Air Carrier Research Articles

Analysis of the Performance of Regional III Airport Authority Air Transport Inspector Personnel on Optimizing PT Minimum Service Standard Supervision. Wings Airlines

In order to achieve optimal aviation safety, security, and service, activities of control, supervision, and investigation are necessary by the Air Transport Inspector. Air transport services provided by Air Transport Companies to Scheduled Commercial Air Transport for Economy Class Passengers and domestic flights within the country. Passenger service standards cover aspects such as pre-flight service standards, in-flight service standards, and post-flight service standards. Pre-flight service standards include flight information, ticket reservations, ticket bookings, check-in processes, boarding procedures, handling of delays and flight cancellations, as well as the issuance of boarding passes. The number of inspectors available to conduct supervision is also a factor affecting the results of the Minimal Standard Inspection of these services. This research aims to identify factors that affect the optimization results of Air Transport Inspectors at Wings Air airline. This research method is descriptive with a qualitative approach, and data is collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research results indicate that one of the challenges in the supervision of Air Transport Inspectors for Wings Air airline is the insufficient number of Air Transport Inspector personnel, resulting in a lack of direct supervision of airline personnel in various sub-units of airline services.

Optoelectronic conversion and polarization hysteresis in organic MISM and MISIM devices with DA-type single-component molecules.

Organic electronic devices offer various advantages, such as low cost and tunability. However, the organic semiconductors used in these devices have significant drawbacks, including instability in air and low carrier mobility. To address these challenges, we recently introduced organic MISM and MISIM (M = metal, I = insulator, S = semiconductor) devices, which effectively generate photo-induced displacement current and exhibit ferroelectric behavior. In previous studies, the S layer consisted of an organic donor-acceptor (DA) bilayer. In the present research, we fabricated MISM and MISIM devices using DA-type single-component molecules as the S layer and examined their photocurrent and polarization hysteresis. While the performance of these devices does not surpass that of DA bilayer devices, we discovered that DA-type single-component molecules can be utilized for photoelectric conversion and polarization trapping.

Asymmetric contact-induced selective doping of CVD-grown bilayer WS2 and its application in high-performance photodetection with an ultralow dark current.

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are excellent candidates for high-performance optoelectronics due to their high carrier mobility, air stability and strong optical absorption. However, photodetectors made with monolayer TMDs often exhibit a high dark current, and thus, there is a scope for further improvement. Herein, we developed a 2D bilayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) based photodetector (PD) with asymmetric contacts that exhibits an exceptionally low dark current and high specific detectivity. High-quality and large-area monolayer and bilayer WS2 flakes were synthesized using a thermal chemical vapor deposition system. Compared to conventional symmetric contact electrodes, utilizing metal electrodes with higher and lower work functions relative to bilayer WS2 aids in achieving asymmetric lateral doping in the WS2 flakes. This doping asymmetry was confirmed through the photoluminescence spectral profile and Raman mapping analysis. With the asymmetric contacts on bilayer WS2, we find evidence of selective doping of electrons and holes near the Ti and Au contacts, respectively, while the WS2 region away from the contacts remains intrinsic. When compared with the symmetric contact case, the dark current in the WS2 PD with asymmetric (Au, Ti) contact decreases by an order of magnitude under reverse bias with a concomitant increase in the photocurrent, resulting in an improved on/off ratio of ∼105 and overall improved device performance under identical illumination conditions. We explained this improved performance based on the energy band alignment showing a unidirectional charge flow under light illumination. Our results indicate that the planar device structure and compatibility with current nanofabrication technologies can facilitate its integration into advanced chips for futuristic low-power optoelectronic and nanophotonic applications.

Analysis of commercial air transport impact on environmental degradation: validity of environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for Azerbaijan

Analysis of commercial air transport impact on environmental degradation: validity of environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for Azerbaijan

Helicopter Aerial Work: Technology to Meet Growing Needs in Critical Missions

Helicopters provide aerial services such as firefighting, medical transport, agriculture, and construction for critical industries that form the backbone of modern society. These "aerial work" applications comprise the majority of the current market for civilian helicopters and include a diverse set of mission types and flight profiles; in many cases, aerial work applications are meeting growing needs driven by the climate crisis and energy transition. Through a series of more than 180 interviews with operators, pilots, and users across helicopter aerial work, this paper — the largest contemporary study of its kind — surveys the challenges that the industry sees for itself. Part I analyzes and summarizes our original primary source data to provide both qualitative and quantitative assessments of the needs of this community. Part II presents a case study for aerial firefighting, where a growing demand driven by record-breaking climatic changes is straining the existing air crews, aircraft fleet, and firefighting technology. Many issues identified in firefighting are endemic problems that beset other neighboring applications within aerial work such as public services, energy infrastructure, construction, and agriculture; technologies that have the potential to have a significant impact on re ghting are discussed. Part III is an analysis of technology and how it might better meet the needs of helicopter aerial work. We identify characteristics such as compatibility, reliability, and application specialization that are valued by helicopter aerial work customers and operators. In the backdrop of unprecedented venture capital investment and technology development in new types of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft for AAM, this paper's core nding is that the needs of helicopter aerial work are not being met: a venture capital culture prioritizes innovation that can create new markets over solving challenges in existing ones. Innovation for commercial air transport missions that operate under different market, environmental, and operational conditions does not "trickle down" to aerial work. We identify a need for increased collaboration between technologists and the aerial work community and for a more thoughtful approach towards investment and development to meet the growing challenges of the industry.

Analysis of commercial air transport impact on environmental degradation: validity of environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for Azerbaijan

Analysis of commercial air transport impact on environmental degradation: validity of environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for Azerbaijan

Data-driven reduced-order modeling for nonlinear aerodynamics using an autoencoder neural network

The design of commercial air transportation vehicles heavily relies on understanding and modeling fluid flows, which pose computational challenges due to their complexity and high degrees of freedom. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel approach based on machine learning (ML) to construct reduced-order models (ROMs) using an autoencoder neural network coupled with a discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM). This methodology combines the interpolation of nonlinear functions identified based on selected interpolation points using DEIM with an ML-based clustering algorithm that provides accurate predictions by spanning a low-dimensional subspace at a significantly lower computational cost. In this study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by the calculation of transonic flows over the National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics 0012 airfoil and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Common Research Model wing. All the results confirm that the ROM captures high-dimensional parameter variations efficiently and accurately in transonic regimes, in which the nonlinearities are induced by shock waves, demonstrating the feasibility of the ROM for nonlinear aerodynamics problems with varying flow conditions.

The CJEU Confirms Its Narrowed Interpretation of the Notion of ‘Extraordinary Circumstances’ in TAP Portugal (Death of Co-Pilot)

In TAP Portugal (Death of Co-pilot) (C-156/22), the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the death of a co-pilot shortly before a flight does not qualify as an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ under Regulation (EC) 261/2004. According to the Court, this event is ‘inherent in the normal exercise of the operating air carrier’s activity’. The Court reaffirmed the strict cumulative conditions to be met in order to avoid standardized compensation in the case of a flight cancellation or delay. passengers, extraordinary circumstances, CJEU, passenger rights, illness, death

SPORTS AVIATION IN THE WORLD AND YUGOSLAVIA AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR

After World War II, the accelerating demand for personal and utility aircraft gave rise to the term general aviation to describe all flying that did not fall into the category of military or scheduled air transport. Immediately before the liberation, the first aviation organization in Yugoslavia was formed in Zemun in 1944. In March 1945, the Air Force Command established the Gliding Center in Vršac, and in April classes for the first class of gliding teachers began. The first aero-clubs began to operate within the Commission for Technology and Sports, at the beginning of 1946 (later Narodna tehnika). The Aviation Association of Yugoslavia (Vazduhoplovni savez Jugoslavije – VSJ) was founded on April 25, 1948 in Belgrade. In 1950, he renewed his membership in the FAI, was unanimously accepted as a member at the 43rd general conference held in Stockholm.

Choice between FSCS and LCCS - Relative Importance of Corporate and Government Initiatives

With a modest start in 2003, Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) have become a dominant player and the most preferred mode of air transport in India. As per the latest reports, the market share of LCCs had touched 82% during FY 2022. This type of progress could not have been achieved without proactive initiatives taken by both the Airline Management and the Government of India. This article tries to analyze various initiatives taken up at the corporate level and at the Government level to make air travel accessible and affordable to the general public. Five attributes under corporate initiatives and four attributes under government initiatives have been identified and analyzed through a survey collected from 300 passengers from Bengaluru, India. The data is analyzed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that the UDAN scheme – an initiative of the Government of India (GOI) is the most important attribute that passengers consider when choosing an air carrier. This is followed by Brand Image, Safety/ Reliability. Two more initiatives of the GOI namely De-regulation policies and Tariff Structure are the next two important attributes followed by Airfare. Advertising and Promotion, Infrastructure Development, and Frequent Flyer Program (FFP) are the least important attributes.

PLACEMENT OF ROBOTIC MISSILE DEFENSE COMPLEXES ON AN UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE

Objects of critical infrastructure of Ukraine need a multi-level anti-missile defense system, which should protect against various types of missiles with a flight range of several tens to several hundreds of kilometers. Timely detection of missiles allows for a number of measures aimed at interception and destruction of targets, the use of radio-electronic warfare, the installation of interfering and obstructing obstacles in various ranges of radio waves, as well as the inclusion of optical and thermal traps. The use of robotic complexes placed on aerostats increases the effectiveness of modern surface-to-air missile system (SAMS) many times over in the fight against low-flying targets with massed strikes of cruise missiles. The location of radar at an altitude of several kilometers ensures the detection range of low-flying targets several times greater than that of ground-based radar. This is of particular importance for SAMS when firing at targets beyond the radio horizon. The transfer of data about the location of the target from the radar of the air carrier to the air defense system and its illumination and guidance radar (at least the approximate location) provides the opportunity to bring the anti-missile to the point of inclusion of its homing head. It is proposed to modernize the radar with an active phased antenna array used on fighters to increase the range and installation on airships and balloons. This will ensure the effectiveness of defense against missile attacks, detection and tracking of up to 100 targets at distances of about 40...400 km. At the same time, the weight of the radar within the range of 200...500 kg and the dimensions of the antennas up to 1 meter are permissible for installation on large balloons. Countries for which attacks of various types of missiles are a real threat need a multi-level anti-missile system, in particular, using robotic complexes placed on air carriers. Keywords: anti-missile defense, radar station, balloon, airship.

Study of hydroxyl and nitrite radicals concentration in plasma-activated water by photoluminescence spectroscopy

The atmospheric pressure plasma in water has numerous applications, including utilizing reactive species in the dye degradation process for polluted water remediation. In the current study, an air plasma jet generated atmospheric pressure plasma, transporting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) onto the solution surface, such as OH and NO2 radicals, which immediately developed in an aqueous solution. The identification and concentration of radicals are determined using photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and irradiation over the surface of an aqueous solution. Based on the reaction between hydroxyl ions and terephthalic acid, fluorimetric methods for hydroxyl ions determination are developed. In addition, 2,3-diamino naphthalene was selected for the nitrite reaction. The jet nozzle-to-solution-surface distance, treatment time, and carrier air flow rate substantially impacted determining the radical’s concentration in aqueous solution.

Fault-Tolerant Control for Carrier-Based Aircraft Based on Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Method

Carrier-based aircraft landing involves complex system engineering characterised by strong nonlinearity, significant coupling and susceptibility to environmental disturbances, and autonomous landing of carrier-based aircraft under fault states is even more challenging and riskier. To address the control-system problems of loss of efficiency and performance due to actuator faults and performance degradation due to various unknown disturbances, presented here is fault-tolerant control for carrier-based aircraft based on adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode fault-tolerant control (AFSMFTC). First, three models are built (the carrier-based aircraft fault model, the carrier air wake model and the deck motion model), and the control framework of the autonomous landing control system is introduced. Next, a longitudinal and lateral flight channel controller comprising an adaptive fuzzy network, adaptive laws and a sliding-mode controller is designed using the AFSMFTC method. The adaptive fuzzy network implements fuzzy approximation for the sliding-mode switching terms to further offset errors induced by unknown disturbances, the adaptive laws compensate for actuator faults, and the sliding-mode controller ensures tracking of the overall flight path. Furthermore, the stability of the fault-tolerant method is demonstrated using the Lyapunov function. Finally, simulation and comparative experiments show that the proposed fault-tolerant method has outstanding control performance and strong fault-tolerant capability, thereby providing an effective and feasible solution for designing an autonomous landing system for carrier-based aircraft under fault states.

Unit Root Tests of Airline’s Stock Returns Considering Alliances

The purpose of this study is to make a unit root analysis of the stock return time series of 18 air carrier companies due to alliance membership in this paper because of the importance of the unit roots in the detection of time-related matters. Five important unit root tests, which can be classified as Fourier or classical utilized. According to the findings, there is no unit root in the stock return series regardless of airline alliances but there are differences on a regional basis depending on the test and test power, specific Asian airlines stocks’ return series show linearity. These results will shed more light on the efficient market hypothesis on aviation management in the next research.

What Matters in the Effectiveness of Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems? Monte Carlo Simulation of Uncertainties for TCAS II and ACAS Xa

TCAS II is a rule-based airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) that is used in current commercial air transport operations, and ACAS Xa is a new optimization-based system. Operational validation studies have mainly used deterministic simulations of ACAS performance using various sets of encounters. Recently a new approach was developed, which employs Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of agent-based models to evaluate the impact of sensor errors and pilot response variability. This paper contrasts the results of both approaches in a comparison of TCAS II and ACAS Xa for various types of synthetic encounters. It was found that conventional estimates of near mid-air collision (NMAC) probabilities are often lower than the estimates achieved using MC simulation, and that the biases in the P(NMAC) estimates are consistently larger for ACAS Xa than for TCAS II. Contributions to unresolved risk are largest for pilot performance, then for encounter types, and finally for sensor errors. The contribution of non-responding pilots is much larger than the differences between TCAS II and ACAS Xa. It is concluded that the agent-based MC simulation overcomes the limitations in traditional evaluation of altimetry errors and pilot response, providing an independent means to effectively analyze the robustness of ACASs.

Air Blue (Pvt) Ltd v. Judge Consumer Court (West) Islamabad & Another

The High Court of Islamabad, Pakistan, has ruled that courts would follow the international conventions on air carriage as prescribed in the Carriage by Air Act, 2012 while deciding the quantum of damages against air carriers for the liability arising from international air carriage. The court affirmed it while deciding that aggrieved parties are free to choose between a special consumer court or a civil court when bringing claims against an air carrier under the Carriage by Air Act, 2012. Pakistan, aviation law, consumer protection, jurisdiction, special court

Learning from past in the aircraft maintenance industry: An empirical evaluation in the safety management framework

The growth of commercial air transport arguably translates into more aging passenger aircraft queuing up for major maintenance, modifications, and/or freighter conversion with the aircraft maintenance industry. In the competitive business environment, this increased maintenance demand possesses the potential to stress the industry and make safety vulnerable. In the aircraft maintenance industry, several aircraft accidents and incidents have resulted from organizational failure to learn from the past. To address this chronic problem, this study aims to (a) establish a learning process model for the aircraft maintenance industry, (b) identify the factors that influence learning, and (c) determine the effect of identified factors on learning from the past. A review of scholarly articles and regulatory publications enabled the development of learning from the past process model and a data collection tool, followed by structural equation modeling to quantify the relationship among influencing factors. The study was conducted in the Indian aircraft maintenance environment and is based on the perspective of the front-line maintenance staff. The study found that safety communication is the decisive stage for learning from the past. Contextualization of the safety information and evaluating the lessons learned during safety communication strongly impact learning from the past, for which existing regulatory provisions are vulnerable. The findings of this study are meant to assist State regulators and management of the aircraft maintenance industry; nevertheless, safety managers and practitioners in other ultra-safe, high-risk sectors may also apply the results in compliance with the respective regulatory guidelines.

Flightcrew Procedures Experimental Training: Simulation Testbed Design, Development, & Interactive Demonstration

In this interactive demonstration, participants will have the opportunity to use the UCF-developed Flight Procedures Experimental Training (FlightPET) research simulation testbed to complete an exterior preflight inspection of a multiengine transport category aircraft. FlightPET may be implemented using virtual reality (VR) or conventional desktop displays. FlightPET was developed to support research on modern training practices in the air carrier industry and was designed to help identify which combinations of display technologies and training approaches should be used for specific flightcrew-relevant topics, in what contexts, and how to leverage these configurations to create outcomes comparable to conventional training methods. In this paper, we document the iterative development of the FlightPET simulation testbed and discuss facets of the systematic instructional systems design (ISD) process in which human factors (HF) may be integrated to support the development of VR simulation systems for flightcrew training.

Designing high-efficiency electrode contacts to two-dimensional semiconductor Cu2Se

High-efficiency electrode contact plays a pivotal role in achieving 2D material-based high performance nano devices. Recently, monolayer semiconducting Cu2Se with high stability in air and high carrier mobility of about 103 cm2 V−1 s−1 have been experimentally fabricated. Herein, to design high-efficiency electrode contacts for Cu2Se monolayer, the contact properties between Cu2Se monolayer and a series of experimentally fabricated 2D metals (MX2 in T-phase or H-phase, M = Ni, Nb, Ti, V, Co, Zr, and Ta, X = S, Se and Te) are systematically investigated based on first-principles calculations. Considering both Schottky barriers and tunneling barriers of these metal–semiconductor junctions (MSJs), H-NbSe2 is screened out as the most adaptable electrode for monolayer Cu2Se. Moreover, the fermi level pinning effects are discovered in these MSJs due to the potential steps contributed by the interface dipoles. Our work not only provides useful instruction for the design of high-performance 2D nano devices based on Cu2Se monolayer but also offers insights for prospection into the fundamental electronic properties of MSJs.

Analisis Kinerja Personel Inspektur Angkutan Udara Otoritas Bandar Udara Wilayah III pada Optimalisasi Pengawasan Standart Pelayanan Minimal PT. Lion Mentari Airlines


 In order to realize aviation safety, security and services, it is necessary to carry out control, supervision and investigation activities by air transport inspectors. Flight services provided by the Air Transport Business Entity for economy-class passenger services, Scheduled Commercial Air Transportation and domestic flight routes. The intended passenger service standards include several things, including pre-flight service standards, in-flight service standards, and post-flight service standards. Pre-flight service standards consist of: flight information, reservation, ticketing, check-in, boarding process, handling of flight delays, flight cancellations and enied boarding passes. Because the number of inspectors in carrying out supervision can also be an influential aspect of the results of the Minimum Standard Inspection of the service. This study aims to determine the factors that get the results of optimizing Air Transport Inspectors on Lion Air airlines. This research is descriptive using qualitative methods with data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data obtained is in the form of interviews with the Air Transport Inspector at the Surabaya Region III Airport Authority Office as well as documents used to carry out daily activities. The results of this study show the factors that constrain the control team of the Air Transport Inspector for Lion Air airlines on the Supervision Result Sheet instruments. Namely the unsupervised air transport inspector of airline officers directly at each airline service sub-unit due to a shortage of air transport inspector personnel.
 Keywords: Supervision, Performance, Air Transport Inspector