Durum Wheat Lines Research Articles

Trigo duro: tolerância à toxicidade do alumínio em soluções nutritivas e no solo

Estudou-se o comportamento de 23 linhagens e cultivares de trigo duro (Triticum durum L.), introduzidos do Centro Internacional de Melhoramento de Milho e Trigo (CIMMYT), México, juntamente com um cultivar de triticale e seis de trigo (Triticum aestivum L), em soluções nutritivas contendo seis concentrações de Al3+ (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 6 mg/litro), à temperatura constante de 25 ± 1°C, e pH 4,0. A tolerância foi medida pela capacidade de as raízes primárias continuarem a crescer em solução sem alumínio, após 48 horas em solução contendo uma concentração conhecida de alumínio. Todos os germoplasmas de trigo duro estudados e os cultivares de trigo Siete Cerros e Anahuac foram sensíveis à concentração de 1 mg/litro de Al3+. O cultivar de trigo Alondra-S-46 mostrou-se sensível a 4mg/litro de Al3+; o de triticale Chiva e os de trigo BH-1146, IAC-24 e IAC-60 exibiram tolerância à presença de 6 mg/litro de Al3+ nas soluções. Os mesmos genótipos foram também estudados em experimentos em solo ácido (V% = 14 e H + Al = 8,9 meq/100cm³) e em solo corrigido (V% = 65 e H + AI = 2,9 meq/100cm³). As produções de trigo duro em solo ácido foram baixas, variando de 939 a 2.243 kg/ha, comparadas com as dos cultivares de trigo e triticale tolerantes ao Al3+, as quais variaram de 3.584 a 4.922 kg/ha. No experimento em solo corrigido, a melhor linhagem de trigo duro (Avetoro "S" x Anhinga "S" - Pelicano "S" x D 67.2) produziu 4.128 kg/ha, em comparação com o triticale Chiva, 4547 kg/ha, e o melhor trigo IAC-24, 4.906 kg/ha. Esses resultados confirmaram a necessidade de ser incorporada tolerância ao Al3+ nos genótipos de trigo duro visando a seu cultivo em solos ácidos.

Analysis of adaptation of barley, triticale, durum and bread wheat under Mediterranean conditions

Yield data obtained from a comparative small grain cereals trial, grown for five consecutive growing seasons at a total of 23 environments in Cyprus, were subjected to regression analysis. Within each environment, yield trials consisted of a standard set of three cultivars or elite lines of barley, triticale, durum and bread wheat. The regression coefficient (b) of crop mean on the environmental index (I) and the mean square deviation from regression (sd2) were calculated for each crop. Each crop tended to have its own characteristic value of sd2 and its magnitude was an excellent indicator of specific crop-environment interaction. The causes of large sd2, for two of the four crops, were the susceptibilith of barley to lodging, when favourable conditions were encountered at high yielding environments, and triticale dependence on late season precipitation. Durum wheat and triticale had an average response to different yielding environments (b>1.19) and both were significantly different from those of bread wheat (1.08) and barley (0.54). Hence, barley, bread and durum wheat are specifically adapted to low, average and high yielding Mediterranean environments, respectively. The cultivation of triticale at the expence of durum wheat is not feasible. Furthermore, interactions between crops and environments demonstrated by the regression parameters, should constitute the basis for decision making, regarding crop adaptation in a region. The average yield in all environments should not be considered as a proper criterion for adaptation. In this study, triticale had a similar mean grain yield (3,842 kg/ha) to that of bread wheat, but was significantly higher yielding than barley or durum wheat (5 and 7%, respectively).

Control of early seedling growth in varietal lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (Triticum durum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare) in response to the phthalimide growth regulant, AC 94,377

AC 94,377 caused elongation of seedlings of Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, and Hordeum vulgare when applied to the soil, or the soil plus seed at planting. Affected were the leaf sheathes and the coleoptiles, and at high compound rates there was premature elongation of the stem internodes. As exemplified by the response of T. aestivum var. Fidel, the influence on coleoptile elongation was greatest under conditions whereby the coleoptile was naturally stimulated to elongate, i.e., when growth was in the dark and temperatures were cool (15°C). All of the stem internodes were capable of elongation except the one below the coleoptile node. The effect on leaf sheath elongation was prolonged when compared to activity of gibberellic acid. Several varieties of the three cereal species were examined in the greenhouse for sensitivity to AC 94,377 in order to evaluate the extent of the response. All of the barley varieties examined were sensitive to AC 94,377, elongating regardless of the planting conditions. Two such conditions were established, including incubation under warm (28/20°C) conditions following planting the grains 1 cm deep, and incubation under cool (22/16°C) conditions following planting the grains 6 cm deep. Wheat varieties distributed into two general categories, those which were sensitive and those which were not. The insensitivity correlated well to the presence of the reduced height (Rht) and GA-insensitive (Gai) genes in Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum, respectively. Thus, AC 94,377 can be used conveniently to evaluate varietal lines for the presence of this phenotype. This correlation also lends support to the notion that the Rht/Gai mutations in wheat are either at the level of a gibberellin receptor or at a step in the signal transduction pathway.

Yield Stability of Winter Wheat (Triticum sp.) Cultivars and Lines

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare responsiveness to environment as well as the stability of newly developed promising lines with traditional commercial cultivars. Subject research was conducted in Ankara between 1983‐1989 on common and durum wheat cultivars and lines. Regression coefficient (b) was used as the criterion of genotypes' responsiveness to environment whereas deviation from regression (S2d) and coefficient of determination (r2) were used as stability parameters. Each experiment year was regarded as an environment and yield average of each year was used as the environmental index.In consequence of the research, it was determined that new varieties with high yield, adaptable to diverse environments could be developed by means of hybridizations between parents having different genetic characteristics which were provided from diverse ecological regions.

Genetic variation for tolerance or resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus in durum wheat

One durum wheat line (Triticum durum), cv. 82PCD476, with useful BYDV tolerance or resistance, was singled out of 5 152 lines evaluated between 1979 and 1986. A few other lines such as cv. Boohai and cv. 12th IDSN 227, slightly inferior to cv. 82PCD476, also showed some value. With an hybrid of cv. 12th IDSN227 with the susceptible cv. 84PCY-S531, broad-sense heritability values of 0.37–0.41 were obtained for symptoms and a heritability value of 0.55 was obtained for the total weight of spikes. The weight of spikes was considered as a good indicator of wheat tolerance to BYDV. Although BYDV resistance or tolerance genes are not very common in durum wheat, sources of heritable resistance could be found. However, the resistance ofT. aestivum to BYDV was superior to the one found inT. durum.

Differential feeding by grasshoppers and levels of foliar diseases in various cultivars of spring cereals

Sixty-four cultivars and strains of cereals were evaluated under field conditions for differential feeding by grasshoppers, (Orthoptera:: Acrididae) and for their resistance to foliar disease. Grasshoppers actively fed on all triticale and durum wheat lines, on 11 of 12 bread wheat lines, and on 11 of 24 barley lines. Both the incidence and severity of foliar disease were high in all cereals. There was no correlation between grasshopper damage and resistance to foliar disease ( r+ −0·059) in the barley but a positive trend appeared in wheat lines (bread r= +0·487; durum r= +0·295). The data suggest that present trends in breeding disease-resistant cereal cultivars will not introduce increased susceptibility to grasshopper damage.

Gene H16 in Wheat for Resistance to Hessian Fly

PI 94587 durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf., has resistance to biotype L of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) that has not been genetically characterized. Two genes, H6 and H11 from PI 94587, have been transferred into separate lines and characterized previously. Lines with H6 or H11 do not have resistance to biotype L that PI 94587 has. Our objectives were to transfer the gene(s) responsible for resistance to biotype L from PI 94587 to a susceptible line, and to determine if the gene(s) was different from known genes providing resistance to biotype L. We used standard greenhouse and growth chamber methods of analysis to determine resistance of seedling progenies to biotypes D and L of Hessian fly. A single partially dominant gene pair providing resistance to biotype L was transferred from PI94 587 to a previously susceptible durum wheat line ND D6647. Genetic studies indicated the new gene was not H9, H14, or H15. Reactions to biotypes B, C, D, and L indicatyed it was not H10, H12, or the ‘Marquillo’ gene. The newly isolated gene is designated H16.

The chromosomal location of a gene (msg) affecting megasporogenesis in durum wheat

An aneuploid durum wheat line (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) having 13 chromosome pairs and 2 unpaired chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis in pollen mother cells (i.e., monosomic for chromosomes 7A and 7D) was observed to produce some progeny plants with 2n = 40 chromosomes. These aneuploid (triploid) plants were usually weak and sterile. Triploid plants also occurred in the progeny of durum plants monosomic for chromosome 7A, or in progeny of plants that were mono-telodisomic or ditelomonotelosomic for chromosome 7Aq (13 II + 1 t II or 13 II + t II + t I) but not in the progeny of plants ditelomonotelosomic for chromosome 7Ap (13 II + t II + t 1). Therefore, there is a gene(s) on chromosome arm 7Ap that prevents the production of diploid (2n) egg cells in wheat. In the absence of 7Ap, a portion of the egg cells have 26 chromosomes, which when fertilized with a pollen nucleus with 14 chromosomes, produces progeny plants with 2n = 40 chromosomes. The data also indicated that chromosome arm 7Dp probably contains a second gene that is capable of preventing the production of triploid plants. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. var. durum, polyploidy, aneuploid, triploid, monosomic.

The effects of optimum heading date and its stability on yield and consistency of performance of barley and durum wheat in dry areas

SummaryData from several trials with large numbers of barley and durum wheat varieties conducted mainly under dryland conditions in a Mediterranean climate were used to study the effects of heading date and its stability on consistency of performance.Heading date was expressed in relation to one or more control varieties, because of the significant genotype × environment interactions. Data from trials during 1969–85 were used to determine optimum heading date in order to aid selection for consistently high-yielding varieties. For rainfed barley in Cyprus this optimum range was between 2 days after and 5–8 days before heading of Kantara barley and for rainfed wheat 1 day after to 4 days before heading of Karpasia durum wheat. It is suggested that by selecting at one environment single plants from segregating populations or lines from nurseries and yield trials, having heading date within the optimum range, the chances of selecting consistently high-yielding lines are increased.The genotype and environment significantly affected heading date. Stability of heading date was genetically controlled. Early varieties tended to be more variable than late varieties of both barley and durum wheat. Lines with the lowest values for variance of heading date gave low yields under variable conditions because they were very late. The consistently high-yielding lines of barley and durum wheat had variance of log transformed heading (s2log2) 0·025–0·050.In durum wheat, lines with the lowest variance were later in heading date than the optimum for Cyprus environments. The absolute values of variance of heading date of varieties varied with year, but significant positive correlations were obtained between years (r = 0·84 for durum wheat and r = 0·55 for barley, P < 0·01).Barley, which is considered a safer crop for the driest parts of the Mediterranean countries, heads a few days earlier than durum wheat but its better performance may be attributed also to its ability to grow faster than wheat in the winter months.

Effects of rhizospheric bacteria on wheat yield under field conditions

Five field experiments were conducted during 1982 and 1983 to evaluate the yield response of two lines of common wheat and one line of durum wheat to several rhizospheric bacteria. The two lines tested in the 1982 experiment (a common wheat and a durum wheat) showed a considerable yield response to incoulation withAzospirillum brasilense, with an average significant yield incresae of 23%. In the 1983 experiments, variable yield responses, some of which were significant, were obtained by inoculating three wheat lines (two common wheat and one durum wheat) with Azospirillum or with other rhizospheric bacteria, isolated from various Israeli wild relatives of wheat. A certain specificity between the tested wheat lines, the applied bacteria and the particular local conditions was evident. Inverse relationships were found between the maximum percentage yield increase due to inoculation with the most efficient bacteria and the yield level of the non-inoculated plots.

ASSOCIATION OF GLUME COLOR WITH GLUTEN STRENGTH AND GLIADIN PROTEINS IN DURUM WHEAT

Lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) were studied for glume color, gluten strength as determined by micromixograph and sodium-dodecyl-sulphate (SDS) sedimentation methods, and banding of gliadin proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicated a linkage of factors controlling glume color and gliadin proteins. There also appeared to be an association of these two characteristics with gluten strength.

THE SUITABILITY OF THE SDS-SEDIMENTATION TEST FOR ASSESSING GLUTEN STRENGTH IN DURUM WHEAT

The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation test was assessed as a screening procedure for durum wheat gluten strength. Thirty durum wheat lines possessing a wide range in gluten strength and spaghetti cooking quality were characterized for wheat protein, SDS-sedimentation value, micromixograph development time, and spaghetti cooking quality at optimum time and after overcooking for 10 min. A statistical analysis revealed that mixograph development time and the SDS-sedimentation test were both able to account satisfactorily for variations in gluten strength. However, SDS-sedimentation test was able to differentiate over a narrower range. The SDS-sedimentation test and wheat protein together accounted for over 40% of the variability in cooking quality at opimum time and after overcooking. These data suggest that screening tests based on the SDS-sedimentation test and wheat protein would be adequate for comparing durum wheats for gluten strength and spaghetti cooking quality.

A Disomic‐5D‐Nullisomic‐5B Substitution Line of Durum Wheat1

A disomic‐5D nullisomic‐5B (5D(5B)‐substitution‐disomic) line of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) was produced by crossing a monosomic‐5B‐monosomic‐5D line with a 5D‐addition‐disomic line of ‘Langdon’ durum. This line is fertile, vigorous, and has homoeologous pairing because of the absence of the Ph gene on chromosome 5B. This line can be best maintained as disomic‐5D monosomic‐ 5B. The breeding behavior of this line is discussed. It should be useful for the introduction of alien genes from various species into durum wheat through pairing and exchange of genetic material between homoeologous chromosomes.

Quality Characteristics of Tall and Semidwarf Near‐Isogenic Lines of Durum Wheat1

The semidwarf genes derived from ‘Norin‐10’ have been transferred to durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The desired flour quality of durum wheat and common wheat (T. aestivum L. em. Thell.) is very different. The transfer of a gene or genes from common to durum wheat along with the semidwarf genes could be deleterious. Twenty‐six pairs of near‐isogenic lines of durum wheat were grown at two locations in each of 2 years. The semidwarf lines did not differ significantly from the tall lines for any of the 10 quality characteristics studied. We concluded that the semidwarf genes were not associated with any of the 10 quality characteristics and that semidwarf durums with adequate quality can be produced. There were significant differences between pairs of lines for 9 of the 10 characters. Correlations among the various quality characters were significant.

Agronomic Characteristics of Near‐Isogenic Tall and Semidwarf Lines of Durum Wheat1

Semidwarf genes from ‘Norin‐10’ and other semidwarf varieties have been used widely in breeding high‐yielding hexaploid wheats (Triticum sp.). These genes also have been transferred to tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The effect of the semidwarf genes on eight agronomic characteristics of durum wheat were investigated at two locations in each of 2 years, using paired tall and semidwarf near‐isogenic lines. The semidwarf genes and their associated linkage blocks reduced test weight, kernel weight, and height; increased days to heading and number of culms/ha; but did not affect yields, kernels/spike, or grain/straw ratios. Semidwarf lines with adequate test weights and kernel weights were observed in some crosses. Acceptable semidwarf varieties of durum wheat can be produced if the plant breeder selects carefully for high test weight and kernel wieght.

Combining Ability in Durum Wheat: I. Agronomic Characteristics1

The parents and 45 F1 and F2 populations from a diallel cross among 10 genetically diverse varieties or lines of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were evaluated at two locations in North Dakota in 1965. Parental, Fu and F2 populations of 17 of the 45 crosses were evaluated again in 1966 at one location. The traits studied were grain yield, number of tillers per unit area, kernels per spike, kernel weight, test weight, seedling vigor, maturity, height, and lodging.Heterosis percentages for grain yield in 1965, based on means of the higher parent of each cross, ranged from —19 to 84% for the F1's and from —23 to 26% for the F2's. Seventeen hybrids displayed significant heterosis for yield, but none was significantly higher than the check variety, ‘Wells.’ The best hybrid yielded 16 and 9% more than Wells when Wells was sown at 33 and 67 kg/ha, respectively. Heterosis also occurred for the other character studied. Twenty‐seven F2 populations yielded significantly less than their respective F1's.An estimate of genotype ✕ environment interaction was calculated for grain yield on the means of the 17 F1's, F2's, and parents for the crosses grown in 1965 and 1966. The analyses were based on mean values from three environments, Fargo 1965, Langdon 1965, and Fargo 1966. Genotype ✕ environment mean squares were significant for the F1 hybrids and parents, but nonsignificant for the F2 populations.General and specific combining ability mean squares were obtained from F1 and F2 populations grown in 1965. General combining ability mean squares were highly significant among F1's and among F2's for all nine characteristics.Specific combining ability mean squares among F1's were significant for kernel weight, test weight, and seedling vigor, and were significant among F2's for kernel weight, test weight, and lodging score. Maximum yields of durum wheat may be attainable only with a system that can exploit both additive and nonadditive genetic effects.

Reaction of wheat lines to leaf rust (<i>Puccinia triticina</i>) in Turkey

The field reactions of 19 bread wheat lines and three durum wheat lines to Puccinia triticina showed that the bread wheat lines were susceptible to moderately susceptible while that of three durum wheat lines were resistant, and moderately resistant. The seedling reactions of bread and durum lines against three races, FHTT, PHTT, and PRTT showed that bread lines were susceptible to all the races while durum lines were resistant. All of the tested durum lines were found to be promising for wheat breeding studies carried out against leaf or brown rust of wheat. Key words: Triticum, Leaf (brown) rust, Puccinia triticina, Susceptibility, Resistance DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1506 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 163-166, 2007 (December)