Railway Line Research Articles

Analysis and Design of a Box Culvert Using Bentley Culvert Master Software

Box culverts are utilized in situations where natural stream flow intersects with roads and railway lines. This research utilizes a digital elevation model and the water Modeling System software to assess the catchment area of the primary valley and identify the factors contributing to flooding in Qoshtapa City. The study involves an analysis of the existing culvert and generated the necessary data for the design of a new culvert. Despite the presence of the existing culvert, floodwater levels rose to over 1 m above the roadway elevation of Erbil-Kirkuk during the last flood event in 2021–2022. The research collected hydrological and climatic data for the study area, conducted soil type analysis using the Harmonized World Soil Database software, and performed hydraulic calculations to estimate the maximum flood discharge of the valley using the Hydrological Engineering Center-Hydrological Modeling System software for flood return periods of 50, 100, and 200 years, for design, to select the best economic alternative. The new culvert design was executed using Bentley Culvert Master software to ensure that floodwaters can flow through the culvert without rising to street level. The results indicated that the new culvert design surpasses the capacity of the existing one. The results show that the best economic alternative hydraulic design is the first alternative capacity of 201 m3/s of a 100-year return period; the new design cross-section area of the culvert is 52.5 m2.

Jalur Kereta Api dan Perkembangan Kota Lumajang Pada Masa Kolonial Hindia Belanda, 1893-1942

This research aims to examine the changes in the Afdeeling Lumajang area from a traditional city to a modern city marked by the construction of the Klakah-Pasirian railway line, which was intended as a means of transportation for goods and passengers. Historical methods are used to explain this study. The research results show that the development of the Afdeeling Lumajang area into a modern city was initially influenced by the development of railway transportation facilities for plantation purposes and passenger transportation from inland areas. The Klakah-Pasirian Railway began operating on May 16, 1896, with a train track length of 36 km using the standard rail width used in the Dutch East Indies, namely 1,067 mm. There are nine stops and stations on the Klakah-Pasirian railway line, consisting of Klakah Station, Grobogan Stop, Sukodono Stop, Lumajang Station, Labruk Stop, Tempeh Stop, Mujur Stop, Condro Stop, and Pasirian Station.

TRENDS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIMODALITY

The construction of highways facilitated the adaptation of an economy to the road network, so that only a small proportion of industrial facilities were located near railway lines or canal networks. In addition, the competitiveness of rail transport is reduced due to a lack of flexibility on timetabled routes. This is in stark contrast to the freedom and flexibility of road transport, which is able to synchronize the freight movements and manufacturing and warehousing operations much better. In the Studies for the TRAN Committee Modal change in European transport: the way forward , multimodality is identified as a potential solution to the question of sustainable freight transport. KEYWORDS: Freight, Strategies, Transport, Trends, Tariff, Import Duty, Customs Authorities, Maritime Shipping

A fast solution method for the interaction between the rigid overhead contact system and pantograph on long railway lines

Currently, simulation is an important method for studying the interaction between the pantograph and the rigid overhead contact system (ROCS). However, when solving the ROCS model for long railway line scenarios, the problem of intractable or inefficient computation arises due to the excessively large size of the matrix. To address this issue, this paper proposes a method called: a fast solution method for the interaction between the rigid overhead contact system and pantograph on long railway lines based on a coupled window approach (hereinafter referred to as: CW-RCP). The CW-RCP method utilises coupled windows to simulate the ROCS model, effectively limiting the length of the ROCS involved in each computation. This approach greatly enhances computational efficiency. After deriving the dynamic equations and solving equations of the CW-RCP method in detail, the effectiveness, advantages, and applications of this method are discussed. The results demonstrate that the CW-RCP method can effectively compensate for the computational inefficiencies of traditional methods without compromising computational accuracy.

Šoštanj v luči modernizacije življenja: higienizacija in elektrifikacija

Šoštanj kept up with other towns in Slovenia when it came to its modernization achievements. The first initiative for the modernization of larger towns was the wish to clean the streets for the sake of hygiene and the prevention of infectious and fatal diseases, especially cholera. Later, street lighting came into play. The construction of the public water supply and sewage system in Šoštanj greatly contributed to the modernization and the hygiene of living conditions as well as the image of the square and the town. The construction of the Celje–Velenje railway line in 1891 had a decisive influence on the development of industry. It also improved transport routes and people's travel habits. Today, Šoštanj is known for the production of electricity (TEŠ), but the first attempts to use electric current date back to the last decades of the 19th century. All the aforementioned influences of modernization had a decisive influence on the development of trade and industry in Šalek Valley.

A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Complex Systems: A Case of Train Delay Prediction

Predicting the status of train delays, a complex and dynamic problem, is crucial for railway enterprises and passengers. This paper proposes a novel hybrid deep learning model composed of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and temporal convolutional networks (TCN), named the CNN + TCN model, for predicting train delays in railway systems. First, we construct 3D data containing the spatiotemporal characteristics of real-world train data. Then, the CNN + TCN model employs a 3D CNN component, which is fed into the constructed 3D data to mine the spatiotemporal characteristics, and a TCN component that captures the temporal characteristics in railway operation data. Furthermore, the characteristic variables corresponding to the two components are selected. Finally, the model is evaluated by leveraging data from two railway lines in the United Kingdom. Numerical results show that the CNN + TCN model has greater accuracy and convergence performance in train delay prediction.

СЕВЕРО-СИБИРСКАЯ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНАЯ МАГИСТРАЛЬ: ИСТОКИ ЗАРОЖДЕНИЯ ИДЕИ

The paper, based on identified historical documents, presents aspects of the origin of the idea of building the North Siberian Railway. The purpose of the study is outlined - to reveal the features of the promotion of plans for the construction of new railway lines at the beginning of the 20th century. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the work presents unpublished materials, in particular, those stored in the archives of the city of Yeniseisk. Archival documents testify to the results of the meeting on communication routes (Irkutsk, 1906), which laid the foundation for the transformation of railway, river and land transport communications in Siberia. The activities of the authorities of Siberian provinces and cities aimed at developing a network of transport communications are shown. One of the large-scale plans was the idea of building the Northern Highway - Tomsk-Yeniseisk-Kirensk-Amur Road. It was supposed to solve the problems of introducing the entire Northern Region to the common cultural life - from the Ob to the Amur, as well as creating a strong and reliable connection with the Far East. The Russian government supported the idea of Siberian cities, allocating state funds for technical research on the planned Tomsk-Yeniseisk railway line. In 1913, a survey party examined the railway route and put it on the map. However, these plans were not destined to come true at the beginning of the last century, as the time of great upheavals was approaching, which significantly changed all of Russia. At the same time, the focused efforts of researchers of the last century became the basis for the process of accumulating scientific and practical experience, which was necessary for developing concepts for the development of the eastern regions of the country at the beginning of the 21st century.

Scientific support for the design and construction of high-speed railway lines. Chronicle of the Development of Competencies for High-Speed Railway Transport in Russia

The construction of the first high-speed railway in Russia is long overdue. Such a project would be an organic continuation and a new turn in the one and a half century history of Russian railway workers’ struggle to increase train speeds on the country’s railways.

Passenger Rolling Stock of Indian Railways in the First Half-Century of Their Operation

In India, as in many countries, railways originated as industrial gauge tracks for the transportation of ore, timber, stone, and other building materials. These were the first industrial railways in India to deliver supplies to construction sites, in particular, Chintadripet in Madras (1835), Red Hill Railroad line (1837), Godavari Dam Construction Railway (1845), and others. Initially, the promoters of the construction of railways, based on the general social and economic situation in the country, did not count on the development of passenger traffic, taking into account the virtually impoverished situation of the vast majority of the population. Efforts were focused on freight transportation. The colonialists proceeded from the need to develop railways as an important exploitation tool for exporting the country’s natural resources to the parent country and to the world market. Throughout almost the entire period of British colonial rule, passenger transportation was intended for a narrow stratum of colonizers and a few of the richest representatives of the country’s indigenous population. By the 1860s, there was a system of dividing passenger traffic on the railways of India into four classes. Saloon coaches were used to serve the ruling elite. The difference in travel conditions in luxury saloon coaches and first-class compartment carriages in comparison with third- and fourth-class carriages was huge. It reflected the social class structure of Indian society. At the same time, railway passenger transportation did not affect the interests of the majority of the population at all, as with their level of wealth they could not afford to travel by rail at all, remaining outside the line of progress in transport of the 19th century.

Development of Gresik – Mojokerto Railway Infrastructure to Accelerate Economic Growth in Gerbangkertosusila

The most important economic area in East Java is the Gerbangkertosusila (GKS) area. The GKS area between Gresik – Mojokerto is not yet connected directly, almost all goods have to go through Surabaya and Sidoarjo first. This results in high logistics costs and long travel times. The research method used in this research is a qualitative research method on economic growth factors in the GKS area. The factors considered in economic growth are population, number of people of productive age, number of people who are not yet working, minimum income/month, number of poorer people, percentage of poorer people, length of roads, number of people accessing the internet, number of telecommunication towers, length of roads damaged, investment value, export value, import value, and gross regional domestic product (GRDP). The analytical tool used in the research is a descriptive method to measure and assess the quality of economic growth and changes in regional economic growth factors, assisting strategic planning for the construction of new railway lines as the right solution for developing regional economic growth. Therefore, to accelerate economic growth and reduce logistics costs in the GKS area, a new railway line between Gresik - Mojokerto should be built. If logistics costs are low, it will reduce the price of goods and increase the opportunity to order goods and open up new jobs. If new job opportunities are opened, it will be possible to reduce the number of unemployed people by 375,392 people and the poorer population by 719,944 people. So it is hoped that it will increase economic growth to reach 7%. Only the Gresik and Sidoarjo regions have met this economic growth. Mojokerto’s economic growth is still 5.56% and lags behind other regions. If the construction of the new Gresik – Mojokerto train line is realized, then economic growth in the GKS region of at least 7% will not be difficult to achieve.

Regeneration of the Railway Line in Kosovo: Case Study Fushë Kosovë-Prishtinë-Podujevë and Prizren-Xërxë

Regeneration of the Railway Line in Kosovo: Case Study Fushë Kosovë-Prishtinë-Podujevë and Prizren-Xërxë

Numerical study on the effect of smoke emitted from the vents on the roof of a diesel train on the intake of downstream air-conditioning units

Constrained by economic development and geographical features, numerous railway lines remain unelectrified, underscoring the expansive potential of diesel trains. Diesel engine emissions discharged from the roof of trains pose a challenge as some of the smoke infiltrates the cabin through the intake of roof-mounted air-conditioning units (ACUs). This intrusion diminishes the indoor air quality, posing health risks to passengers and potentially jeopardizing their safety. This study employs the shear stress transport k-omega turbulence model to formulate a multiphase flow model for simulating smoke diffusion in diesel trains. Additionally, we conducted an optimization design to minimize smoke entry into the ACUs. This study defined six cases based on variations in the shape and height of the cover and the spacing of the smoke vents. The results show that the effect of the diffusion characteristics decreased with the cover height. With the progression of airflow diffusion, the effect of the smoke vent structure on the concentration diminished farther from the vents. The minimum smoke mass flow rate into the intake occurred with the vent spacing of 2.14 m and without a cover, resulting in a 57.0% decrease compared with the maximum. Thus, a smoke vent spacing of 2.14 m without a cover was deemed to be the optimal configuration. The research results provide certain engineering guidance significance for the design and operation of train-smoke vent structures.

Estimating risk to prevent damage: predicting and preventing coypu (Myocastor coypus) damage to transport infrastructure.

A major impact of invasive Myocastor coypus in their introduction range is the collapse of riverbanks and nearby infrastructure, such as railway lines, due to the species' burrowing activities. Because widespread implementation of preventive measures along watercourses is unfeasible, identifying susceptible areas is key to guide targeted management actions. This study used species-habitat models to: (i) identify local environmental features of the railway line/watercourse intersections (RLWIs) that make them particularly susceptible to coypu damage, and (ii) predict species occurrence probability over a wide lowland-hilly area of northern Italy (Lombardy) to identify priority areas for monitoring. Local-scale models identified that the RLWIs most susceptible to burrowing were those surrounded by arable land with interspersed hedgerows locally characterized by high herbaceous vegetation and clay soil. In urbanized areas and areas of intensive agriculture, coypu dens were generally located significantly closer to the railway, increasing the risk of collapse. A landscape-scale species distribution model showed that lowland areas along major rivers and lake shores, and also agricultural areas with a dense minor hydrographic network, particularly in the southeast of the study area, are more likely to be occupied by coypu. Local-scale models showed that specific environmental characteristics increase the risk of burrowing near RLWIs. The landscape-scale model allowed us to predict which areas require thorough monitoring of RLWIs to search for such local characteristics to implement preventive management measures. The proposed model-based framework can be applied to any geographical context to predict and prevent coypu damage. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The stochastic characteristics of wideband-wavelength track irregularity on Chinese HSRs and its application to dynamic wheel–rail interaction

Track irregularities are the major excitations which lead to unfavourable wheel–rail dynamic interaction. In this work, the stochastic characteristics of longitudinal level irregularity on Chinese ballastless high-speed railway (HSR) are analysed based on a series of large-scale measurement campaigns on various arterial lines in Chinese HSR network. The power spectrum density (PSD) of longitudinal level irregularities of various track types is obtained, covering short and middle-to-long wavelength range, as well as the periodical irregularities caused by characteristic lengths of track components. An irregularity spectrum is proposed to represent the stochastic characteristics of the longitudinal level irregularities. Unlike existing irregularity spectra which represent the short and middle-to-long wavelength irregularities separately, the proposed spectrum covers a wide range of wavelength from 0.002 m to 100 m. A vehicle–track model which couples flexible wheelsets and the ballastless track is employed to demonstrate the suitability of the spectrum. It is shown that the proposed spectrum is more suitable than the latter to represent Vehicle–Track Interaction (VTI) on Chinese HSRs. The fitted short-wave spectrum and the proposed wideband wavelength spectrum therefore provide more appropriate representatives of track irregularities for accurate modelling of VTI on Chinese HSRs and railway lines which adopt similar technologies.

Exploring the history of colonial towns as centres of national integration: The example of Kafanchan Town, 1926-2011

This paper is a critical inquiry into the process and evolution and urbanization of Kafanchan Town from 1926 to 2011. It is based on the appreciation of the impact of British colonial rule in Nigeria as against the usual dismissive Marxist approach to studying European activities in Africa. The research methodology adopted is an interpretation of both primary (oral/archival) and secondary (published) sources to reconstruct the history of the town. On concluding the work, the analysis of both primary and secondary sources traced the history of the town to the construction of the railway line from the eastern part of Nigeria that culminated into a station located on an uninhabited plot of land. This station is significant because it provided a system of transportation that serves as a link among Nigerians from different backgrounds and also precipitated the process of urbanization in this area. The town has evolved into a centre for national integration. From its beginning, it was cosmopolitan in nature thereby serving as a critical area in enhancing unity in a multicultural society like Nigeria. It started with the sheds erected as quarters for the construction workers and staff of the Nigerian Railways who were composed of diverse ethnic groups; some of the early workers were Yoruba, Igbo, Edo, Tiv, Hausa/Fulani, and the bulk of the natives. The paper therefore posits that colonial infrastructures as part of its economy had a positive impact in knitting the socio-political fabrics of the Nigerian area. This, if properly harnessed, would turn the tide of the much needed national integration in our heterogonous society for a progressive development.

Self-sensing cementitious geocomposites in rail track substructures

A self-sensing cementitious geocomposite was developed based on laboratory data, and it demonstrated good physical and mechanical properties, durability, and piezoresistivity performance. It consisted of stabilized cemented sand containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as conductive fillers. This geocomposite could be used to detect damage based on the relationship between electrical impedance and mechanical performance, making it suitable for use as structural layers in railway lines. In this study, the effects of MWCNTs and GNPs, as well as of degree of saturation, were evaluated on the compaction, secant modulus, resilient modulus, electrical resistance, and piezoresistivity of the geocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microscopic imaging were used to analyse microstructural alterations induced by varying concentrations of MWCNTs and GNPs. This innovative geocomposite, intended for installation in Portuguese railway lines as part of the EU project IN2TRACK3, is aimed at capturing performance data, identifying structural damage levels, and estimating load intensity, axle numbers, and train speed. The feasibility of its use is discussed based on literature studies and research conducted under the IN2TRACK2 and IN2TRACK3 projects, and its potential advantages over traditional methods for monitoring rail track health are highlighted.

Role of Society in National Consciousness

The role of society in national consciousness is very important. Society influences the interest, organization and status of a nation. Stability, support and partnership of society play an important role in building national consciousness. It establishes the nation's identity and self-respect and promotes prosperity and equality. The emergence of national consciousness in the nineteenth century was actually the result of the British rule. The changes made by the British rule in the political, economic and social fields, which resulted in the exploitation of the Indian society, it is true that the rise and development of nationalism in India is more as compared to other countries. It happened with difficulty. Contemporary modern educated intellectuals like Raja Rammohan Roy, Keshavchandra Sen, Ishwarbandra Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekananda Environt, Sir Syed Ahmed etc. tried to eradicate the evils prevalent in the society and became strong critics of the British policy. And by influencing the Indian public with his thoughts and actions, he awakened a sense of self-confidence in them. In the year 1883-54, postal system was established in Marath, railway lines were laid, all the cities were connected by telegraph system, connecting one province to another, there was an opportunity to establish contact with the people living in remote places. This was the beginning of Indian nationalism. Became the main reason for the rise. A sense of solidarity emerged among Indians during the anti-imperialist struggle. The presented research paper investigates these facts.

Analytical study on geometrical irregularity and internal loads of railways with CRTS I ballastless tracks on arch bridges subject to thermal effects

Temperature variation causes geometrical irregularity and additional internal loads in railway systems. The geometrical irregularity and additional internal loads can adversely influence the dynamic behaviors of trains, therefore compromising the safety and ride comfort of trains. This paper presents an analytical study on the deformations and internal loads of railways with CRTS I ballastless tracks on an arch bridge. The bridge is located in the Sichuan-Tibet Railway Line within a high-altitude mountainous terrain exposed to significant temperature variations. This research derives analytical formulae to analyze the deformations and internal loads of railways under various temperatures and thermal gradients. The formulae are utilized to evaluate the effects of the stiffness of fasteners and the stiffness of isolation layers of CRTS I ballastless tracks. The results show that temperature changes cause significant vertical deformations and rotations of rails, and reducing the stiffness of fasteners and isolation layers is effective in mitigating rail deformations under the thermal effects.

A multi-scale gap-bridging CWE approach to windblown sand action on critical infrastructures: Modelling framework and case study on a high-speed railway line

Windblown sand action on critical infrastructures, such as high-speed railway lines, can completely inhibit their operation detrimentally affecting their safety and capacity. Several key components of the infrastructure are affected, among them the rolling stock material and infrastructure equipment. Computational Wind Engineering (CWE) is becoming more and more adopted during the different design stages to assess the impact of windblown sand. However, CWE-based analysis and design remain challenging because of the different scales involved in windblown sand transport starting from the full alignment scale (macro-scale), to the railway body (meso-scale), to the rolling stock (micro-scale). An innovative multi-scale modelling approach is proposed to bridge the gap between macro and micro scales involved in windblown sand processes, allowing to assess windblown sand action on key components. An exploratory case study addressing rolling stock operation in sandy environment along an high-speed railway line is analysed and discussed. This demonstrates the soundness of the approach in identifying most endangered railway segments, railway body sedimentation-prone areas and rolling stock components, and in quantifying windblown sand action at different scales. The proposed approach is well suited also to support the conceptual design of Sand Mitigation Measures.

Sustainable prototype with IoT implementation for remote monitoring of Apis mellifera apiaries in maya regions of Campeche, Mexico

Currently, beekeeping activities are being abandoned in the Camino Real region, which encompasses the communities of Tenabo, Hecelchakán, Dzitbalché and Calkiní, where the Tren Maya railroad lines cross, impacting indigenous beekeepers by modifying the land usage of the territory in section 2, presenting great deficiencies in these practices that are fundamental for the economy of families. This article proposes the design of an Internet of Things (IoT) based monitoring station prototype, which will measure the following variables: humidity, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, average population and whether the box is open or closed; the information will be acquired by sensors and sent to an ESP32 microcontroller. Three essential components are required for its operation: Installation of a LAN Network, development of the IoT prototype and the Mobile Application. The purpose of the study is to design and deploy the prototype in Apis Mellifera Apiaries using a quasi-experimental and descriptive methodology, destined to improve the production of apiaries in the northern region of the state of Campeche, providing beekeepers with timely information of the hives for effective decision making.