Methods Of Linguistic Analysis Research Articles

Representation of Zadie Smith’s Individual Style in Original Text and Translation

Author’s individual style and its preservation in translation are a relevant issue of translation practices. This research is the first attempt in domestic linguistics to study Zadie Smith’s individual style and its manifestation in translation based on M. Yu. Mukhin’s analysis model. The methodology involved the methods of semantic interpretation, comparative analysis, content analysis, quantitative calculations, and linguistic analysis based on the conceptual profile model. The study featured Z. Smith's novel On Beauty and its translation performed by O. Kachanova and A. Vlasova. The analysis revealed the most frequent linguistic and stylistic means and denotative spheres and classes, e.g., such lexical means as simile, interjection, metaphor, allusion, and lexical repetition; various phonographic means, e.g., capitalization, graphic imagery, excessive punctuation, and graphon used to portray a wide variety of accents, etc. The official Russian edition conveyed the actual meaning and the lexical speech portraits by an effective use of various translation transformations, e.g., word order, lexical substitution, compensation, etc. In most cases, literal translation proved to be appropriate as it preserved the metagraphemic of the original text. However, the graphic fixation of the characters’ speech not always found its reflection in the translation text.

Официальная цифровая политическая повестка дня политических лидеров мнения: основные точки пересечения политического дискурса и молодежных предпочтений

The authors examine the official digital political agenda in terms of young people’s perception of the political discourse broadcast by political actors in the online space. Social media contribute to the formation of a new political agenda involving users and political actors. This facilitates the integration of a political subject into the information and news flow, as well as to become a leader of socio-political opinion. The empirical base of the research was the content of the official accounts of D.A. Medvedev, S.S. Sobyanin and S.K. Shoigu (the method of linguistic and discourse analysis of publications, hashtags, photos, videos and feedback in the form of comments and reposts), which constitute the political content of the social platform “VKontakte” and messenger “Telegram” according to the rating of Medialogy for the period from June 1 to June 30, 2023. The empirical base also includes the results of the author’s projective methodology focused on studying of young people’s perception of the digital political agenda. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that users perceive the digital political agenda in the online space in a non-linear way, reacting to visual and textual pat-terns, but not reproducing a holistic political picture, which is represented by a political subject in their social media.

Оценка в семантике лексем «жизнь» и «смерть»

The aim of the research is to identify evaluative components in the structure of the lexical meanings of the pair of words “life” – “death”. The work uses a set of methods of linguistic analysis. The scientific novelty of the research lies in analysing evaluative components in the semantic structures of the pair of antonyms “life” – “death”, namely, in describing asymmetry and symmetry in the pragmatic macro-component of the meaning of these words: asymmetry manifests itself in the direction of pragmatic evaluation of the phenomena denoted by the words “life” and “death”, the former is correlated with something very good, goodness, the latter is correlated with something very bad, evil, misfortune; symmetrical linguistic behaviour is manifested in both lexemes in the derived values with the semantics of common evaluation and in the derived values that determine that life and death are the object of regular evaluation. In addition, the paper is the first to demonstrate that a certain ratio of positive and negative semes in the meaning of these lexemes marks the type of discourse (everyday, religious-philosophical, art criticism, artistic). As a result, it has been proved that not only the individual connotations of a word affect the development of its semantic structure, but also the pragmatic components of one lexeme from a pair of antonyms have an impact on the semantic variability of the other. Studying evaluation in the semantics of these units makes it possible to trace the dynamic processes in the semantic structures of the words, as well as common and different features in their linguistic behaviour.

Colloquialism as a phenomenon in modern women’s prose (based on V. Tokareva’s novella “Nichevo osobennovo” (“Nothing Special”))

We associate the relevance of addressing the problem of the colloquial speech usage within the framework of a literary text and, in general, the consideration of individual techniques for creating colloquiality in the text with the need to determine the range of colloquial vocabulary use by masters of the word. Colloquiality is one of the most striking features of everyday speech related to spontaneity in communication. In everyday speech behavior of native speakers, colloquial speech clearly demonstrates both a function of communication and an expressive function. Colloquial speech is traditionally widely used by writers in a literary text to create a characters’ speech portrait and increase the impact of the author’s speech in works of fiction. The representatives of modern women’s Russian prose are no exception. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of creating colloquiality in a literary text in the works of outstanding authors of modern women’s prose. The study is based on V. Tokareva’s novella “Nothing Special”. This article uses descriptive and structural methods, as well as the method of linguistic and stylistic analysis in the study of the literary text. Particular attention is paid to individual techniques used for creating colloquialities in the text. We have come to the conclusion that V. Tokareva strives to bring the narrative closer to real life, to increase the expression of the narrative; therefore, she actively uses the elements of colloquial speech.

Legal linguistics and its role in modern legal proceedings in the Federal Republic of Germany

The correct linguistic interpretation is widely used in contemporary co-production. Correct linguistic interpretation-a particular form of linguistic investigation into the entire establishment of the existence, subject to evidence in the frame of an arbitrary, civil or angular process. Linguistic investigation, as well as another form of experimental investigations, indicates the establishment of facts, if the facts cannot be established in any way, but only with the help of attraction of the face, special knowledge in the field of linguistics. All this was a method of linguistic analysis used in the Russian co-production in the distribution of part according to the frequency and dostoy, part of the reputation, the humanization of the rights of the author in the production of advertising products, etc.d. in relation to what, one of the active development of interdisciplinary research methods on the style of jurisprudence and Linguistics, there is, unconditionally, the right linguistics. The fact that the development of scientific-methodological characterisation, scientific publications, allows them to make practical application of linguistic expertise in co-production as in the use of native and foreign languages, publicly deficient. The development of the Institute of legal linguistics results in different countries. It is always an interest of its own, as a form of life that flows in the countries with the glubby traditions of the right. In life, a country worthy of opting for the Federal Republic of Germany in the development of university scientific schools of legal linguistics.

Multi-modal Discourse Analysis of the Movie the Tea House

In the 90s of the 20th century, the multi-modal discourse analysis that emerged in the West gradually became one of the hot topics in linguistics, and multi-modal discourse refers to the phenomenon of using hearing, vision, touch and other senses to communicate through language, images, sounds, actions and other means and symbolic resources. Usually people discuss film from psychology, aesthetics and other macroscopic perspectives, and less linguistic discourse analysis methods to discuss, multi-modal discourse analysis theory for film researchers to provide a set of simultaneous analysis of film images, music and text compatible methods, so this thesis aims to analyze the film discourse Tea House based on functional linguistic theory and visual grammar for multi-modal discourse analysis.

The word as a weapon (about neologisms being a linguistic reflection of the russia-ukraine war)

The functioning of the Ukrainian language takes on special importance in the conditions of a full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. Language is an important component of national identity, a powerful productive tool that strengthens the nation and enriches national culture. The purpose of the article is to describe and systematize innovative processes in the modern national lexical system of the Ukrainian language, which developed during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The article presents new resources of language thinking - neologisms and occasionalisms, which verbalize the current events of the wartime in Ukraine and remind of the close connection between history and language. An overview of linguistic studies on language as a weapon was made; the need for a new nomination is substantiated; examples are considered and the main functions of neolexes are defined; the emotional and expressive component in such word formation is noted; attention is focused on the active functioning of neologisms in the language; the prospects for the study of neologisms against the background of modern events in Ukrainian society and the world are outlined. Research methods. For the scientific interpretation of actual material, we use such general scientific methods as observation and analysis of linguistic material. We use the descriptive method, methods of component and linguistic stylistic analysis. Conclusions. The factual material of the article proves that the word is a special weapon on the language front. The formation and active functioning of new lexical units in military discourse is a kind of reflection of contemporary events; a vivid manifestation of the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language and the high intellectual potential of the Ukrainian people; attesting to the dynamism, continuity and uniqueness of language as a living organism.

The Interpretation of Environmental Ideal Images Based on Ji Chang Garden’s Literary Texts

The creation of literary texts on traditional Chinese gardening was a cultural phenomenon among literati and officialdom; the fictional imagination and personal experience of the garden owner and other literati constructed the ideal images of the traditional Chinese garden environment together with the physical space. Therefore, garden literary texts become a mirror of the built environment that extends it into an idealised space-time through literary rhetoric such as metaphor and metonymy, an important medium for us to interpret the connotations of Environmental Ideal Images that combine physical space and fictional imagination. We take the Jichang Garden as the research object, the typical Chinese garden during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). By applying the methods of Linguistic Structural Analysis and Hermeneutic Phenomenology, we excavate the space-time hiding in texts and visualise the environmental ideal image inside literature through drawing methods such as diagrams, collages, plans and axonometry. We intervene in the texts as interpreters from the perspective of art and philosophy, question and break through the cognition of regarding the built environment as all of gardening, and ultimately reconstruct the overall Environmental Ideal Images of Jichang Garden that combines the physical space and fictional imagination. Through the research, we have found that the fictional ideal images created by literati involve specific activities in the present and collective memories of the past, which reveal the potential and attractive side of Chinese traditional gardens.

CHARACTERISTICS OF KAZAKHSTAN IDEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE IN THE PANDEMIC

Ideological discourse refers to the new areas of linguistics that have been studied recently. This problem has been sufficiently investigated by foreign scientists, but as we see, it has not become an object of special study in the works of Kazakhstani scientists.The purpose of the scientific work is to analyze the nature of ideological discourse during the pandemic. To this end, the article examines the role of Kazakhstan's ideological discourse during the pandemic, its form, and distribution channels. During the scientific work, the authors applied the following research methods: the method of discourse analysis (analysis of texts constructed for ideological purposes, with extralinguistic factors in a communicative situation) and linguistic analysis of the text of ideological content as a product of ideological discourse. During the research, the following features peculiar to the Kazakh ideological discourse during the pandemic were identified: 1) updated genres of Kazakh oral literature, including conspiracy songs "badik zhyr", which is proved by the analysis of conspiracy songs of this period); 2) the dissemination of ideological discourse was carried out mainly through the media (TV channel, newspaper, magazine) and the Internet; 3) forms of dissemination were mainly of the nature of various videos on social networks, sound recordings, mixed format recordings, etc.; 4) it was noticed that due to the restriction of direct communication, people had a feeling of loneliness, so the participants of the discourse preferred artistic discourse (including poetry); 5) it was determined that in accordance by the goal of protecting and saving the population from the disease, the discursive strategy of the authorities changed; 6) alternative metaphors of the coronavirus appeared: taz tazhal, kesel, zhaman auru, aty oshkir auru, zhaman virus, tazhal.The scientific value of the article is associated with the separation of ideological discourse from political discourse as a separate type of discourse, the proof and classification of its specific features, the provision of scientific conclusions following its changes during the pandemic, the practical value is determined by the significance of the analysis of the structural and discursive nature of this discourse for use in such scientific research.

Written judicial discourse: mechanisms of discursive interaction between the author and the reader

In this article, the author examines the written judicial discourse of Great Britain. The subject of the study is the law report – a brief report on the judicial decision, published in open sources and judicial collections. These texts record the most important decisions of the highest courts. A detailed legal analysis and interpretation of the applicable sources of law in a court decision take the form of a compact, concise text, with an accurate and consistent presentation of the court's arguments. The texts of court reports are an example of a modern written legal language, in which the principles and norms of common law are updated again and again. As a unit of discourse, a judicial report is, on the one hand, a complex speech act, on the other hand, it is a text that carries a certain rhetorical (pragmatic) impact on the reader. Using the method of linguistic analysis, the author analyzes the representation of an event during argumentation and identifies various discursive mechanisms of interaction between the author and the reader. The author believes that such characteristics can be divided into retrospective and prospective, depending on their rhetorical impact on the reader. In particular, the author analyzes the functional status and pragmatic significance of such phenomena as indirect speech, subordinate clauses, verbs of epistemic modality. According to the author, the analysis of such characteristics can significantly complement the study of the intertextuality (dialogicity) of written judicial discourse, and accordingly expand our understanding of the formation and influence of the legal context.

Classification of Electronic (Digital) Traces of Criminal Offenses

With the further development of science and technology, the ways in which offenders use electronic computing devices while committing criminal acts are also changing. Each new method, each manifestation of illegal technology leaves behind specific traces, which in most cases are new for both theorists and practitioners. Identification, extraction and examination of each type of such traces requires unique approaches. Therefore, the task of forensic scientists is to divide the mentioned traces into varieties based on their essential and forensically significant features in order to further develop practical recommendations for working with them. Therefore, the purpose of this article is the formation of a forensic classification of electronic (digital) traces of a criminal offense. To achieve the goal, the methods of generalization, linguistic analysis, formal-legal, formal-logical, comparison, forecasting, analysis and synthesis methods, as well as activity and praxeological approaches in forensic science were used. The author singled out forensically significant features of electronic (digital) traces of a criminal offense and selected three groups of criteria for their classification: according to the features of the trace-forming object, according to the features of computer data as a trace, and according to the features of the carrier (media) of such data (trace-receiving object). Based on the first group of criteria electronic (digital) traces of a criminal offense are divided into varieties according to the trace-forming object; based on the second group of criteria – according to data formatting, according to data content, according to the method of information perception, according to data authenticity, according to the possibility of access; based on the third group – according to the location of the computer data carrier (media), according to the purpose and type of installation of the carrier and by the energy dependence of the storage device of the data carrier. In the author's opinion, scientific research on the further distribution of electronic (digital) traces of criminal offenses into subtypes and the formulation of practically oriented recommendations regarding their detection, collection, examination and use in criminal proceedings are promising.

Language Tools in Boris Akunin's Novel «The Turkish Gambit»

This article attempts to trace the genre motivation of the choice of linguistic means of different levels (lexico-semantic, morphological, syntactic) to express information and plot collisions of a modern Russian detective novel based on the work of B. Akunin («Turkish Gambit»). The hypothesis of the study is that in literary discourse, the nature and structure of the narrative, as well as the choice of lexical units by the author are determined by the belonging of the work to a particular genre. It also attempts to prove that the writer's project about Erast Fandorin is a product of mass culture. The novel «Turkish Gambit» is analyzed in terms of the use of linguistic means in it, in particular, lexical-semantic and grammatical ones. Methods of linguistic observation and component analysis are used. It is concluded that the features of a detective novel motivate the author's choice of lexico-semantic (military terminology, archaic vocabulary, exoticisms, corporate vocabulary) and grammatical means (active use of various forms of the verb, prepositions of direction, specific nouns, the dominance of simple and complex sentences of minimal structure). The results of the study can be used in the school practice of in-depth program study of the novel «Turkish Gambit».

Репрезентация медиаобраза Китая в российской социальной сети (на материале постов о китайской популярной музыке и комментариев к ним)

The article reconstructs the media image of China based on social network discussions about Chinese pop music. As a new medium, social networks reflect the mutual socio-cultural interest of Russia and China. The author describes the concept of national media image in media linguistics and intercultural communication using China News. EKD, a public page in the VKontakte social network. The methods of media linguistics, cultural linguistics, axiology, and linguistic analysis helped to reveal the main themes in the image of China: musical genres; musicians and singers, their popularity in China and abroad; authors' opinions; commentators' opinions; non-verbal means. The research also revealed linguistic and non-linguistic means that establish Chinese pop music as part of the musical and performing arts. China appears as a country with a well-developed modern musical and performing culture, popular both in China and abroad.

TRANSLATORS’ INTERPRETATIONS OF SHAKESPEARE’S PLAYS IN THE LIGHT OF INFORMATION ENTROPY

The article substantiates the problem of translators’ interpretations of information entropy cases in time-remote original texts on the example of William Shakespeare’s plays in the process of translators’ creative reproduction of the original works in the target language. The purpose of the article is to identify the factors that determine the difference in translators’ interpretations and their manifestations in chronologically distant Ukrainian retranslations of the 19th–21st centuries. The tasks of the research are the following: to describe the theoretical basis of the research by determining the specifics of translator’s interpretation and the phenomenon of information entropy from the standpoint of translation theory and practice; to show the influence of different extralingual factors on the process and result of Ukrainian retranslations. The research material is taken from Shakespeare’s tragedies “Romeo and Juliet” (1594) and “Hamlet, Prince of Denmark” (1600), which serve as samples of Early Modern English at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, and their chronologically distant Ukrainian retranslations of the 19th–21st centuries. The research methodology incorporates not only general scientific methods, as well as empirical methods in order to substantiate the theoretical basis of the research, but also methods of discourse analysis (cultural and historical, comparative-linguistic-cultural), methods of literary analysis (biographical, hermeneutic, interpretive-textual), methods of linguistic analysis (etymological, contextual, descriptive, semantic, and stylistic) and methods of contrastive translation and transformational analysis, which are used to determine the changes in the scope of information expressed by the units of analysis in the timeremote original texts and in chronologically distant Ukrainian retranslations of the 19th – 21st centuries. The article argues that the difference in translators’ interpretations and, consequently, the variety of retranslations are taken into account by different objective and subjective extralingual factors that influence the process and result of retranslations in cases of information entropy. The objective factors are the historically different social and cultural contexts in which the original texts of the 16th–17th centuries and their chronologically distant Ukrainian retranslations of the 19th–21st centuries are created; the literary trends dominating at the corresponding epochs that influence the author’s and translators’ artistic styles. The subjective factors are translators’ creative personalities that reflect their perception of the surrounding world and personal worldviews determined by their different life experience and social background. Objective and subjective factors, which cause different interpretations of information entropy cases in the time-remote original text and presentation of different scope of information in chronologically distant Ukrainian retranslations, are interrelated and interdependent. If all the factors are the same, i.e. the translators belong to one and the same historical period of time, adhere to the same literary trend and have the same cultural and social background, the translators’ interpretations coincide. At least one of the factors being different, the translators’ interpretations of information entropy cases differ which is a prerequisite for the diachronic plurality in translation of time-remote Shakespeare’s tragedies by Ukrainian translators of the 19th–21st centuries.

DYNAMICS OF THE WIDELY USED FEMALE NAMES OF UZHGOROD DURING THE 20th CENTURY

Introduction. The article examines widely used female names that functioned in Uzhgorod during the 20th century. Among the 81 onyms that were below the top ten for nine chronological sections, those that repeatedly changed their status during the studied period, moving into the group of the most used, widely used and rarely used, were selected. According to the periods of their functioning, in the central part of the female name vocabulary, cross-cutting, intermittent, temporary names are established.
 The purpose. The purpose of this analysis of the dynamics of widely used female names in Uzhhorod during the 20th century. The object of the research is proper female names that functioned in the statistical group of widely used ones for 100 years. The subject of the research is their dynamics over the course of a century.
 Materials and methods. Several methods of linguistic analysis were used in the research, in particular, the method of chronological sections, statistical method for counting the total number of female names, holistic analysis, determination of the most used, widely used names. The source base was the materials of the church metric books of Transcarpathia 1900-1945 and the books of the archival fund 1945-2000, which are stored in the state archive of the Transcarpathian region.
 Results. As a result of the research, it was established that the group of widely used female names of Uzhhorod residents in the 20th century got 81 names, or 12.1% of the total number of female names. The central part of the female names vocabulary of Uzhhorod served the largest percentage of carriers during the studied period – 48.2%, or 4073 newborns.
 Conclusions. A thorough analysis of the obtained responses helped to establish that among the widely used female names, the most numerous were onymas, which repeatedly changed their status during the 20th century, being in the group of widely used and rarely used female names. According to the periods of operation, the most discontinuous names were found, which went out of use for a while and returned to the female names vocabulary of Uzhhorod. 37 units, or 45.7% of the total number of all widely used names were recorded. The practical value of the research is that the given material can be used in compiling a dictionary of proper Ukrainian names, for lectures on Ukrainian onomastics.

Combinability of the verbal relative «исходя из»: left and right components

This article is devoted to the process of grammaticalization in Russian on the example of the transition of the verbal unit «исходя из» into the prepositional one. Object of study is grammaticalization, due to which there is a transition from content words to function, the subject – the units that are grammaticalized and have a frontier status between content and functional units. The study focuses on combinability because only in the context the meaning and function of a unit is determined, the level of its grammaticalization is reflected and new features of lexical units are denoted. At present considerable attention is paid to derivative nominative prepositional neologisms. In the last two decades, a large number of studies have appeared which consider both single prepositional units and groups of units. A number of works are devoted to the description of nominative prepositions. At the same time, verbal prepositional neologisms have been neglected. The present paper is devoted to the description of the verbal relative «исходя из», the semantic and syntactic features of which have not been described in detail - this is the originality of the research. The study uses quantitative and descriptive methods of linguistic analysis. In the article lexico-semantic classification of verbs, which take position of the left component (main) in the combinations with the studied preposition, classification of nouns, which take position of the right component (dependent), as well as lexico-semantic correlation of components are given.

Cancel Culture - the Speech Behavior of Modern Society

The research paradigm of 21st century linguistics links the study of discourse with the use of language as a public practice. The subject of the study is linguistic features of different levels, characterizing the phenomenon of cancel culture. The new discourse practice or speech reality functions thanks to the media and the Internet in various areas of modern speech — in political and business communication, in professional and everyday life. The purpose of the study is to consider cancel culture as a linguistic object that reflects the speech life of modern society. The relevance of the study is determined by a modern request for regulation and control of speech behavior in the public sphere within the framework of constructive criticism. The article implements the following research tasks: to describe the linguistic essence of the cancel culture and characterize the latter as a phenomenon characteristic of the communicative behavior of representatives of the linguocultural community. The linguistic method of discourse analysis is used as the main tool for analyzing texts with functioning examples of lexical units representing the cancellation action, which makes it possible to identify features of the communication and evaluation activities of speakers. As a result, new language facts in the system of linguistic coordinates are localized and a possible vector for the study of aggressive communication in the language-environment category is determined. It allows for an expansion of the field of scientific understanding of the modern speech environment. The author concludes that the cancel culture as a new discourse practice has a thematic and semiotic dominant in the form of destructive criticism. Research of new discourse practice on the identified attractors of criticism and aggressive communication is set as a research perspective.

Древнееврейские корни Ветхого Завета в аваро-андо-цезских языках Дагестана

<p>Throughout the history of their development, the Caucasian languages encountered many other languages, all of which left their traces, through which also genetic and areal connections can be traced. Persian, Arabic, Georgian, Russian, Turkic borrowings have been subjects to detailed studies, but the earlier period of language contact has generally not been covered. This study is devoted to the search for traces of Hebrew vocabulary in the Avar-Andi-Tsez languages of northern Dagestan on the basis of comparative historical, etymological and descriptive methods of linguistic analysis.</p>

“Russia, Rossia, Rus, Kolomna: Province”: Conceptualization of Space in B. Pylnyak’s Novel “Volga Flows into Caspian Sea”

The principles of structuring and methods of objectification of the spatial continuum in B. Pylnyak’s novel “The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea” are investigated. Particular attention is focused on the lexical representation of space as a basic category of the author’s language picture of the world. The novelty of the research consists in the identification, systematization and description of linguistic material, which allows to determine individual author’s features in the creation of the spatial continuum of B. Pylniak’s novel. The relevance of the article is due to addressing the problem of linguistic expression of world-modeling universals in a literary text. The article uses methods of semantic and linguistic stylistic analysis, comparison and description of language units. It helps us to identify and consider the means of lexical representation of the spatial model created in the novel “Volga Falls into Caspian Sea”, which is characterized by kaleidoscopicity, dynamism and the combination of different spatial planes. During the research, the author comes to conclusions containing the characteristics of the main types of space in B. Pylniak’s novel, taking into account the individual features of the author’s world modeling, as well as the substantiation of the revealed linguistic parameters of the writer’s idiostyle.

STYLISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL POTENTIAL OF ENGLISH TOURISM DISCOURSE

Purpose. The paper aims at discovering stylistic and grammatical peculiarities in tourism discourse based on VisitBritain.com text corpus; analyzing its application scope and mission; specifying “tourism discourse” as a notion.
 Methodology. Used in the paper are general scientific methods (synthesis, generalization), analysis of the text corpus, method of linguistic analysis.
 Results. The issue of tourism discourse as a separate unit, not a subtype of advertising discourse, remains highly disputable nowadays. The present paper analyses the theoretical basis of notions of “discourse” and “tourism discourse”; determines the levels and communication means in tourism; substantiates the hypothesis on multi-component and multi-modal structure of tourism discourse as a linguistic phenomenon. In the practical part of the research, the author draws special attention to the specifics of the English tourism discourse in terms of typology, lexicology and morphology. The paper concludes by saying that tourism discourse is different from advertising one as well as requires further investigation into the issue.
 Practical implications. The results presented in the article can be used both in theory and applications, i.e., further inquiry into the pragmatic constituent of tourism discourse and its interdisciplinarity; compilation of corpora of tourist texts in the English language; adaptation of the English tourism discourse for present-day realities and addressees’ demands.