenses, preposition, agreement, article), lexicon (vocabulary and spelling), punctuation for linguistic category and addition (double marking, regularization, simple addition), omission, misformation (regularization, archi- form, alternating form), misordering for surface strategy. Most students tend to have difficulties in spelling and omission.

Les caractéristiques fonctionnelles et stylistiques du discours publicitaire français dans les médias économiques et politiques modernes

The article examines the functional and stylistic features of French advertising discourse in modern economic and political media. The relevance of this issue stems from the fact that advertising texts are closest to the impact pole on the conditional message-impact scale. The advertising discourse is analyzed using the material of advertisements, articles, notes, interviews, and extended announcements in the French media of economic and political focus, and drawing on the example of contextual and media advertising retrieved from French economic and political websites. The paper attempts to comprehensively study advertising discourse with due consideration of the determining role of the functional and stylistic factors, analyze the main functions of advertising discourse, and highlight the main directions of research on advertising. Special attention is paid to the pragmatic orientation of advertising, which manifests itself in specific linguistic categories. The analysis of the linguistic material shows that modern advertising discourse in the French media of economic and political focus makes ample use of expressive means designed to exert an efficient impact on the recipient. Among the most commonly used means, metaphor, metonymy, anaphora, hyperbole and antithesis are at the top of the list. Figures of higher expressiveness and emotional coloring are shown to demonstrate a high frequency of use in advertising. These include rhetorical questions, rhetorical addresses and rhetorical exclamations. Figures of double meaning, such as language games based on linguistic ambiguity, are also successfully used in French advertising discourse.

Syntactic Means of Expressing Emotivity (On the Basis of the English Literary Works)

The current study addresses the peculiarities of expressing the linguistic category of emotivity on the basis of the English literary works of the XIX c. and XXI c. written by the female authors. The analysis focuses on the syntactic expressive means, particularly, exclamatory sentences, repetitions and partial constructions. The conducted research suggests that the impact of the latter leads to better perception of an emotionally coloured certain life situation that is depicted by a narrator with the help of the corresponding language means. The authors aim to explore the samples of the syntactic expressive means from the literary works under investigation and to reveal the correlation between the syntactic structure and the emotivity of the text.

Lexico-semantic compatibility of words in Kazakh

The article examines the difference between the notions of compatibility and valency and distinguishes the types of combinations in the linguistic system. The aim of the article is to investigate the functions and types of combinations as a linguistic category. The article uses deductive, inductive methods and content analysis methods. The criterion of lexical combination in the linguistic system is analyzed. The potential of the combination of Kazakh words has also been considered. The analysis of the linguistic material has led us to the conclusion that lexical word combinations with an indicative component have an appositive potential. The study of the types of word combinations led to the hypothesis that the valency can be not only structural, stylistic, functional, but also semantic. The valency of words, although extremely important, is not dominant in determining their combinatorics. More important here seems to be their position of compatibility in meaning. The valence properties of the Kazakh language are described; the distinctive features of the manifestation of valence properties are revealed. The results of the analysis of valence properties of Kazakh vocabulary can also be used in the study of the valence theory of general linguistics. When studying the valence properties of a language, the analysis of its lexical semantics and the determination of its belonging to semantic groups characterized by a field structure is at the core.

Lexico-semantic compatibility of words in Kazakh

The article examines the difference between the notions of compatibility and valency and distinguishes the types of combinations in the linguistic system. The aim of the article is to investigate the functions and types of combinations as a linguistic category. The article uses deductive, inductive methods and content analysis methods. The criterion of lexical combination in the linguistic system is analyzed. The potential of the combination of Kazakh words has also been considered. The analysis of the linguistic material has led us to the conclusion that lexical word combinations with an indicative component have an appositive potential. The study of the types of word combinations led to the hypothesis that the valency can be not only structural, stylistic, functional, but also semantic. The valency of words, although extremely important, is not dominant in determining their combinatorics. More important here seems to be their position of compatibility in meaning. The valence properties of the Kazakh language are described; the distinctive features of the manifestation of valence properties are revealed. The results of the analysis of valence properties of Kazakh vocabulary can also be used in the study of the valence theory of general linguistics. When studying the valence properties of a language, the analysis of its lexical semantics and the determination of its belonging to semantic groups characterized by a field structure is at the core.

Contextualized embeddings for semantic change detection: Lessons learned

This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the outputs of contextualized embedding-based methods for detecting diachronic semantic change. We also introduce an ensemble-method outperforming previously described contextualized approaches. This method is used as a basis for an in-depth analysis of the degrees of semantic change predicted for English words across 5 decades. Our findings show that contextualized methods can sometimes predict high change scores for words which are not undergoing any real diachronic semantic shift. Such cases are discussed in detail with examples, and their linguistic categorization is proposed. Contextualized embeddings are prone to confound changes in lexicographic senses and changes in contextual variance, which naturally stems from their distributional nature. Additionally, they often merge together syntactic and semantic aspects of lexical entities. Finally, we propose possible solutions to these issues.

Spelling Errors in French Elementary School Students: A Linguistic Analysis.

This study offers the first description of misspellings across elementary school using the Phonological, Orthographic and Morphological Assessment of Spelling (POMAS), a linguistic framework based on Triple Word Form theory, adapted for French (POMAS-FR). It aims to test the "universality" of POMAS and its suitability to track development in French spelling. One hundred ninety-four typically developing French children (Grades 1-5) produced a written narrative and words-to-dictation. These were analyzed for productivity and accuracy. Misspellings were then analyzed using POMAS-FR. Productivity and accuracy were better in the later grades. POMAS-FR provided a novel framework for tracking error types in our French sample. The data showed a linear trend for text production, whereby the proportion of phonological errors decreased rapidly in the early grades, while orthographic errors decreased and morphological errors increased throughout elementary school. Words-to-dictation showed a more stable pattern, with a steady decrease in phonological errors, and a stable proportion of orthographic and morphological errors. The specific error types found within each linguistic category are described for both tasks. The POMAS-FR allowed for the characterization of linguistic knowledge involved in learning to spell French across elementary school. Interplays between different types of linguistic knowledge were evident at all grades. In comparison with other writing systems, French text spelling competence relied heavily on morphological knowledge. These results suggest POMAS may be applied to other orthographic systems. It also highlights the importance of task and word selection for the qualitative evaluation of spelling. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.20520774.

Smokers' Engagement Behavior on Facebook: Verbalizing and Visual Expressing the Smoking Cessation Process.

The “processes of change” and “motivational language” are common in smoker Facebook users’ comments under smoking cessation support contents. Smokers can combine this verbalization of the smoking cessation process with visual expression when they use comments and Facebook reactions at the same time. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between processes of change, motivational language, and the Facebook reaction buttons. A total of 821 smokers’ comments were analyzed in the current study (n = 821), which responded to image-based smoking cessation support contents. The processes of change and the motivational language used in the investigated comments were identified. These linguistic categories were compared with the usage of reaction buttons. The Facebook users who used the “Haha” reaction button wrote a significantly higher proportion of sustain talk than those who used the “Like” or “Love” reaction buttons. The Facebook users who combined the comment and “Love” reaction wrote significantly more change talk than those who did not utilize these buttons. We suggest that the “Haha” reaction may be a negative indicator, the “Like” reaction may be a neutral indicator, and the “Love” reaction may be a positive engagement indicator in terms of the smoking cessation process during Facebook-based interventions. These results may highlight how to evaluate Facebook reactions relating to smoking cessation support contents.