Lines Of Rye Research Articles

Progress of snow mould infection in crowns of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) is related to photosynthetic activity during cold acclimation

Resistance to snow mould is a feature determined by multiple genes. Therefore, determining the phenotype of resistant plants is difficult as it requires an investigation over a long period of time from cold acclimation through pathogenesis. The aim of the present study was (i) to determine the characteristics of the resistant genotype and (ii) to clarify the connections between photosynthesis during cold acclimation and then pathogenesis caused by Microdochium nivale. Two inbred lines of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) differing in their susceptibility to snow mould were used in the study. After cold acclimation snow mould resistant (SMR) line was characterised by higher values of CO2 assimilation and electron transport efficiency but did not differ from snow mould susceptible (SMS) line in carboxylation rate of RuBisCO (Vcmax). Higher soluble carbohydrate accumulation, due to higher photosynthesis intensity, as well as an ABA increase at 5 days post infection (DPI) in leaves and crowns were found in SMR line during the pathogenesis period. Callose deposition was found around non-infected bundle sheets and in cortex cells at 5 DPI (at the same time point as ABA peak) only in SMR line, which probably prevented the infection of leaf initials. Early leaf initials infection in SMS line may be responsible for inhibiting leaf growth and plant regeneration after stress cessation. The results show different physiological and biochemical characteristics of the investigated lines, which can be applied in the selection of resistant genotypes and identifying genomic regions responsible for metabolic pathways increasing pathogen resistance.

Agronomic Properties Assessed for Population of Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rye (Seceale cereale L.) with Known Responses to Nutrient Deficiency Stress at the Seedling Stage

The experiment was established and carried out in light and slightly acidic soil in the years 2008-2010. The research material included one hundred thirty-eight RILs (F8:10) of rye with known response to nutrient stress were determined at the seedling stage obtained in vitro in mature embryos cultures and in two parental inbred lines and F1. The following factors were determined in the full maturity stage of each RIL: plant height, spike length, plant tillering, spikelet number per spike, grain number per spike, spike fertility, grain weight per spike, grain weight per plant and 1000 grain weight. Differences in the examined traits were found between parental inbred lines, and the heterosis effect was observed in F1 hybrid. The range of variability of the examined functional traits demonstrated in the population of RILs proved the transgression effect. The analyzed RILs were arranged into six groups and described with the use of Ward’s agglomerative method and grouping variables: spike fertility, grain weight per spike and per plant, thousand grain weight. Significant differences were found among other things between spike morphology and fertility traits and yield per a plant. The possibility of selection of RILs with extreme traits described both in the field and laboratory experiments in comparison with known tolerance to nutrient stress was described. The obtained correlation coefficients for the examined functional traits of RILs were in accordance with those published in reference literature. The correlation coefficients determined for selected seedling traits from the laboratory experiment and for selected traits of a mature plant may prove the usefulness of the test in studies on selection of genotypes desired for sustainable agriculture or for research on heritability of traits of tolerance to nutrient stress.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Analysis of DNA methylation polymorphism in a set of stable chromosome translocation lines

Interspecific hybridization is associated with the origin of novel traits and confers increased vigor compared with the parent lines, although its molecular basis is poorly understood. We report here the identification of genetic and epigenetic changes in a set of wheat–rye translocation lines (R59, R57, and R25) which exhibited novel heritable morphological characteristics compared with the parent lines (MY11 and L155). Genome in situ hybridization and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses revealed no obvious variations in the primary structure of the genome in different translocation lines, with the exception of the same 1RS chromosome translocation. Global assessment of the extent and pattern of cytosine methylation alterations by methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analyses revealed differences in the extent of genomic DNA methylation between the rye and wheat parent lines. Fully-methylated sites were significantly increased and hemi-methylated sites were markedly decreased in the genome of translocation lines compared with the wheat parental cultivar MY11. Comparisons of different MSAP patterns revealed both monomorphic and polymorphic sites between translocation lines and wheat parents. Sequencing of 44 isolated fragments that showed methylation alterations indicated that cellular genes and especially transposable elements were targets for methylation alterations in translocation lines. The present study provides further understanding of the rules governing the distribution and existence of DNA methylation variations induced in the wheat genome during alien germplasm introduction. Furthermore, our study provides insights into the relationship between DNA methylation and hybrid vigor as well as a theoretical basis for further fundamental research and breeding application.

Discrimination of population of recombinant inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) for different responses to nitrogen-potassium stress assessed at the seedling stage under in vitro conditions

Background: Plants differ in the methods used to acquire nutrients from environments with low nutrient availability, and may change the morphology of their ‘root architecture’ to be able to take up nutrients. Results: In the present study rye response to stress caused by high and low nitrogen-potassium treatments in mature embryos cultures was described within a population consisting of one hundred and thirty eight recombinant inbred lines of rye. Characterization of the response of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) to nutrient stress was presented as the results of analyses of morphological traits, and physiological and biochemical parameters of the seedlings grown in both treatments. A wide range of variability of individual RILs to induced stress was observed in the population of recombinant inbred lines, and was presented as the difference between the means of each of the analysed traits described at high- and low-nitrogen-potassium levels. Lines were grouped using Ward's agglomerative method on the basis of differences in coleoptyle length, with the longest root length and root number used as variables. Conclusions: Recombinant inbred lines at low nitrogen-potassium treatment developed: longer, shorter, or roots of similar length in comparison with the high nitrogen-potassium treatment. Discriminant function analysis showed that the discriminant variable able to clearly differentiate recombinant inbred lines in terms of their response to nutrient stress was the trait of the longest root length.

Estimation of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) susceptibility to infection by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis F. sp. secalis)

In cold and wet years, powdery mildew (<em>Blumeria graminis</em>) causes losses in the yield of winter rye (<em>Secale cerale</em> L.) amounting to 20%. In order to control the incidence of this disease and reduce the use of fungicides, it is recommendable to grow winter rye cultivars that are resistant or tolerant to infection by <em>Blumeria</em> <em>graminis</em>. The first step in the programmes of resistance-oriented cultivation of winter rye is the choice of adequate components for crossing. Such components should be characterized by resistance to powdery mildew infection, a trait which would be passed onto the new genotypes to be obtained. The paper discusses the outcome of research aimed at selecting inbred lines of winter rye distinguishable by the lowest susceptibility to infection by <em>Blumeria graminis</em>. The evaluation covered 233 winter rye genotypes which had been inoculated with a field population of the pathogen mentioned. The level of infection was defined in a five-point scale from 0 to 4 (the authors’ own scale). Next, the results were analyzed statistically. The genotypes under study were divided using Duncan’s test into homogeneous groups. Seven such groups were distinguished. The first homogeneous group, of the lowest level of infection, comprised five inbred lines of rye. These lines can serve as components for crossing experiments in programmes of resistance-oriented breeding.

Diallel analysis of grain quality traits in inbred winter rye lines

The results of a diallel analysis of five inbred winter rye lines for grain quality traits (grain test weight, falling number, protein content, water extract viscosity, hearth bread form ratio, and pan loaf volume) are given. For all traits except bread volume, F1 hybrids displayed hypothetical heterosis. A substantial contribution to genotypic variance was made both by general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability; however, the proportion of dominance effects was 1.7–3.5 times higher than direct additive effects. The high potential of the grain test weight, falling number, water extract viscosity, hearth bread form ratio, and loaf volume traits determined the effects of dominant genes, and the protein content, the effects of recessive genes. Lines with high GCA estimates for individual traits (H-649, H-451, H-842, and H-1078) were identified. The importance of breeding inbred lines for combinability of high falling number and higher water extract viscosity traits is shown. The possibility of predicting the combining ability on the basis of the value of quality traits in inbred lines per se is concluded.

Influence of potassium deficiency in a medium on the physiological reaction of seedlings of new rye lines

A hydroponic experiment has been conducted to determine the physiological and biochemical response of four new rye lines – S120, S76, OT1-3 and 541 – bred at the Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Agricultural University in Szczecin. Seeds were sown into soil and placed into a phytotrone chamber with controlled atmosphere and photoperiod. The relative humidity was 80%, the temperature maintained at 20 o C and the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (Phar) was 700 µmol⋅m-2⋅s-1. Seed germination occurred after about 5 days. The seeds were characterised by different germination ability: 80% for S120, 100% for S76, 82% in OT1, and just 50% for 541 line. Rye seedlings, at the 2-3 leaf stage, were placed in hydroponic units and a two-factor experiment was set up, with potassium deficiency being the first factor and rye lines the second one. The control variant consisted of seedlings placed on complete Hoagland’s medium, while potassium starvation was performed on a medium with 50% deficiency of this element. After seven days, fresh matter was weighed, proline content was measured according to the BATES method (1973) and amounts assimilation pigments were measured according to the method of ARNON et al. (1956). The results were processed statistically, performing a two-factor analysis of variance, while the significance of factors was tested using Tukey’s test at α = 0.05. The study aimed at examining selected physiological and biochemical indicators of the resistance response of four rye lines to stress induced by potassium deficiency. Application of 50% potassium deficiency in a medium induced an increase in the content of assimilation pigments in leaf fresh matter of S120 rye line. A correlation was found between proline content and that of assimilation pigments. The largest proline quantity, 27.2 µg⋅g-1 f.m., was found in 541 rye line seedlings, but its content decreased together with fresh matter yield. It was also found that the total chlorophyll content was directly

Morphological and Cytological Response of Selected Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rye (Secale cereale L.) to Nutrient Deprivation Stress Assessed at the Seedling Stage

The response of fifty-nine recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of rye (F9) to stress caused by low nitrogen and potassium deficiencies in a medium for mature embryo cultures is described in the present study. We demonstrated that the recombinant inbred lines responded in different ways to nutrient stress. On average they developed longer coleoptyles, shorter roots and less numerous roots in the medium with high N and K content in comparison with the deficient medium. Also other responses were observed, which included RILs developing significantly shorter roots in the low-nitrogen-potassium treatment when compared to the high-nitrogen-potassium treatment. The lines were clustered depending on their individual response to stress with the use of Ward’s agglomerative method. The dendrogram shows four main groups (a-d) with RILs with similar response to caused stress. Susceptible lines were identified in groups ‘a’-‘b’, while tolerant lines clustered in groups ‘c’-‘d’. Cytological analyses of the elongation zone of the seminal roots of seedlings subjected to caused stress were carried out with the use of an inverted microscope. The analysis showed fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in the epidermal zone of the seminal roots, which proves the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The appearance of ROS in the seminal roots could have resulted from the activation of the mechanisms for sensing and responding to induced stress.

Al toxicity mechanism in tolerant and sensitive rye genotypes

Rye ( Secale cereale L.) plants have high tolerance to Al, and become unique tools to study Al-toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. To better understand if and how Al-induced root growth inhibition is related with root histological differentiation, nutrient balances and cell cycle dynamics, tolerant (AT6) and sensitive (AS6) rye lines were exposed for 24 h to 1.1 mM Al. After that period, half of plants were transferred to medium without Al, while the other group was maintained with Al for more 48 h. AS6 plants showed evident and irreversible root growth inhibition, decreases in water content, organic matter and carbohydrate reserves. Also, roots of this line showed greater increases in Ca levels and changes in anatomy (e.g. thickness). Data revealed that AS6 plants accumulate more Al in roots and leaves, suggesting more Al translocation to the shoots. The two lines responded differently to Al exposure in what concerns endodermis differentiation and cell cycle profile. The tolerant line shows a tendency to arrest in G 0/G 1 phase whereas the sensitive have a tendency to arrest in S phase. These data point to an arrest of cells in specific cell cycle phases, leading to eventual Al-induced cell cycle delay. Taken all together, data show that even short-term exposure to Al leads to root anatomical modifications that in combination with the cell cycle dynamic changes, may represent a plant strategy to cope with this stress.

Gene mutations in rye causing embryo lethality in hybrids with wheat: allelism and chromosomal localisation

In crosses between hexaploid wheat and inbred lines of rye, a small number of rye genotypes produce seeds carrying undifferentiated, non-viable embryos. Hybrids between such lines and those not showing this phenotype were used as pollen donors in crosses with bread wheat in order to determine the genetic basis of disturbed embryo development. A single gene, designated Eml-R1b, is causing this character. Molecular markers associated with F2 genotypes derived from a contrasting rye inbred progeny were used for a linkage study. Recombinant inbred lines of an F5 population served as testers. Eml-R1b maps to chromosome arm 6RL, along with two co-segregating microsatellite loci, Xgwm1103 and Xgwm732. Complementary interactions of deleterious genes in wheat and rye are discussed.

Gene mutations in rye causing embryo lethality in hybrids with wheat: allelism and chromosomal localisation

In crosses between hexaploid wheat and inbred lines of rye, a small number of rye genotypes produce seeds carrying undifferentiated, non-viable embryos. Hybrids between such lines and those not showing this phenotype were used as pollen donors in crosses with bread wheat in order to determine the genetic basis of disturbed embryo development. A single gene, designated Eml-R1b, is causing this character. Molecular markers associated with F2 genotypes derived from a contrasting rye inbred progeny were used for a linkage study. Recombinant inbred lines of an F5 population served as testers. Eml-R1b maps to chromosome arm 6RL, along with two co-segregating microsatellite loci, Xgwm1103 and Xgwm732. Complementary interactions of deleterious genes in wheat and rye are discussed.

Next-Gen sequencing of the transcriptome of triticale

Triticale possesses favourable agronomic attributes originating from both its wheat and rye progenitors, including high grain and biomass yields. Triticale, primarily used as animal feed in North America, is an excellent candidate for production of industrial bio-products. Little is known about the coordination of gene expression of rye and wheat genomes in this intergeneric hybrid, but significant DNA losses from the parental genomes have been reported. To clarify the regulation of gene expression in triticale, we carried out 454 sequencing of cDNAs obtained from root, leaf, stem and floral tissues in different lines of triticale and rye exhibiting different phenotypes and assembled reads into contigs. Related to the data assembly were the absence of reference genomes and the paucity of rye sequences in GenBank or other public databases. Consequently, we have sequenced cDNA libraries from roots, seedlings, leaves, floral tissues and immature seeds to facilitate the identification of triticale sequences originating from rye. To further characterize the wheat-derived cDNAs, we also developed a database close to 25,000 non-redundant full-length wheat coding sequence genes, based on existing databases and contigs that were verified against protein sequences from the grass genomes of Brachypodium distachyon, rice, sorghum and maize.

Evaluation of Agronomic Traits among the Lines of Rye (Secale Cereale L.) Selected in the Middle Cool-Climate Highland

Evaluation of Agronomic Traits among the Lines of Rye (Secale Cereale L.) Selected in the Middle Cool-Climate Highland

Comparison of RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers in assessing genetic diversity among rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines

Comparison of RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers in assessing genetic diversity among rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines Forty eight inbred lines of winter rye, of various origin and pedigree, were analysed using 19 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers, 8 ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats) primers and 13 SSR (simple sequence repeats) primer pairs. On the basis of particular marker types, there were created three separate dendrograms and one combined similarity tree, prepared on account of the whole data. Correlation coefficients for individual technique based on genetic similarity matrices were not significant. By comparing the GS data obtained on the basis of singular methods with collective matrix, it was observed that the highest correlation rate was for ISSR method (r=0.68). The utility of each marker technique was compared by using marker index MI. Diversity detecting index (DDT) was suggested in the paper, which may prove helpful in planning and comparing researches on phenetic relationships.

Molecular mapping of greenbug resistance genesGb2andGb6in T1AL.1RS wheat-rye translocations

With 2 figures and 2 tables Abstract Two greenbug resistance genes Gb2 and Gb6 derived from the same donor rye line ‘Insave’, are present in wheat germplasm lines ‘Amigo’ and ‘GRS1201’, respectively as 1AL.1RS wheat-rye translocations. The allelic relationship between the two genes has not been determined, and no molecular markers for Gb6 are available. In this study, molecular mapping of Gb2 and Gb6 was performed in a mapping population derived from a cross between ‘N96L9970’ (Gb6Gb6) and ‘TAM 107’ (Gb2Gb2). Segregation among F2:3 families of host responses to infestation of greenbug biotypes E and KS-1 revealed that Gb2 and Gb6 were different linked loci in 1RS. Gb2 and Gb6 were 15.8 cM apart with Gb6 being distal to Gb2. Despite the low number of marker polymorphisms between the parental lines, eight markers linked with Gb2 and Gb6 were identified. The closest marker, XIA294, was 11.4 cM proximal to Gb2. Deletion mapping indicated that both Gb2 and Gb6 were physically located in the satellite region of 1RS.

Reciprocal extrachromosomal inheritance in rye (Secale cereale L.)

In an inbred line of Steel rye (Stalrag), a chlorophyll mutant (status paralbomaculatus) arose spontaneously that displayed both extrachromosomal maternal and paternal inheritance in crosses. Striata plants gave rise to albino, striata, and normal offspring when selfed. When the striata mutant was used as the maternal or paternal parent and crossed with normal chlorophyllous plants, the progenies were comprised of striata and normal individuals. Upon selfing, the F1 and F2striata plants gave rise to variable non-Mendelian ratios of albina, striata, and normal offspring–the ratios being proportionate to the amount of normal plastid-bearing to defective plastid-bearing tissue in the germ lines (anthers and ovaries). The striata mutant of Steel rye is believed to be the first confirmed case of a status paralbomaculatus mutant in the Gramineae. Thin-layer chromatographic studies confirmed that flavanoid and phenolic compounds are prevalent in the plastids in Steel rye. Seven of the 10 spots in the composite chromatograms of 19 F3 plants representing the three plastom phenotypes displayed differences.

An investigation of the phenolic compounds with thin-layer chromatography in an inbred segregating line of rye

An investigation of the phenolic compounds with thin-layer chromatography in an inbred segregating line of rye

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN TWO SPECIES OF JUTE (CORCHOROUS OLITORIUS AND C. CAPSULARIS) AND THEIR SUPPOSED HYRRID, USING THE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

HereditasVolume 55, Issue 2-3 p. 183-187 Open Access AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN TWO SPECIES OF JUTE (CORCHOROUS OLITORIUS AND C. CAPSULARIS) AND THEIR SUPPOSED HYRRID, USING THE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE SUNE FRÖST, SUNE FRÖST INSTITUTE OF GENETICS, LUND, SWEDENSearch for more papers by this authorSUNANDO BOSE, SUNANDO BOSE INSTITUTE OF GENETICS, LUND, SWEDENSearch for more papers by this author SUNE FRÖST, SUNE FRÖST INSTITUTE OF GENETICS, LUND, SWEDENSearch for more papers by this authorSUNANDO BOSE, SUNANDO BOSE INSTITUTE OF GENETICS, LUND, SWEDENSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1966 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1966.tb02046.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature cited Fröst, S. 1966. Variation of phenolic compounds in different inbred lines of rye. Hereditas 55: 68– 72. Islam, A. S. and Rashid, A. 1960. First successful hybrid between the two jute yielding species, Corchorus olitorious L. (Tossa) XC. capsularis L. (white). Nature 185: 258– 259. Islam, A. S. and Rashid, A. 1961. A new jute hybrid. J. Hered. 52: 287– 291. Nybom, N. 1964. Thin layer chromatography with the Balsgård System. Swaminathan, M. S., Iyer, R. D. and Sulba, K. 1961. Morphology, cytology and breeding behaviour of hybrids between Corchorus olitorious and C. capsularis. Current Science 30: 67– 68. Citing Literature Volume55, Issue2-3December 1966Pages 183-187 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Pollen fertility, kernel weight and protein content in some inbred lines of rye

Pollen fertility, kernel weight and protein content in some inbred lines of rye

Heterochromatin polymorphism in the rye karyotype as detected by the giemsa C-banding technique.

Identification of the individual chromosomes in the rye variety “Stalrag” and in two inbred lines of rye was carried out by means of the Giemsa C-banding technique and related to earlier investigations. Heterochromatin polymorphism occurs between plants and between homologues. Possible explanations of the variability of the banding pattern are discussed. Grouping of heterochromatic regions at interphase and fused telomeres at prophase were observed and discussed.