Durum Wheat Lines Research Articles

The reduced height genes do not affect the root penetration ability in wheat

Root penetration (RP) ability into compacted soil is an important breeding target for drought avoidance by durum (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) in regions with compacted soils and water deficits. However, it is said generally that yield of the current cultivars introduced the reduced height gene (Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b) are more sensitive to drought stress than that of old landraces. This study investigated the effect of the Rht genes on RP ability using the seedlings of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of Rht genes of ‘LD222’ durum wheat and ‘April Bearded’ bread wheat, and 110 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of durum wheat derived from the cross between the tall landrace (Jennah Khetifa; Rht-B1a Rht-B1a) and semi-dwarf cultivar (Cham1; Rht-B1b Rht-B1b). One seedling of each genotype was grown in a pot (6 cm diameter, 15 cm height) with a disc of 3 mm thickness made from paraffin and Vaseline mixture (PV) in 10 cm depth, as a substitute for a compacted soil layer. The RP index [number of roots penetrating through the PV disc per plant (PVRN)/total number of seminal and crown roots per plant (TRN)] was measured at eight weeks after sowing and used as the indicator of RP ability of seedling. In NILs, the shoot length decreased significantly because of the introduction of either Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b dwarfing genes, but the RP index was similar to those of tall parents. In RILs, although the RP index and shoot length were higher in Jennah Khetifa than in Cham1, the relationship between RP index and shoot length was not significant (r = 0.156). Both results indicate that RP ability of wheat does not link to dwarfness regulated by Rht genes. We suppose therefore that it would be possible to develop a high yielding semi-dwarf cultivar with excellent RP ability.

Agronomic and Quality Characteristics of 1AS.1AL-1DL Translocation Lines of Durum Wheat Carrying Glutenin Allele Glu-D1d

Markets for durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) could be expanded if cultivars with dual-purpose end-use could be developed. The Glu-Dld allele, located on chromosome 1D of bread wheat (T. aestivum L.), encodes for high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits 1Dx5 and 1Dy10, and this allele is highly desirable for good baking quality. Lines of durum carrying Glu-D1d on a 1AS.1AL-1DL translocation chromosome and also segregating for the low-molecular-weight I (LMWI; weak gluten) or low-molecular-weight II (LMWII; strong gluten) allele of Glu-B3 were available for this study. Our objective was to test the agronomic and baking quality of the 1AS.1AL-1DL trans location lines. The translocation lines in a 'Renville' background, and carrying either the LMWI or LMWII banding patterns, were grown in yield trials conducted at two North Dakota environments from 1998 through 2002. Grains from translocation lines were milled and mixing and baking characteristics were determined. Grain yield of translocation lines were lower than that of Renville, but the two highest yielding translocation lines were similar to Renville for lodging score, heading date, and plant height. The translocation lines had reduced 1000-kernel weight and a significant genotype × environment interaction for farinogram characteristics. Compared with Renville, mean loaf volumes were not improved. Translocation lines having LMWI had better mixing stability and loaf volume than lines having LMWII. While the results suggest agronomic traits can be sufficiently improved, commercial production of the translocation lines may not be feasible without more consistent mixing traits and improved baking characteristics.

Inheritance of resistance to loose smut [Ustilago tritici] in three durum wheat lines

This study was conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to loose smut [Ustilago tritici] in the resistant durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) lines Orgaz, Tripolitico, and VIR53877 to identify a simply inherited resistance factor effective against multiple races of the pathogen. The resistant durum wheat lines were crossed with a susceptible durum wheat cultivar, ‘Sceptre’, to produce F1, F2, and F3 generations. Plants of each generation were inoculated with races T26, T32, and T33 of U. tritici. The F1 plants from crosses Orgaz/Sceptre, Tripolitico/Sceptre, and VIR53877/Sceptre exhibited no smut, indicating dominant-gene expression. Segregation of resistance among the F2 and F3 progenies of the cross Orgaz/Sceptre fitted a one-gene ratio when tested with race T26 and a two-gene ratio to each of races T32 and T33. The genes controlling resistance to the races appeared to be independently inherited. In the cross Tripolitico/Sceptre, one gene controlled resistance to race T26, and two genes controlled resistance to each of races T32 and T33. These genes were not independently inherited. One gene conferring resistance to race T26, and two genes conferring resistance to each of T32 and T33, were also observed in the cross VIR53877/Sceptre. There appeared to be a common gene for resistance to both T32 and T33. Tripolitico appears to hold the greatest promise of providing broad resistance to U. tritici with simple inheritance.

Effect of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) semolina extraction rate on semolina refinement, strength indicators and pasta properties

Since the 1980s, there have been general trends in the durum wheat milling industry to higher semolina extraction rate, and in the pasta processing industry to the use of higher drying temperatures. During this time, specification of gluten strength by gluten index, mixograph mixing properties and alveograph parameters has also become widespread. These trends prompted this study of the appropriateness of protocols for quality testing of Canadian durum wheat breeding lines. Four cultivars with intrinsic differences in yellow pigment levels and gluten strength were grown in field plots in Swift Current, Saskatchewan for three consecutive years. A laboratory-scale milling procedure was modified to produce semolina at extraction rates from about 65% to about 80%. Milling to extraction rates above 65%, the extraction rate used routinely in quality testing of Canadian durum wheat breeding lines, had a major impact on semolina ash content and colour, but did not offer any advantage in ranking cultivars for either semolina yield or semolina refinement. Gluten strength, as measured by gluten index, was independent of semolina extraction rate. Dough strength, as measured by mixograph properties and alveograph properties, showed a tendency to weakening at high extraction, particularly for strong cultivars. Semolina was processed into spaghetti using low-temperature (LT), high-temperature (HT) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) drying cycles. The firmness of cooked spaghetti was predominantly influenced by protein content. As a result, cultivars generally ranked in spaghetti firmness according to protein content. Regardless of drying cycle or cultivar, spaghetti firmness increased as drying temperature increased. Spaghetti dried at LT was less yellow than spaghetti dried at HT or UHT, probably due to thermal inactivation of the bleaching enzyme lipoxygenase at HT and UHT. Regardless of drying cycle, spaghetti became duller, more red and less yellow as extraction rate increased. For each spaghetti trait, cultivar ranking remained relatively constant regardless of extraction rate or drying temperature. On the basis of these results, there appears to be no advantage to increasing semolina extraction rate beyond 65% for evaluation of durum wheat milling performance, gluten strength or pasta properties. In addition, it appears that one drying cycle is adequate to reliably evaluate durum wheat lines for spaghetti colour and firmness. Key words: Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum), milling, semolina, pasta, quality screening, gluten strength, colour, texture

Grain Quality Characteristics and Milling Performance of Full and Partial Waxy Durum Lines

ABSTRACTMutation of the gene coding for the granule bound starch synthase (waxy protein) leads to reduced amylose content in cereal endosperm. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) has one waxy locus in each of its two genomes. Full waxy durum wheat is produced when both genomes carry the waxy null alleles. When only one locus is mutated, partial waxy durum wheat is obtained. Partial and full waxy near‐isogenic lines of durum wheat developed by a breeding program were analyzed as to their quality characteristics. Amylose was largely eliminated in full waxy lines; however, no reduction in amylose content was detected in partial waxy lines. The waxy mutation did not affect grain yield, kernel size, or kernel hardness. Full waxy durum lines had higher kernel ash content, α‐amylase activity, and a unique nonvitreous kernel appearance. Protein quality, as evaluated by SDS microsedimentation value, gluten index, and wet gluten was slightly lower in the full waxy lines than in the other genotypes. However, comparisons with current cultivars indicated that protein quality of all derived lines remained in the range of strong gluten cultivars. Semolina yield was lowered by the waxy mutations due to lower friability that resulted in less complete separation of the endosperm from the bran. Waxy semolina was more sensitive to mechanical damage during milling, but modified tempering and milling conditions may limit the damage. Overall, quality characteristics of waxy durum grain were satisfactory and suitable for application testing.

Differences among auxin treatments on haploid production in durum wheat x maize crosses.

Three doubled haploid lines of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] were crossed with maize (Zea mays L.), and five hormone treatments were applied to test their effect on the production of caryopses, embryos and haploid plants. The auxin treatments consisted of 100 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 5 mg/l or 50 mg/l dicamba and two combination mixtures of 95/5 mg/l and 50/50 mg/l 2,4-D plus dicamba, respectively. Hormones were added to the culture medium of the detached tillers. Differences were not observed among the four hormone treatments that contained dicamba, nevertheless, these treatments significantly increased the production of caryopses, embryos and haploid plants. On average, 8.9 caryopses, 2.6 embryos and 1.3 haploid plants per spike were obtained following the treatment with 100 mg/l 2,4-D, and 15.0 caryopses, 6.0 embryos and 3.0 haploid plants per spike were obtained following the various treatments with dicamba. We propose the application of dicamba alone, or dicamba plus 2,4-D, as a means for improving the yield of haploid plants of durum wheat through crosses with maize.

The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Fusarium Head Blight Development and Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Wheat

AbstractThe impact of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the development of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and the resulting deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in the kernels was studied. In a first experiment, the disease was assessed on two locations under natural infection pressure. Five different types of nitrogen fertilizer (both organic and mineral) were investigated, each applied at five input rates from 0 to 160 kg N/ha. With all fertilizers, a significant increase of disease intensity was observed with increasing N input, while the type of N fertilizer had poor or no effects on FHB. Depending on the fertilizer used, the percentage of diseased spikelets increased from 2.2% at zero N rate up to 6.6% at 160 kg N input per hectare. In a second series of trials, three spring wheat varieties including one Durum wheat line were artificially inoculated with a Fusarium graminearum and a F. culmorum strain, known producers of DON. A mineral N fertilizer was applied at five input levels from 0 to 160 kg N/ha. A significant increase in FHB intensity and DON contamination in the grain was observed with increasing N from 0 to 80 kg/ha. At higher input rates, relevant in contemporary crop husbandry, disease intensity and toxin contamination remained at constant levels. It is concluded that adaptation of N fertilization represents no relevant tool in managing FHB in practical wheat cultivation.

Increasing boron efficiency in international bread wheat, durum wheat, triticale and barley germplasm will boost production on soils low in boron

Boron deficiency causes grain set failure and yield loss in many of the world’s wheat growing countries. We suggest growing B efficient genotypes as a means to overcome the problem. This study evaluated international germplasm of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat ( Triticum durum Dest.), triticale ( Triticosecale Wittmack) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) for B efficiency. The first set of germplasm consisted of bread wheat, durum wheat and triticale from CIMMYT 1996/1997 nurseries and a B efficient check wheat cv. ‘Fang 60’. The lines were grown in the field on soil with 0.1 and 0.2, and 0.3 mg HWS B kg −1 for durum wheat and triticale. The grain set index (GSI, percentage grain set in the first two florets of 10 central spikelets) measured B efficiency in wheat, durum and triticale genotypes without the need for a B sufficiency control. Three-quarters of the lines tested were B inefficient, which included all of the durum wheat, 84% of the triticale and 60% of the bread wheat lines. Six of the bread wheat lines evaluated were in the same B efficient class as Fang 60. The response to low B was confirmed in a sand culture experiment without added B. Similarly high frequency of B inefficiency was found in a second set of germplasm which included bread and durum wheat, barley and triticale lines from CIMMYT and ICARDA 2000/2001 international nurseries. Incorporating the B efficiency trait in germplasm such as these, would ensure their adaptation to low B soils, and so enable their genetic potential to be fully realized in some of the world’s difficult production areas.

Effects of powdery mildew severity (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) on breeding lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum) yield in Western Andalusia [Spain

Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important diseases affecting to durumwheat (Triticum durum L. ssp. durum) production in mediterranean conditions over the last few years. Effects ofhigh levels of this pathogenic agent during tillering, stem elongation and booting phases and their relation with yieldvariations between years 1998 and 2002 in western Andalusia, where this agent shows a high incidence and severityhave been studied. Severity data and AUDPC (area under disease progress curve) during the vegetative crop cycleshow a high correlation between the resistance of each variety and its productivity. The need for the inclusion of powderymildew resistance genes in the new durum wheat varieties is emphasized.

Evaluation of Vitreous and Starchy Syrian Durum (Triticum Durum) Wheat Grains: The Effect of Amylose Content on Starch Characteristics and Flour Pasting Properties

AbstractThe physiochemical composition of durum wheat cultivars was studied in order to investigate the influence of vitreousness on the chemical composition of starch and its thermal and pasting properties. Six durum wheat lines were chosen and grown in northern Syria. Grains of each cultivar were visually sorted according to the degree of vitreousness into fully vitreous and fully starchy fractions. Amylose/amylopectin ratio and total starch was determined using Megazyme methods, while thermal and pasting properties were determined using DSC and RVA. Starchy kernels were higher in total starch than vitreous kernels but showed a decreased amylose content. Negative linear relations were found between amylose content, and both peak viscosity and breakdown. Trends in variation of gelatinisation characteristics were observed between vitreous and starchy kernels from the same cultivar, with higher total enthalpy being associated with starchy grains compared with vitreous grains of the same line.

Response of 150 F 6 inbred durum wheat lines derived from Kunduru-1149×Cham-1 cross to yellow rust ( Puccinia striiformis)

One hundred and fifty F 6 inbred durum wheat lines derived from Kunduru-1149×Cham-1 cross were characterised in terms of their response to yellow rust ( Puccinia striiformis) race population including Yr2, Yr6, Yr7 and Yr9 virulence genes. The results revealed that there is a considerable amount of genetic variation among these lines and yellow rust resistance in durum wheat is highly heritable (92%). Twenty-five of 150 lines (16.67%) were found totally immune, 104 of them (69.33%) were found to be resistant or moderately resistant while only 21 of them (14%) were found to be susceptible. Hence, 86% of the lines tested in this study could be used as a source of yellow rust resistance in breeding programmes.

Development of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in 150 F 6 -inbred durum wheat (Triticum durum) lines derived from Kunduru-1149 � Cham-1 cross

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were developed in a specific durum wheat population (150 lines) derived from Kunduru-1149 ´ Cham-1 cross. Of 284 RAPD primers screened against parent DNAs, 83 revealed at least one polymorphic locus. The most polymorphic and clear bands producing 13 primers were selected and screened with the DNAs of 150 lines. These 13 primers revealed a total number of 33 segregating loci. The preliminary results of this study could be used as a base for mapping economically important character loci of durum wheat by the development of other RAPDs.

WITHDRAWN: Response of 150 F 6 inbred durum wheat lines derived from Kunduru-1149×Cham-1 cross to yellow rust ( Puccinia striiformis)

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Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in the durum wheat area of Argentina

Fusarium graminearum head blight of wheat is a destructive disease of the world's wheat-growing areas. This work was performed to analyze the distribution and contamination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its relationship with F. graminearum kernel invasion in Argentina durum wheat area during two consecutive harvests. A total of 147 samples (cultivars and lines) of durum wheat from 5 locations of the major cropping area (Southern Buenos Aires Province) were analyzed. Percentage of F. graminearum kernel infection was evaluated following the blotter test (ISTA method) and fusarotoxins were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. None of the varieties and lines were free of F. graminearum infection. In the first harvest fungal invasion was very low. From 40 samples, 55% showed DON contamination but only 4 samples (10%) were higher than 2 ppm. In the second harvest, a crop year conducive to scab development, the highest level of F. graminearum kernel invasion observed was 42% on a sample from the humid area (eastern Buenos Aires Province) DON was detected in 47 (78.2%) of 60 samples analyzed and 19 (31.6%) showed levels of DON higher than those established in the guidelines in Canada and USA for food and feedstuff. In both years all locations situated in the humid area showed levels ranging from 0 to > 8 ppm. Within the durum wheat area differences among locations were found. This analysis indicates the need for more information on the problem and distribution of Fusarium mycotoxins in durum wheat grown in Argentina.

Agronomic Characters of Near-isogenic Lines of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)

The present study was conducted in order to analyze the effects of the genes for long glume (P), hairy glume (Hg), black glume (Bg), non-glaucousness (W1I) and purple culm (Pc) on 18 agronomic characters of durum wheat. Six near-isogenic lines (NILs, 10 backcrosses) and their recurrent parent LD222 were used. The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece, over a period of two years. The NILs for P, W1I and Pc differed from LD222 in 14, 7 and 4 traits, respectively. These genes had no effect on plant height but exerted adverse effects on the grain yield traits. The P gene was associated with later heading, increased rachis length and 100-kernel weight, but lower grain yield and yield components. Although the data were not statistically significant, both W1I and Pc genes induced a lower grain yield which was accompanied by a reduction of the 100-kernel weight, kernel weight/spike and number of tillers. On the other hand, the introduction of either the Bg or Hg gene into the LD222 genetic background did not affect appreciably the agronomic traits studied.

Assessment of Tissue Culture — Derived Durum Wheat Lines for Somaclonal Variation

Progeny R3 of 8 regenerated in in vitro culture durum wheat lines from cultivar Progress were analyzed and compared to the initial genotype for agronomical and physiological traits. The plants were regenerated in culture from mature embryo and immature inflorescences on MS basal medium. The resistance of plants to abiotic stress was estimated through an express method of growth depression of seedlings placed in stress conditions. Significant differences between regenerated plants and controls for both agronomical traits and cold- and drought resistance were found. The coefficient of variation for most traits was higher in population of plants regenerated from immature inflorescences than in that from mature embryos. By cluster analysis was estimated that lines R 5 , R 4 and R 3 regenerated in culture from immature inflorescences were the most phenotype and genotype distant from initial genotype.

Inheritance of resistance to the Russian wheat aphid in an Iranian durum wheat line

AbstractThe Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is a major economic pest of small grains in many countries. An experiment was therefore conducted to determine the inheritance of gene(s) controlling resistance to RWA in a resistant tetraploid durum wheat line. This resistant line,‘1881′, was crossed to a susceptible line, ‘Orejy‐e‐Kazeroon’, and then F1 F2 and BCF1 (backcross to susceptible line) seedlings were screened in a greenhouse for RWA resistance following artificial infection. Resistance in ‘1881’ was apparently controlled by one dominant gene. Since Dnl, Dn2, dn3, Dn4 and Dn5 have been reported to be located on genome D, it was reasoned that the resistance gene in ‘1881’ is not allelic to them.

The Null-4A Allele at the Waxy Locus in Durum Wheat affects Pasta Cooking Quality

Granule-bound starch synthase, also known as the waxy protein catalyses the synthesis of amylose in wheat endosperm starch. In durum wheats, the genes encoding GBSS are present at the two Wx loci on chromosome 7A and 4A (a segment of 7B that has been translocated). Several null Wx-B1 (missing GBSS protein from chromosome 4A) durum lines were produced from crosses with null-4A bread wheats backcrossed to durum wheats. Semolina milled from 4 normal and 7 null-4A durum wheat lines grown over two seasons (1999 and 2000) in South Australia were analysed for amylose content, starch pasting properties as measured by the Rapid Viscoanalyzer (RVA), swelling power and starch damage, protein content and electrophoretic protein analysis. Spaghetti was prepared with a micro-scale extruder and the cooked pasta evaluated for cooking loss, firmness, stickiness and water absorption. The null-4A lines had significantly lower (ca. 5%) amylose content, higher starch peak viscosities and semolina swelling power. The pasta derived from the null-4A lines had lower cooking loss and in 1999 was more adhesive than the non-waxy lines. Cooking loss was correlated with amylose content, peak starch viscosity, swelling power of semolina and cooked pasta adhesiveness. Semolina swelling power was highly correlated with RVA peak viscosity. Waxy durum wheats appear to have an advantage over the normal types in terms of lower cooking loss, widely used as an indicator of pasta cooking quality.

Swelling Index of Glutenin Test for Prediction of Durum Wheat Quality

ABSTRACTThe swelling index of glutenin (SIG) was assessed for suitability as a screening procedure for durum wheat gluten strength. Five sets of samples with a wide range of gluten strength values were collected according to gluten strength parameters and characterized for SIG. Statistical analysis revealed that the SIG and SDS sedimentation tests were both able to satisfactorily account for variations in gluten strength in all sets of samples. However, for most samples, the SIG test was more reliable than the SDS sedimentation test for predicting gluten strength. Furthermore, the SIG test can differentiate samples with glutenin swelling properties that could not be accounted for by intercultivar variation of SDS sedimentation volumes. The percentage of insoluble glutenin in protein is usually a better predictor for gluten strength than the percentage of insoluble glutenin in flour. Similarly, when the SIG values were divided by the protein content of the samples, the resulting proportions were better predictors of gluten strength than the absolute values. Analysis of protein fractions revealed that the insoluble glutenin was the protein fraction most responsible for the SIG value and gluten strength. Extensibility of dough was significantly related to the soluble glutenin content, while the alveograph G index was related to monomeric protein content. The results suggest that screening based on the SIG test would be valuable for comparing durum wheat lines and cultivars for gluten strength and pasta‐making quality.

Genetic control of long glume phenotype in tetraploid wheat derived from Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch.

The Chinese wheat landrace, Xinjiang rice wheat (T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch., 2n = 42), known as ‘Daosuimai’ or rice-head wheat is characterized by long glumes, and was found in the agricultural areas in the west part of Talimu basin, Xinjiang, China in 1948. The gene for long glume from T. petropavlovskyi was introduced into a line of spring durum wheat, LD222. The gene for long glume is located approximately46.8 cm from the cn-A1 locus, which controls the chlorinatrait. Significant deviation from a 3:1 in the F2 of LDN7D(7A)/ANW5C confirmed that the long glume of T. petropavlovskyi can be controlled by a gene located on chromosome 7A. The gene locates approximately 12.4 ± 0.5 cM from the centromere on the long arm of 7A. It is considered that the gene for long glume from T. petropavlovskyi is an allele on the P 1 locus, and it should be designated as P 1a. It is suggested that T. petropavlovskyi originated from either the natural hybrid between T. aestivum that has an awn-like appendage on the glume and T. polonicum or a natural point mutation of T. aestivum.