Linguistic Affiliation Research Articles

L’ús pòstum de les figures literàries en l’esfera pública: pràctiques i processos commemoratius en la cultura catalana contemporània

This special issue brings together a series of in-depth case studies of commemorative discourses and practices dedicated to some of the most important figures in contemporary Catalan literature from the beginning of the 19th century onwards, which contributed to transform selected writers (including Antoni Capmany, Jaume Balmes, Jacint Verdaguer, Àngel Guimerà and Josep Maria de Sagarra, as well as female authors, such as Josepa Massanés, Mercè Rodoreda, Anna Murià, Maria Aurèlia Cap-many and Montserrat Roig) into collective memory sites for the Catalan community. It aims to contribute critically to the burgeoning international scholarship on “cultural saints”, that is, the (generally male) writers, artists and intellectuals marked out as representative of cultural-national community identities in the age of consolidation of the nation-state. The bodies and corpora of the symbolic figures and cultural icons examined across the nine articles commissioned and collected here both served to confer legitimacy on diverse projects and agents in the public sphere and were the site of sometimes heightened debate over contested cultural memory narratives. In other words, they show the ways in which Catalan commemorative practices and processes are both a vehicle for the construction of a distinctive community imaginary as well as reflecting the divisions and dissensus between different agents and sub-groups, according to social, political, geographical, linguistic, generational and gender affiliation, among other factors.

Building linguistic bridges: Pakistan's forward-thinking strategy for foreign language learning

ABSTRACT This article provides insight into Pakistan's proactive strategy for developing linguistic ties by improving proficiency in Chinese as a foreign language. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) is used to closely examine the participants’ lived experiences. A purposive sampling technique is adopted to choose the samples for this research. Semi-structured interviews of sixteen professionals are done to gather the primary information needed to comprehend the participants’ viewpoints on learning Chinese. The study focuses on the objectives and challenges associated with acquiring the Chinese language from the perspective of individuals in Pakistan and has provided valuable insights into individuals’ attitudes and behaviours about the acquisition of the Chinese language, hence contributing to developing a systematic framework for Chinese language learning. The findings aregrouped under three sections according to the conceptual framework (motivations, amenities, and challenges) of Chinese language acquisition and highlight the need for creative approaches, specialised teacher preparation, and suitable materials to promote efficient Chinese language acquisition and get beyond linguistic and cultural barriers. The findings of this study will aid language institutions and policymakers in planning strategies for foreign language learning and acquisition.

Investigating linguistic and genetic shifts in East Indian tribal groups

South Asia is home to almost a quarter of the world's total population and is home to significant ethnolinguistic diversity. Previous studies of linguistic and genetic affiliations of Indian populations suggest that the formation of these distinct groups was a protracted and complex phenomenon involving multiple waves of migration, cultural assimilation, and genetic admixture. The evolutionary processes of migration, mixing and merging of populations thus impact the culture and linguistic diversity of different groups, some of which may retain their linguistic affinities despite genetic admixture with other groups, or vice versa. Our study examines the relationship of genetic and linguistic affinities between Austroasiatic and Indo-European speakers in adjacent geographical regions of Eastern India. We analyzed 224 mitogenomes and 0.65 million SNP genotypes from 40 unrelated individuals belonging to the Bathudi, Bhumij, Ho, and Mahali ethnic groups from the Eastern Indian state of Odisha. These four groups are speakers of Austroasiatic languages who have adopted elements from Indo-European languages spoken in neighbouring regions. Our results suggest that these groups have the greatest maternal genetic affinity with other Austroasiatic-speaking groups in India. Allele frequency-based analyses, genome-wide SNPs, haplotype-based methods and IBD sharing further support the genetic similarity of these East Indian groups to Austroasiatic speakers of South Asia rather than regional populations speaking Indo-European and Dravidian languages. Our study shows that these populations experienced linguistic mixing, likely due to industrialization and modernization that brought them into close cultural contact with neighbouring Indo-European-speaking groups. However, linguistic change in these groups is not reflected in genetic mixing in these populations, as they appear to maintain strict genetic boundaries while simultaneously experiencing cultural mixing.

Do Linguistic Factors Impact Phonological Awareness in L2? A Study of Phonological Awareness of English by Adult Saudi Learners

The study explores the impact of certain linguistic factors on phonological awareness ability in the second language. This study examines the effect of three linguistic factors on Saudi university students’ L2 phonological awareness: the linguistic environment (single vs. clustered), the linguistic affiliation of the phoneme (novel vs. non-novel), and the phonological representation of the lexical item that contains the target phoneme (real-word vs. non-word). The linguistic factors that are examined and controlled in this study represented essential differences between the participants’ L1 and L2, hence highlighting the effect of L1-L2 distance. The participants were 48 university students majoring in English language. Two phonological awareness tasks were administered, a phoneme deletion task and a phonological judgement task, to test phonological awareness at the phonemic and phonotactic levels. The results showed that the linguistic environment of the phoneme had a significant impact on the participants’ L2 phonological awareness. The linguistic affiliation of the target phoneme was another linguistic factor that affected the participants’ L2 phonological awareness. Their perception of novel L2 phonemes was considerably poorer than non-novel phonemes. This result confirms the validity of the linguistic affiliation hypothesis in explaining phonemic awareness in L2. Additionally, the results revealed that the quality of the phonological representation plays a significant role in the participants’ performance on the phonological awareness tasks in L2 and that the lexical status of the item affected this underlying phonological representation. The findings of this study offer theoretical and practical implications for the acquisition and teaching of a second language.

ABOUT THE UNIFICATION PROBLEM GRAMMATICAL TERMS IN THE KAZAKH AND TURKISH LANGUAGES

In the context of the modern process of globalization, the intensification of scientific, technical, economic, political, cultural, literary, and linguistic ties between states indicates that an increasing number of new words have entered the language and have become an urgent problem of the system of formation of new words in terminology. In order to determine the manifestation of the modern system of terminology formation in the Turkic languages, a comparative study was conducted on the example of grammatical terms of the Kazakh and Turkish languages, similarities and differences in the grammar of the two languages were revealed, prerequisites for the possibility of unification of grammatical terms formed at the stage of global development were created. To achieve this goal, the article characterizes the stages of the formation of the grammatical sphere in the Kazakh and Turkish languages, reviews scientific conclusions in the field of grammar of two languages and the works of the founding scientists of linguistics. In the course of the study, terms from grammar textbooks in two languages were generalized, their structural specificity, terminological sphere, from which language they entered in the presence of a borrowed term were analyzed. Similarities and differences in the sound, root form of grammatical terms grouped from two languages were presented in the comparative table. According to the results of the study, it was found that the grammatical terms of the Kazakh language have been finally formed, and in the Turkish language grammatical terms still have a variety. The results of the research of the article acquire great practical importance in the unification of grammatical terms in grammar textbooks used in teaching Kazakh and Turkish.

The Earth Rumbles: Amerindian Mythology of the Ténabarim, Koyolim, and Sena’Aso, Three Musical Instruments of the Pajko’Ola

During his dance, the Pajko'ola performs various percussion instruments by shaking (ténabarim, koyolim and senaaso). The analysis of each one cannot be separated from the mythology that underlies the character, associated with the Earth and telluric movements. Here the existence of a complex related to predominantly feminine entities and "wild beasts" -ancient women or ogres- of the "Old Men of the Dance" type and to nocturnal lepidoptera is proposed. The review of this approach is not exhaustive, but it allows us to locate aspects of mythology of Yuto-Nahuas groups and other linguistic affiliations, present and past, from Mexico and beyond. From the mythology of "noise" it is possible to locate the Pajko'ola and its musical instruments as belonging to the domain of the darkness.

Nonlinear relationships between human development and international student mobility: The prominent role of employment prospects and cultural and linguistic ties

AbstractHigher education is a key global market and considerable literature has focused on investigating the determinants of international student mobility (ISM). However, less is known about the extent to which the relative influence of these factors is moderated by local conditions and vary across origin countries. Drawing on a unique data set of undergraduate applications from the UK Colleges and Admissions Service, we analyse variations in the contextual determinants of ISM flows to the United Kingdom across countries of origin over a 10‐year period (2009–2019). We run a suite of negative binomial gravity models to understand the key influences of ISM and uncover the spatial heterogeneity of these influences. Our findings reveal a nonlinear relationship between the level of development of origin countries and ISM flows. Although countries from higher development levels are more likely to send students to the United Kingdom, there appears to be a dip in applications at the mid‐levels of development. Given the nonlinearity of this relationship, we seek to understand how countries across different levels of development respond to the typical factors that are seen to influence flows of international students. We also see substantial heterogeneity of the influence of different factors for origin countries, with some countries being influenced by employment opportunities and others by cultural and linguistic ties. However, this variation is not necessarily determined by the countries’ level of development. Our findings have implications for policy makers, educators and researchers seeking to navigate and influence global student mobility trends. Our study highlights the need for tailored strategies to attract and retain international students from specific origin countries, recognising the multifaceted nature of ISM determinants.

The yellow color in the phraseological picture of the world of the Russian and Persian languages: an axiological aspect

This article is devoted to a comparative axiological analysis of phraseological units (PUs) with yellow color in Russian and Persian linguistic cultures. The perception of colors among different peoples may differ and directly depend on the historical, cultural, social, religious and natural conditions of development of a given people. The object of the study are phraseological units of the Russian and Persian languages containing the yellow color (38 units in total), selected regardless of the degree of semantic unity of the components of phraseological units and the method of phraseologization, temporal characteristics, speech or linguistic affiliation, included in proverbs, sayings of famous personalities, quotes from fiction and the method of phraseologization, temporal characteristics, speech or linguistic affiliation, selected by a continuous sampling method from explanatory, phraseological, etymological and encyclopedic dictionaries of the Russian and Persian languages, literary texts, as well as the media. The main research methods used in this work are the comparative method and axiological analysis of phraseological units containing the color term “yellow” in the Russian and Persian languages. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of phraseological units containing “yellow” in two languages from the point of view of axiology. Based on the results of the analysis of the estimated values of phraseological units with “yellow” component, a conclusion is drawn about the attitude towards this color in the axiological picture of the world of the speakers of the languages under study and we have clarified the meaning of the yellow color in the phraseological picture of the world of the Russian and Persian languages and confirm the absence of a binary axiological opposition.

Ukrainian dialects of Northern Pidlasie: historical and cultural context

The article deals with the current sociolinguistic situation in the autochthonous Ukrainian dialects of Northern Podlasie (the territory of Poland) against the background of historical and cultural circumstances in which they have existed, especially in ХХ and early ХХI century. Particular attention is paid to the triad of “confessional – ethnic – linguistic affiliation”; the inculcation of the idea of “Belarusianness” to the population of this dialectal area, which has influenced the modern linguistic and ethnic consciousness of dialect speakers. The peculiarities of language education in Northern Podlasie are also analyzed. The factors that led to the preservation of Northern Podlasie dialects in multicultural conditions and, in fact, in the absence of direct contacts with Ukrainian dialects of the metropolis are identified; and on the other hand, the leveling of ethnic consciousness while preserving the specific language code. The current linguistic situation in the Northern Podlasie dialects is determined by the following main factors: age group of respondents, social status, occupation, family traditions, and, to a large extent, the size of the society, which determines the vitality of the dialect or, conversely, the loss of its prestige. The features of linguistic self-identification by modern speakers of Northern Podlasie dialects are investigated. The role of the idiolect in forming the portrait of the lateral dialect is studied. The tendency to the stability of idiolects in the context of the tangible dynamics of the dialect space is emphasized. The article also examines the written tradition of Northern Podlasie in the dialect, texts in the dialect of various functional styles, and different views on the status of Northern Podlasie dialects, including an attempt to establish a “Podlasie literary micro-language”. Dialectal features in the onomasticon and written microtexts of some other types are analyzed. Keywords: Ukrainian North Podlasie dialects, Ukrainian dialects in a foreign language environment, preservation of lateral dialects, language enclave, Ukrainian dialects of the borderlands.

“The Balkans, Asia Minor, The Caucasus: Historical, Cultural and Linguistic Ties” Conference

“The Balkans, Asia Minor, The Caucasus: Historical, Cultural and Linguistic Ties” Conference

The essence of the concept of "national-patriotic values"

The article analyzes scientific sources on the problem of essence of «national-patriotic values». The author, by comparing various sources, substantiates the definition of the term "national-patriotic values", which includes three components: national, patriotic and value. In pedagogical activity there is usually the concept of "national-patriotic education", which is also now an actual and controversial issue of the turbulence of the XXI century. However, the author focuses on the term "Patriotism" as a central value in the complex of national-patriotic education. Patriotism can act not only as an ideology or the basis of the political life of the state, but above all as moral, spiritual, cultural and historical foundations of the life of the people. Therefore, the task in the formation of a national idea, patriotism and a set of values among the younger generation is assigned primarily to the teacher, who must operate with historical, cultural and spiritual knowledge. The indisputable fact remains that this educational and formative process is influenced by events that occur around, which in turn testifies to the indissolubility of history and the formation of values of a citizen of the state. The author also points out the peculiarities of the formation of patriotism on the example of the Ukrainian people. In this case, we can consider an auxiliary means - the construction of a pantheon of heroes, the spirit of the Cossack times, etc. A parallel is drawn between domestic and foreign researchers. Among the works of foreign scholars, we can trace an interesting trend of looking at patriotism with both positive and negative consequences. The study shows that patriotism can be a feeling of every citizen, which is formed under the influence of the fact that a person is able to identify his or her own involvement in a particular population group, that is, his or her historical, linguistic or cultural affiliation. Focusing on the educational process in Ukraine, the author gives an example and even the need to consolidate the foundations of national-patriotic education at the legislative level. Understanding the seriousness and efforts of the teacher in the educational process is a key aspect in the formation of a conscious civil society.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIBLICALISMS IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH

Objective. The objective of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of biblical expressions in Ukrainian and English.. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of the functioning and translation of biblicalisms; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic approach to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods; and the method of continuous sampling.. Results. The authors analyze the ways in which phraseological units of biblical origin are formed, define groups of biblical units, ways of rendering biblical expressions in the process of translation and conduct a comparative analysis of biblical units in English and Ukrainian (pointing out their common features and semantic, grammatical, and stylistic differences). Functioning of biblicalisms in English and Ukrainian shows intriguing similarities and marked differences, reflecting their different cultural, historical and linguistic foundations. The Bible's profound influence on language, literature, and culture has provided a rich reservoir of idiomatic and figurative expressions that resonate with speakers of both languages. The comparative analysis of biblical phraseology between English and Ukrainian emphasizes the rich cultural and linguistic ties that exist between the two languages. These expressions play a significant role in shaping the literary and cultural heritage of each language and remain relevant in the modern context. The authors conclude that, while some biblical sayings are translated literally from English to Ukrainian and vice versa, others may undergo adaptation according to the linguistic and cultural nuances of each language and culture. Translators often strive to preserve the original meaning and cultural significance, ensuring that the expressions resonate with the target audie

Некалькi слоў пра гiбрыдны характар тэксту Маўлюда XVIII ст.

The present article focuses on the text created by Belarusian–Polish–Lithuanian Tatars that admires the birth of the Prophet Muhammad with the ap- propriate title “Mawlid” (Birth). The time of text creation is unknown. Although, the last rewriting of the manuscript is most likely to have taken place no earlier than the second half of the 18th century, that is, according to some researchers, when the Polish language prevailed in texts written by the Tatars who lived on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The language of the text under consideration can be described as hybrid. Hybrid texts were based on a native speaker’s linguistic capabilities with an orientation to some book that served an example. On the one hand, the linguistic structure of such a text reflected the idiolect of its creator, and, on the other hand, it included the elements of the book example the creator was guided by. The objective of the article is to study the lexi- cal structure of the text in question which is a mixture of lexemes belonging to different languages. There are a number of Arabic and Turkish words in the text. Regarding Slavonic words, it is difficult to determine their origin accurately due to genetic links of the languages. Definitely, there have been attested lexemes be- longing to Common Slavic, along with Church Slavonic and East Slavonic words of Polish origin. In conclusion, it is assumed that norms pertaining to the Polish language became weaker gradually. This statement can be supported by the fact that “Mawlid” (Birth) was created no earlier than the 18th century, when the ter- ritories bordering the Russian Empire alongside the territories which had entered the Russian Empire after partitioning the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were greatly influenced by the East Slavonic dialects as well as standards in writing. The fact that there is a mixture of not only phonetic and morphological but also lexical elements in the text does not seem to suggest that such a process took place only as a result of repeated text rewriting. There also may be a case typical of undifferentiated multilingualism when a speaker does not separate the system of languages and uses the first option that comes to mind without thinking about its linguistic affiliation.

Language Preference and Selection during Nurse-Patient Service Encounter at Adeoyo Teaching Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan

This study examines language preference and selection during nurse-patient service encounters as well as the motivations and effectiveness of such selection by nurses at Adeoyo Teaching Hospital, Ibadan. The study adopted quantitative and descriptive research using a self-designed questionnaire administered to a sample population of fifty (50) nurses selected using stratified random sampling. The data assessing the four phases of nurse-patient service encounters was analyzed using simple percentages and then subjected to a descriptive analysis using Peplau's (1997) Theory of Interpersonal Relations and Giles' (1991) Communication Accommodation Theory. The study finds that language preference at the orientation phase of the nurse-patient service encounters was Yoruba (20%), Yoruba and English Language (56%), while only (24%) opted for the use of the English Language. During the identification and exploitation phases, (86%) adopted the Yoruba language, while (4%) and (10%) adopted English and Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE), respectively. During the resolution phase (80%) adopted the Yoruba Language, while (16%) and (4%) used the English Language and NPE, respectively. Language preference by nurses at the different phases of service encounter, therefore, is Yoruba followed English and then NPE during healthcare provision. Nurses’ motivations for converging or diverging to and from the patients’ preferred language were on the grounds of faster healthcare delivery (96%), emotional stability of the patients (96%), level of education (100%), prestige (64%), ease of communication and comprehension (99%), detailed information (88%), language preference (62%), and patient’s language competence(62%). The Yoruba language was found to be effective during orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution phases of nurse-patient service encounters as it was considered to depict nurses as emphatic (80%), achieve delivery of patient-centred healthcare (88%), a more coordinated service delivery (84%), effective patient evaluation as well implementation of treatment (98%). Yoruba was also found to keep patients emotionally stable (96%) and ensure effective follow-up of healthcare delivery (100%). The study has shown that linguistic affiliation by the selection of patient’s language preference, which is often the use of the Yoruba language, was found to be effective in ensuring effective health care before, during, and the follow-up care of patient-nurse service encounters at Adeoyo Teaching Hospital. It is suggested that linguistic orientation for better healthcare delivery should be mandated in the healthcare sector. Research on language preference during service encounters among nurses and their patient interaction in the hospital from the viewpoint of the patients is also suggested.

On the Possibilities and Constraints of Studying the Ethnic Makeup of the Population Using Census Data from the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia: the Case of Eastern Serbia

Since the first half of the nineteenth century, various census data have been collected regarding the ethnic characteristics of the Serbian population, although the data are incomplete and collected irregularly. The ten censuses conducted in the Principality of Serbia between 1833 and 1874 have immense archival value, but their usefulness for ethno-demographic studies is limited. Similarly, while the statistics collected in the censuses of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1874 to 1910 are somewhat more reliable than the previous ones, they suffer from the absence of a direct question on ethnicity.
 To determine the ethnic structure of the population during this time period, a researcher had to rely on an indirect approach through the identification of ethnic groups based on their linguistic affiliation. However, it is important to note that this method only provides an approximate estimation of ethnic composition. Despite this limitation, available census data can still provide valuable insights into the ethnic composition of the population of the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia, with the number and share of the Vlach population as the most numerous ethnic minority taking centre stage. This means that any data analyses must begin with the understanding that the indicators can only be presented for the Romanian-speaking population.
 If we accept the indirect approach to determining population ethnicity, we can deduce from the data that the number of Vlachs in Eastern Serbia increased up to 1895, and their percentage share increased up to 1884. It is noteworthy that the dynamics of the number of Vlachs until 1895 were relatively stable, implying that the increase was practically linear and consistent with the growth tendency of Serbia’s overall population at the time.
 Within the framework of demographic analysis, data on declared Vlachs in almost all censuses since the post-war census cannot be used to derive explainable demographic indicators. Therefore, it is reasonable to suspect that such data would also be of limited use in other academic fields, particularly in law, politics, and public life in general. This highlights the importance of paying closer attention to earlier ethno-statistic records, especially the first statistical aberration reported in the last decade of the nineteenth century.

Ethnos with Turkish Ancestry in the Toponymic Background of the Territory of Azerbaijan

Objective: Research shows that parallel toponyms exist in different types of toponymy, including oikonymy, oronymy, and hydronymy. Comparative analysis of parallel toponyms reveals that the people's ethnic origin, household, economic activity, and other areas are reflected here. Agriculture, cattle breeding, primarily sheep and horse breeding, crafts, and other fields had a special place in the life of the Turkic peoples. The mentioned economic fields are also of some importance in the toponymy of Azerbaijan. The large number of toponymic parallels of Azerbaijan and other Turkic-speaking countries once again proves the settlement of Turkic-speaking peoples in these areas since ancient times. Method: Every event or object can be studied from a certain point of view, which reflects the ultimate task of cognition. In the research process, certain concepts were clarified by using analysis and synthesis methods. Results: Examining the dictionary of geographical names of Turkic-speaking countries, information books, maps, and other materials shows that the toponyms of the countries of the Turkic world correspond to each other according to their linguistic affiliation, origin, and meaning. It is known that each of the Turkic peoples has its own ethnic name and language. Conclusions: Examining the residing areas of Turkic-speaking peoples elucidates that unlike peoples of Indo-European origin who settled in different continents, Turks live in the areas where they historically lived. These areas mainly cover a large extent, including some parts of the Asian continent, southeastern Europe, the northern part of the Caucasus, the South Caucasus, and South Azerbaijan. The units involved in the processes of the generation of names in the Azerbaijani system of toponyms are different, and this difference is clearly manifested. Toponyms are created gradually and in a consistent manner. When giving a geographic name to any object, all aspects of the language to which the name belongs are carefully contemplated. In this case, when conducting research on the origin of a toponym, it becomes easier and more reliable to find out to which language the object belongs. Research conducted for many years shows that most toponyms in the region, as well as paleotoponyms, are of ancient Turkish-Azerbaijani origin. These geographical names occupy a vital place in the toponymic stratification of Azerbaijan.

Structure and functions of the United Nations in the field of budgetary relations

Considering the UN in terms of its attribution to the main international organizations in the system of subjects of budgetary relations, it is necessary to explore the main activities, but not the international organization as a whole, but by studying the powers and activities of each of its structural institutions.
 As already mentioned, the highest UN institution, which has a wide range of powers, is the General Assembly. It should be noted that the General Assembly has the power to consider the general principles of cooperation in support of international peace and security, including disarmament and arms regulation. In addition, its competence may include any problematic issues that arise in the way of achieving international peace and security, research and development of recommendations in the field of education, health, promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms without discrimination against signs of racial, sexual, linguistic, religious or other affiliation.
 A key role in the UN system is played by the Security Council, which exercises its powers on a permanent basis and focuses its activities on regulating international peace and security policy. It should be noted that the UN Security Council is responsible for the peaceful settlement of international conflicts, the prevention of military clashes between states, the cessation of acts of aggression and other violations of peaceful relations between states.
 The economic recovery and development of infrastructure involves the reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure facilities, in order to ensure the receipt of daily services, as well as support for small and medium-sized businesses in the field of entrepreneurship.
 The UN has financial regulations and rules that govern the use of its funds, including procurement and accounting procedures. The UN also has an internal audit function to ensure that its financial management is transparent and accountable.
 In addition to its regular budget, the UN also has programmatic budgets for its various activities, such as peacekeeping missions, humanitarian assistance, and development programs. These programmatic budgets are funded through separate mechanisms and are subject to specific reporting and accountability requirements.

International charitable connections: Variation in the countries of operation of overseas charities

AbstractCharities are long-established and increasingly prominent non-state actors in social policy. However, these organisations remain understudied within social policy research, particularly their presence in the delivery of global social policy. This paper provides new cross-national evidence about charities operating internationally. It makes use of a comprehensive administrative dataset covering the country of operation of every overseas charity registered in England and Wales, Australia, and Canada. The international connections of charities are extensive, and these organisations are much more likely to work in countries with shared colonial and linguistic ties, and less likely to work in those with poor governance or high levels of corruption. This paper goes beyond a binary focus on either “developing” or “developed” country contexts, and provides insight into the international connections of “non-elite” as well as “elite” social policy actors.

ПРО УКРАЇНСЬКО-БАСКІЙСЬКІ ЛЕКСИЧНІ ПАРАЛЕЛІ, АБО БАСКІЙСЬКІ СЛІДИ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ЛЕКСИКОНІ

The article is devoted to an ambiguous and problematic issue related to Ukrainian- Basque linguistic ties. By lexical parallels (they can also be called conditional isoglosses) the author of this study means hypothetical borrowings-internationalisms (Europeanisms), presumably of Basque origin. Examples of basquisms in the Ukrainian language (багнет, більярд, анчоус, i.e. ʽbayonet, billiard, anchovy’) have been given by K. Tyshchenko, well known Ukrainian scientist. Ukr. багнет (from the name of the city of Bayonne in France), traditionally explained as a borrowing of French origin from the Polish language; that of Fr. Bayonne is compared to Basque Baiona; anyhow, there is no generally accepted opinion; according to one of the hypotheses, the latter may come from Basq. bai una / bai ona. Ukr. більярд is derived from Fr. billard, however, Pop. Lat. *bīlia is obviously of Gaulish origin; Basq. billar is similar in form to Sp. billar, which is interpreted as an ancient borrowing from French. There are certain grounds for associating the Basque etymon with Ukr. анчоус, borrowed from Dutch or German, the corresponding names of which come from Fr. anchois, which comes down, like Sp. anchoa, to Basq. anchu. It is worth mentioning Ukr. кролик (ʽrabbit’), which is considered to be a Latinism borrowed from Polish; at the same time, foreign lexicographers assume that Lat. cuniculus is of Mediterranean-Iberian (pre-Romance) origin and it is compared to Basq. untxi. Besides, let’s mention Ukr. силует, which is a generally accepted loanword from French, but the surname Silhouette is a modified Basq. Zilueta. So, for now, we can talk about separate and generally hypothetical Ukrainian-Basque etymological isoglosses. Оne of them includes Ukr. чемерка, interpreted as a word of Arabic origin, borrowed from Polish; the origin of Pol. czamar(k)a is defined as «oriental»; at the same time Sp. zamarra is interpreted as a possible loanword from Basque. Finally, we can consider Ukr. джинго ʽjingo’ as a historical Basquism. The raised issues are a promising topic for further studies.

Сreative potential of metaphor in the cycle of stories by Hryhor Tiutiunnyk «Steppe Tale»

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of metaphors in Hryhor Tiutiunnyk’s short story cycle «Steppe Tale». The classification of metaphors is considered according to the partial language affiliation, the way of formation and existence and the structure.
 It was established that from the point of view of partial linguistic affiliation, verbal and adverbial metaphors are most often used. Adjective metaphors are used less often, noun metaphors are also not marked by frequency of use. Adverbial metaphors mostly complement verbal metaphors. Such an interaction between two types of metaphors is evidence that metaphor should be considered as a phenomenon of syntactic semantics, which makes it possible to trace the formation of metaphorical meaning within the context due to the successful combination of words.
 According to the method of formation and existence, fixed, individually authored and conceptual metaphors function. Metaphors form a content integrity, and the combination of their meanings actualizes the figurative and associative plan.
 From the point of view of structure, simple metaphors prevail, but complex ones are not inferior to them quantitatively. A simple metaphor is based on a simple comparison, i.e., the convergence of images is based on one feature. A complex metaphor describes a concept using a combination of images or primary metaphors.
 A detailed metaphor deserves special attention, in which the carrier of the metaphorical image is a whole complex of associatively connected words. The text-creative role of the developed metaphor is most noticeable primarily in the linguistic design of the text, in its semantic expansion and in the realization of the pragmatic task of the text.
 Peculiarities of the use of metaphors and their pictorial and expressive possibilities were also studied.
 To achieve the goal and solve the tasks, the following methods were used: the method of analyzing scientific and theoretical sources, the method of contextual analysis, and the method of continuous sampling.