Linen Fibers Research Articles

Изменение структуры и свойств льняного волокна при ферментно пероксидном способе беления

The data on the influence of multienzyme complex on the quality of preparation of linen rove and the dependence of the structure of linen fiber and physical and mechanical characteristics of a textile material on the technique of its processing are presented in the article

Extractionless non‐hydrolysis surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic detection of historical mordant dyes on textile fibers

AbstractAlizarin and carminic acid have been detected in reference wool and linen fibers dyed with madder and cochineal, respectively, through surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements carried out directly on the fiber, without previous hydrolysis of the mordant‐dye complex. For such purpose, Ag nanoparticles were produced and immobilized in situ via the laser photoreduction of a silver nitrate aqueous solution in contact with the fiber. Control SERS spectra of pure dyes (alizarin, purpurin and carminic acid, as well as of mixtures of the first two) on similar Ag nanoparticles were also obtained. The method has been applied to one archeological Coptic textile (6th–8th A.D.) of Egyptian origin, where alizarin has been clearly identified. Other mordant dyes of the flavonoids family (luteolin, apigenin and flavonols) have also been identified by the same SERS method in wool fibers dyed with natural plants, mainly used in Central and South America (Dyer's greenweed, old fustic, onion and chilca) following pre‐Columbian dying recipes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effect of raw material composition of clothes on selected physiological parameters of human organism

Present studies were undertaken to determine the influence of clothing made from natural and synthetic fibres and their blends, which transiently covered a human body, on the activity of motor units of forearm muscles determined by electromyographic method. The clothes made out of 100% linen, 100% polyester (PES) and their blends with a different percentage of both kinds of raw material were examined. The studies proved that there were considerable changes in the parameters of skin–clothes microclimate that depend on the share of polyester fibres in the blends with linen. These changes can be the reason of differences in electromyographic records of motor unit activity of the muscles covered by tested clothes, even if the volunteers taking part in this experiment had not been doing any physical exercises. The results of tests showed that clothing made from polyester fabric was a reason of changes in muscle electromyograph (EMG) records of the wearers, which indicated occurrence of desynchronization of motor units. The clothes made of fabrics composed of polyester and linen fibres higher than 25% did not cause desynchronization of motor units in healthy muscles while providing the wearer with optimal comfort of using.

THE PRESERVATION OF OTTOMAN MANUSCRIPTS

Many historic books and manuscripts in Turkish foundations and libraries have been preserved across the centuries because of the value attached to calligraphy by Ottoman society and because of the careful and welldocumented stewardship that was set out at the time many of these foundations were endowed. The tradition of care given to collections by those responsible for these libraries forms the basis for modern preventive conservation practices in Turkish manuscript and book collections, including the Sakıp Sabancı Museum. The sources of paper used in the Islamic world are investigated, considering the merits of linen and cotton fibres and examining how their differing properties are reflected in the properties of their component polymers. The role of sizing in modifying the paper surface and protecting the paper from the damaging effect of corrosive inks and pigments is explored and it is concluded that the judicious selection and use of materials by Ottoman papermakers and calligraphers has also contributed to their generally good state of preservation.

Microscopic and Macroscopic Characteristics of the Shroud of Turin Image Superficiality

The of the Turin Shroud body image is a characteristic frequently described in scientific papers but too often in vague terms. Originating from a discussion among the members of the Shroud Science Group † , this paper was compiled thoroughly describing the unique characteristics of the body image superficial- ity. This concept of superficiality is here described at the fabric, thread and fiber levels. At the fabric level, we show the importance of the geometry of the fabric. At the thread level, the very specific distribution of the color is emphasized. Finally, at the fiber level, we confirm that the color is a chemically altered layer about 200 nm thick found at the surface of the colored fibers (the inner part re- mains uncolored). We suggest that the chemical alteration that pro- duced the discoloration is related to the primary cell wall of the linen fiber. The description of image superficiality here reported will be useful for the formulation of future hypotheses about the body image formation process. © 2010 Society for Imaging Science and Technology. DOI: 10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2010.54.4.040201

Extraction and characterization of natural cellulose fibers from common milkweed stems

AbstractNatural cellulose fibers with cellulose content, strength, and elongation higher than that of milkweed floss and between that of cotton and linen have been obtained from the stems of common milkweed plants. Although milkweed floss is a unique natural cellulose fiber with low density, the short length and low elongation make milkweed floss unsuitable as a textile fiber. The possibility of using the stems of milkweed plant as a source for natural cellulose fibers was explored in this research. Natural cellulose fibers extracted from milkweed stems have been characterized for their composition, structure, and properties. Fibers obtained from milkweed stems have about 75% cellulose, higher than the cellulose in milkweed floss but lower than that in cotton and linen. Milkweed stem fibers have low % crystallinity when compared with cotton and linen but the strength of the fibers is similar to cotton and elongation is higher than that of linen fibers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

Improvement on Hydrophobicity of Synthetic Textiles by Plasma Treatment – A Review

Cationic dyes exhibit high exhaustion towards protein fibres, such as wool and silk, due to ionic interactions but they show little substantivity onto cellulosic and hemicellulosic fibres. In order to apply cationic dyes to mill scoured and bleached linen fibers, a new approach employing anionic agents containing a reactive monochloro-S- triazinyl group is synthesized and used to import a negative charge to the fibre surface. Two cationic dyes show considerable substantivity towards anionic agent modified fabrics. Four different anionic agents are covalently bounded to the linen substrate to provide an electrostatic interaction with cationic dyes. The anionic agent treated fabrics are monitored for nitrogen content, and the reaction efficiency is determined as a K/S value of the dyed samples. Different factors that affect the pretreatment and dyeing process are investigated, and an overall improvement in the effectiveness of the anionic agent on the dyeability using cationic dyes is achieved. The reaction efficiency for the four anionic agents follows the order: anionic agent III > I > II > IV > untreated fabric. The treated dyed fabrics also exhibit good fastness properties.

Ultrasound assisted pre‐treatment and dyeing of linen fibres with reactive dyes

PurposeTo explore the use of power ultrasound as an environmentally friendly heating technology for the pre‐treatment of linen fibres with sodium perborate as the halogen free oxidising agent and to study the impact of this process on its dyeability with reactive dyes.Design/methodology/approachExploiting power ultrasound in the wet processes of linen fibres was made in two steps, i.e. ultrasonic pre‐treatment with sodium perborate followed by ultrasonic dyeing with reactive dyes. Therefore, comparative studies between conventional and ultrasonic techniques as well as the different factors that may affect these processes were investigated. The effect of the pre‐treatment on fibre fine structure using X‐ray diffraction technique was also investigated.FindingsThe results of the increase of whiteness index indicate that ultrasonic pre‐treatment was better at all studied treatment times and at low temperature. X‐ray diffraction studies on blank, ultrasonically and conventionally pre‐treated linen fibres have shown 70.41, 67.51 and 64.90 per cent crystallinity, respectively. The dyeing of the pre‐treated fibres with Reactive Red 24 was simultaneously carried out under both ultrasonic and conventional heating conditions to study the effect of dye concentrations at different dyeing temperatures. The colour strength values obtained for the dyed samples using ultrasonic at 50°C were slightly higher than those obtained using conventional heating at 80°C. Ultrasonic enhancement in the pre‐treatment and dyeing in terms of the percent increase of colour strength of the dyed fabric was estimated to be 157.94 per cent higher than that of conventional heating method. The results of wet fastness properties of the dyed fibres using ultrasonic revealed improvement relative to those obtained using conventional heating method.Research limitations/implicationsThe improved wet processes of linen fibres suggest further investigation to exploit power ultrasound in the wet processes of cellulosic fibres at low temperature using different classes of halogen free bleaching agents and dyeing with different classes of heat‐requiring reactive dyes. Also, this work may inspire the synthesis of new generation of heat‐requiring reactive dyes.Practical implicationsThe work presented has significant potential industrial application for cleaner production in textile industries.Originality/valueThe present study of linen pre‐treatment with non‐toxic total chlorine free oxidising agent and its dyeability with reactive dyes using power ultrasound is novel and could be used in the wet processes of linen fibres.

Research on tensile strength of linen/polypropylene composites with various fibre volume fractions

Co-mingled yarns were processed with polypropylene filament wrapping on the linen yarn, plain weave fabrics were woven with the produced yarn. Laminated fabric was fabricated into composites by using the heat press technique. The fibre volume fraction of the final laminates could be adjusted in the yarn making process. Fabrics with three different linen fibre volume fraction were woven and corresponding laminates were made. The tensile tenacity testing of the materials showed that the linen fibre volume fraction and the bending behaviour of the yarn in the fabric during interlacing played important role in determining the tensile strength. The elongation at break of the laminates was measured both warpwise and weftwise, the elongation behaviour difference in the two directions is contributed to the bending attitude of the warp and weft yarns during weaving.

Improving retting of fibre through genetic modification of flax to express pectinases

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a raw material used for important industrial products. Linen has very high quality textile properties, such as its strength, water absorption, comfort and feel. However, it occupies less than 1% of the total textile market. The major reason for this is the long and difficult retting process by which linen fibres are obtained. In retting, bast fibre bundles are separated from the core, the epidermis and the cuticle. This is accomplished by the cleavage of pectins and hemicellulose in the flax cell wall, a process mainly carried out by plant pathogens like filamentous fungi. The remaining bast fibres are mainly composed of cellulose and lignin. The aim of this study was to generate plants that could be retted more efficiently. To accomplish this, we employed the novel approach of transgenic flax plant generation with increased polygalacturonase (PGI ) and rhamnogalacturonase (RHA) activities. The constitutive expression of Aspergillus aculeatus genes resulted in a significant reduction in the pectin content in tissue-cultured and field-grown plants. This pectin content reduction was accompanied by a significantly higher (more than 2-fold) retting efficiency of the transgenic plant fibres as measured by a modified Fried's test. No alteration in the lignin or cellulose content was observed in the transgenic plants relative to the control. This indicates that the over-expression of the two enzymes does not affect flax fibre composition. The growth rate and soluble sugar and starch contents were in the range of the control levels. It is interesting to note that the RHA and PGI plants showed higher resistance to Fusarium culmorum and F. oxysporum attack, which correlates with the increased phenolic acid level. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that over-expression of the A. aculeatus genes results in flax plants more readily usable for fibre production. The biochemical parameters of the cell wall components indicated that the fibre quality remains similar to that of wild-type plants, which is an important pre-requisite for industrial applications.

Oxidoreductases for modification of linen fibers

Glucose oxidase has been successfully applied for bleaching of cellulosic materials such as cotton, while laccases, lignin and manganese peroxidases have been found useful for delignification processes of pulp fibers. Little research, however, has been performed in the area of modification of lignin-containing textile fibers, such as linen, using oxidoreductases. Glucose oxidase, laccase and combinations of both enzymes were applied to unbleached linen. The surface properties of untreated and enzymatically treated fibers were investigated by inverse gas chromatography (IGC), and the dispersive component of the free energy γ S d as well as the surface acidity ( K a) and basicity constants ( K b) determined. A decrease of both K a and K b constants after the enzymatic treatment was observed indicating a change in surface functional groups. An attempt was made to correlate lignin content, surface properties and whiteness of the treated linen fibers. The combination of laccase and glucose oxidase for bleaching of linen fabric showed higher effectiveness than either one of the enzymes applied alone.

Properties of High-Quality Long Natural Cellulose Fibers from Rice Straw

This paper reports the structure and properties of novel long natural cellulose fibers obtained from rice straw. Rice straw fibers have 64% cellulose with 63% crystalline cellulose, strength of 3.5 g/denier (450 MPa), elongation of 2.2%, and modulus of 200 g/denier (26 GPa), similar to that of linen fibers. The rice straw fibers reported here have better properties than any other natural cellulose fiber obtained from an agricultural byproduct. With a worldwide annual availability of 580 million tons, rice straw is an annually renewable, abundant, and cheap source for natural cellulose fibers. Using rice straw for high-value fibrous applications will help to add value to the rice crops, provide a sustainable resource for fibers, and also benefit the environment.

Effect of Liquid Ammonia on the Fine Structure of Linen Fabrics

It has recently been shown that liquid ammonia treatment (water-based process) is very effective in improving the wrinkle recovery, dimensional stability, and resistance to abrasion of the all-linen fabrics. In this study the changes in the fine structure were characterized by measuring the crystallinity and sorption properties of the linen fabrics. In addition, the effect of liquid ammonia on the surface properties of the linen fibers was investigated. X-ray analysis showed that liquid ammonia treatment did not significantly affect the ratio of crystalline and amorphous regions, but a partial recrystallization occurred in the crystalline part, resulting in mixed cellulose I and III lattices in the linen substrates. Although the moisture regain and iodine sorption capacity of the treated linen substrates increased, water retention values, however, were decreased significantly by the intracrystalline swelling treatment.

Molecular Weight Dependence of Tensile Properties of Ramie and Linen Fibers

This study examines the dependence of ramie and linen tensile properties on the molecular weight of cellulose as a function of moisture absorption. The influence of the crystalline region and molecular weight on tensile properties is investigated using mercerized and acid hydrolyzed cotton fibers. No influence of the crystalline region on ramie and linen tensile properties is detected, and the effects of moisture regain on the tensile strength and elongation of ramie and linen fibers decrease with decreasing molecular weight. The slope in the plot of tensile properties versus moisture regain becomes negative when the molecular weights of ramie and linen are below about 1.22 X 105 and 0.99 X 105, respectively. Changes in tensile strength and elongation with moisture absorption depend mainly on the number of molecular chain ends in the amorphous region.

Mid-Infrared, Raman and NMR Imaging of Flax

Abstract Multiple microspectroscopic imaging techniques have been employed to reveal the chemical and structural nature of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) stem tissue, with the goal of finding the best technique by which to monitor retting processes for the production of linen fibers. Three of these techniques, which we have investigated for this purpose, are: mid-infrared (MIR), Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. Initially, all three techniques were evaluated on the basis of their ability to reveal the nature of unretted flax stems. MIR imaging was found to be the most useful for this purpose. Thus, it was selected as the method of choice to follow retting processes to obtain flax fibers. A Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectrometer equipped with microscope was used to acquire the MTR images. A FT-Raman spectrometer that was equipped with a Raman microprobe and utilizing a 1064 nm laser source was used to collect the Raman images.

Preparation of zeolite Y-vegetal fiber composite materials

Zeolite Y crystallization on chemi thermo mechanical pulp (CTMP) fluff, linen and cotton substrates using two different approaches for the deposition was studied. In the first approach a seed-film method was applied. This method involves surface charge modification of the substrates, adsorption of a monolayer of colloidal zeolite Y crystals onto the surfaces and subsequent growth of these colloidal zeolite crystals into a continuous zeolite film. Application of this method resulted in continuous films of zeolite Y on all substrates investigated. The second approach involved direct synthesis on substrates subjected to chemical or mechanical pretreatment in order to modify their surface properties. Chemical treatment was found to improve the crystallization on cotton and linen fibers but not so for the CTMP. Mechanical pretreatment enhanced the zeolite crystallization on the linen fibers but not on the other substrates. The zeolite Y-vegetal fiber composites were characterized by SEM, XRD, and thermal analysis.

Near-IR Spectrophotometric Technique for Fast Identification of Carboxycellulose in Linen Fibers—A Preliminary Report

Near-infrared ( NIR ) reflectance spectrophotometry has been successfully used for rapid, efficient identification of carboxylated cellulose in whole (nondisintegrated) linen textile samples subjected to a thermal treatment in the presence of high CO and CO2 concentrations. Mass spectrometric analysis of enzymatic hydrolysates of the treated textiles demonstrates the existence of carboxylated D-glucose residues produced by this procedure. Near-infrared spectrophotometry proves to be an accurate and simple approach to fast identification and characterization of these carboxylated cel lulose derivatives in whole textile samples.

Thermal behaviour of linen and chemically treated linen fibres

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of Egyptian linen and chemically treated linen fibres, were carried out. The thermal degradation of the samples was found to proceed via three exothermic reactions. The chemical characteristics of the fibres were estimated. The order and the activation energy of each stage were estimated.

Linenndashthe way ahead

Although a ‘traditional’ fibre, linen production has decreased substantially in recent years. In this article, William Hickman looks at the problems posed by linen, and research that is being carried out on linen fibres in order to secure its future.

The Effect of VikaneTm on the Stability of Cellulosic and Ligneous Materials -- Measurement of Deterioration by Chemical and Physical Methods

AbstractVikaneTM (sulphuryl fluoride) is a commercial fumigant[1] which is used for the control of pests in museum collections. This paper summarizes the results obtained through an investigation of the effect of VikaneTM on twenty-five paper and textile samples. Samples chosen were representative of artifacts present in North American collections (cotton, linen, jute, and wood pulp fibres, from 1622 to present).The effect of the fumigation treatment has been evaluated by chemical and physical analyses: (1) Acidity -- surface pH, cold extracted pH, total acid (iodometric titration), (2) Oxidative and Hydrolytic Degradation - viscometric average degree of polymerization, carbonyl content (hydrazone derivatization), (3) and Fumigant Residues (specific ion electrode). Analysis of unfumigated and fumigated samples was carried out before and after accelerated ageing (70°C and 50% relative humidity) in order to estimate the long term stability of fumigated samples.The data obtained show that commercial grade VikaneTM degrades cellulosic and ligneous fibres. A second set of experiments on two fibre types using a new experimental grade of VikaneTM gave significantly less degradation. The presentation of this work will concentrate upon a general scientific interpretation of results.It is anticipated that the conclusions will be applicable to a broad range of artifacts.