Linear Equation Model Research Articles

Penentuan Indikator Umur Simpan Minuman Botanikal Berbahan Dasar Jahe Merah dan Bawang Putih

Botanical beverages are made from plant extracts that can be packaged to extend their shelf-life. The shelf-life of foods and beverages can be estimated by mathematical modelling, usually by employing linear equation model. To accurately estimate the shelf-life, it is necessary to determine the indicators. This study aimed to determine the shelf-life indicators of a botanical beverage made from red ginger and garlic which were prepared under boiling condition and packaged in glass bottles at hot condition. The product was stored at 27, 33, and 40°C and their quality attributes comprising sensory, visual consistency, viscosity, pH, and total microbe were observed weekly. The data obtained were mathematically modeled using linear equations to determine the order of the reaction (n) and the rate constant (k) of the change in quality attributes. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the equation of change in quality attributes at 27, 33, and 40°C were 0.19, 0.21, 0.62; 0.10, 0.01, 0.01; 0.02, 0.19, 0.89 respectively for viscosity, pH, and total microbe. The total microbe is the most appropriate quality indicator for estimating shelf-life of this botanical beverage.

Influence of Work Stress and Work Motivation on the Performance of Employees of PTPN XIV Camming Sugar: Factory Unit in Bone

This study aimed to examine the relationship between work stress and work motivation variables and their influence on the performance of employees of PTPN XIV Camming Sugar Factory Unit in Bone Regency. The problems of this research were: 1) Does work stress partially have a significant and positive effect on the performance of employees of PTPN XIV Camming Sugar Factory Unit? 2) Does work motivation partially have a significant and positive effect on the performance of employees of PTPN XIV Camming Sugar Factory Unit? 3) Does work stress and work motivation simultaneously have a significant and positive effect on employee performance of the PTPN XIV Camming Sugar Factory Unit? The analytical tool used in this study was a linear equation model. The results of the study explain that there is a significant and negative effect of work stress on performance, while work motivation partially has a significant and positive effect on employee performance. Then, simultaneously, work stress and work motivation have a significant and positive influence on employee performance.

Pengaruh Budaya Perusahaan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT Fuji Technica Indonesia

This research was motivated by wanting to know the extent to which factors influence employee performance at PT Fuji Technica Indonesia. One of the variables that researchers use to examine the influence of employee performance is company culture. The purpose of this research is to explain or explain the influence of company culture variables on employee performance. This research was carried out at PT Fuji Technica Indonesia from June to September 2023. The research method used was quantitative with associative techniques. The population at PT Fuji Technica Indonesia was 400 people. The samples taken were 80 people using the Slovin sampling technique. Based on the calculation results shown in table 4.5, a correlation coefficient of r = 0.767 and a determination coefficient of R = r2 = 0.588 were obtained. Testing the significance of the correlation obtained tcount (10.551 > t table (2.000) at  = 0.05, indicating that the correlation coefficient is significant. Thus, the research hypothesis which states that there is a relationship between Corporate Culture and Employee Performance can be accepted. This means that the better the Corporate Culture will be followed by high Employee Performance. Meanwhile, the coefficient of determination of 0.588 shows that 58.8% of the variation in Employee Performance can be explained by variations in Corporate Culture, the remaining 41.2% is determined by other factors outside Corporate Culture. Based on the results of calculations to develop an equation model In the regression between Company Culture (X) and Employee Performance (Y), the constant α = 3.041 and the regression coefficient β = 1.132 were obtained. Thus, the influence between the independent variable X and the dependent variable Y can be expressed in a simple linear regression equation model as follows: Ý = 3.041 + 1.132 This shows that the regression equation model is significant. The linearity test results obtained Fcount (1.25) < Ftable (1.90) at  = 0.05. These results indicate that the regression equation is linear. Based on the test results above, the regression equation Ý = 3.041+ 1.132X can be used to explain the form of a linear relationship between Company Culture and Employee Performance. This relationship shows that there is a direction of change in the trend of respondent employee performance due to company culture.

The Effect of Providing Reinforcement on Learning Motivation in Class XI Accounting at SMKN 1 Polewali

This study aims to determine the effect of giving reinforcement skills by teachers on learning motivation in Financial Accounting in class XI Accounting at SMKN 1 Polewali. The variables in this study are reinforcement skills as the independent variable and learning motivation as the dependent variable. The population in this study were all 64 students in class XI Accounting at SMKN 1 Polewali for the 2022/2023 period, while the sample in this study was taken using a purposive sampling technique with a sample of 35 students. Data collection techniques used are questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis, instrument testing, and hypothesis testing using SPSS Version 25. Based on the results of the data analysis that has been carried out, a simple linear regression equation model is obtained Y'=31.128+0.440X, which means that each addition of 1 skill value gives reinforcement, then student learning motivation in financial accounting subjects increases by 0.440. From the results of the analysis of the coefficient of determination (r2) it was obtained that the value of r2 = 31.4%, which means that reinforcement skills contribute 31.4% to student learning motivation and the remaining 68.6% is influenced by other factors. While the results of the t-test analysis obtained a significant value of 0.000 <0.05, which means that the skill to provide reinforcement has a positive and significant effect on student learning motivation, thus the hypothesis is "accepted".

PENGARUH PENGAWASAN KEPALA SEKOLAH TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM INDONESIA PINTAR (PIP) DI SMPN 1 WARUNGKIARA KABUPATEN SUKABUMI

The research departs from a problem namely the effectiveness of the smart Indonesia Program is not yet optimal, one of the factors considered to influence the not yet optimal implementation of the Smart Indonesia Program. Researchers use the theory of Supervision according to Siagian (2017 :114-115) and the theory of effectiveness according to Saxena in Indrawijaya (2010:176).Researchers used a quantitative approach, the samples used were 108 people from a population of 893 people taken by probability sampling technique with the Disproportionate stratified random sampling method and the Slovin formula tool. There are two variables studied in this study, namely Head Master Supervision (VX) and the Effectiveness of the Implementation of the Smart Indonesia Program (VY). The main instrument used in this research is a questionnaire with a rating scale of 5 (five) choices. The data collected was then analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques using item averages, while statistical analysis techniques using correlation analysis, and simple linear regression equation models.
 The calculation results show that the cumulative average yield of the Head master Supervision variable is 4.04 which is included in the good category, while the Effectiveness of the Implementation of the Smart Indonesia Program is 4.08 which is included in the good category. The results of the statistical analysis obtained the price of r_xy = 0.708 which is included in the strong category with a significance value of (2-tailed) 0.000 > 0.005 or t_count = 10.33 > t_table = 1.982 so it can be concluded that Leadership Oversight has a positive and significant effect on the Effectiveness of the Implementation of the Smart Indonesia Program while the Coefficient of Determination (KD) is 0.501 which means that 50,1% of the Effectiveness of the Implementation of the Smart Indonesia Program (Y) can be explained by the Head master Supervision variable (X) and the rest is determined by other factors. Furthermore, the linear regression equation model is Ŷ = 16,045 + 0.747X. Therefore, to increase the results of the Implementation of the Smart Indonesia Program, it is suggested to the Head master to improve the Supervision function.

Memprediksi Kualitas Produk Inspeksi Dalam Meminimalisasi Resiko Produk Ng Meggunakan Algoritma Regresi Linier

Predicting the product is a form of analyzing data, predicting the product is an important factor that determines the smooth running of the product. Utilization of product and defect data can be used in carrying out the process of data mining and modeling stages to predict the number of product defects at one time. The application of the simple Linear Regression algorithm equation model can be implemented where the results also provide a new insight for the prediction needs of the number of product defects. The simple Linear Regression equation model after comparison with actual calculation results (observations) and also with the Rapid Miner application in general shows similar results. Evaluation and testing of the RMSE value was also obtained when evaluating the applied linear regression model, with an RMSE value of 0.984 with a standard deviation of +- 0.0

A novel variational perturbation approach for formulating both linear and nonlinear acoustic model equations

A novel approach, based on variational principles, for obtaining linear acoustic model equations directly from an arbitrary Lagrangian is presented, followed by extension to the case of weakly nonlinear acoustics. The efficacy and ease of application of the methodology adopted is demonstrated for two different Lagrangians: one describing classical potential flow, the other relativistic flow including viscous dissipation. It is shown, following appropriate simplification, that corresponding classical, well-known wave equations available in the open literature, derived in the recognised standard manner, are recovered.

Prediksi Jumlah Kasus Klaim Indemnity Dengan Menggunakan Algoritma Regresi Linear Pada Asuransi Mandiri Inhealth

Insurance is a type of financial institution that aims to provide guarantees to customers against risks that may occur in the future. In this study, by utilizing some data on indemnity claim cases on inhealth insurance through a prediction method approach and can be applied in analyzing data to make predictions of future insurance data based on the level of need. The prediction process of a simple Linear Regression algorithm can be implemented where the results also provide new insights for the prediction needs of claim data. Tests using rapidminer produce performance that is relevant to the scenario being modeled. The simple Linear Regression equation model after comparing the results of calculations manually and also with the Rapid Miner application generally shows the same data. The RMSE value is also obtained when evaluating the performance of the applied model, with an RMSE value of 0.273 with a standard deviation of +- 0.0.

Moss patch size as a factor profoundly influencing soil nutrient characteristics and multifunctionality of temperate desert in Central Asia

Soil nutrients in desert ecosystems are influenced by various factors, and the presence of moss crust cover plays a significant role in determining the nutritional content of the surface soil. Moss crusts are distributed as patches within desert ecosystems, creating micro-ecosystems. However, the distribution pattern of soil nutrients under moss crust cover and the impact of patch size on soil nutrient content remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the patch size of mosses in field sites within the Gurbantünggüt Desert and investigated the content of total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), organic carbon (OC), ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3–-N), and available phosphorus (AP) in both surface soil and sub surface soil. We employed linear and structural equation models to examine the regulatory effect of moss crust patch size on soil nutrient content. Our findings revealed that the C and N contents were significantly higher in the surface soil compared to the sub surface soil, while the AP content was significantly higher in the sub surface soil than in the surface soil. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between the N content and patch area of the topsoil in 83% of the sample sites. Climate, soil properties, and moss patch size collectively influenced the multifunctionality of both surface soil and sub surface soil. Climatic factors exerted a greater impact on the surface soil, while soil properties and moss patch size had a stronger influence on the sub surface soil. These findings emphasize the variability in nutrient characteristics between the surface and sub surface soils of biocrusts, highlighting the influence of crust patch size on the nutrient characteristics and functions of desert soils. These insights have practical implications for land management and conservation strategies in arid regions, providing valuable knowledge for sustainable resource utilization and environmental preservation.

ANALISIS PERAS KOMPETENSI DAN DISIPLIN TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PT. SANTOMIC CITRA BERSAMA CABANG SANGATTA

The aim of the research is to find out whether the role of competency influences employee performance at PT. Santomic Partners Together. Does Work Discipline Affect Employee Performance at PT. Santomic Mitra Bersama. The results of the multiple linear test above can be explained that from the multiple linear regression equation model above is as follows: Y = 5.767 + 0.152 X1 + 0.555 X2 + e. A constant value of 5.767 states that if Competency and Discipline are ignored or equal to zero, then Employee Performance is 5.767. The regression coefficient of Competency is 0.152. What this means is that for every increase in the Competency level by one point, Employee Performance will increase by 0.152. Likewise, if competency decreases by one point, employee performance will decrease by 0.152. The regression coefficient for Discipline is 0.555. What this means is that for every increase in the Discipline level by one point, Employee Performance will increase by 0.555. Vice versa, if 0.555 decreases by one point, employee performance will decrease by 0.555.

Charged anisotropic tolman IV solution in matter-geometry coupled theory

This paper discusses the interior distribution of several anisotropic star models coupled with an electromagnetic field in the context of gravity, where . In this regard, a standard model of this modified gravity is taken as , where ν 3 symbolizes an arbitrary coupling constant. We assume a charged spherically symmetric metric that represents the interior geometry of compact quark stars and develop the corresponding modified field equations. These equations are then solved with the help of metric potentials of Tolman IV spacetime and a linear bag model equation of state. We consider the experimental data (i.e. radii and masses) of different quark models such as SMC X-4, SAX J 1808.4-3658, Her X-I and 4U 1820-30 to analyze how the charge and modified corrections affect their physical characteristics. The viability and stability of the resulting model is also checked for the considered star candidates with two different values of ν 3. We conclude that only two models, Her X-I and 4U 1820-30 show stable behavior in this modified framework for both values of the coupling constant.

Governance and performance of Information Technology projects in Colombia

In this research, the performance of Information Technology (IT) projects was analyzed, evaluating if they meet the schedule, budget, objective, and customer satisfaction. A study by the Standish Group reported that for the period 2015-2020 only 35% of the projects were successful [1]. An exploratory methodology based on bibliometric analysis was used and it allowed to know global trends related to governance and project performance. Also, a quantitative methodology was implemented for structuring the model of factors and variables. With the information obtained from the Colombian universities, a factorial analysis was carried out and a statistical model of linear equations was built that characterized the behavior of corporate governance, IT governance and project performance. As a result, a governance alignment model was created, which will help to improve decision-making, deliver value, and increase the efficiency of IT project management.

Parameterized Linear Power Flow for High Fidelity Voltage Solutions in Distribution Systems

This paper introduces a new model for highly accurate distribution voltage solutions, coined as a parameterized linear power flow model. The proffered model is grounded on a physical model of linear power flow equations, and uses learning-aided parameterization to increase the fidelity of voltage solutions over a wide range of operating points. To this end, the closed-form analytic solution of the parameterization approach is obtained via a Gaussian Process using a deliberately small input sample and without the need for recomputation. The resulting "self-adjusting" parameter is system-specific and controls how accurate the proposed power flow equations are according to loading conditions. Under a certain value of the resulting parameter, the proposed model can fully recover the linearized formulation of a specialized branch flow model for radial distribution systems, the so-called simplified DistFlow model. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model as well as the improvement in solution accuracy for voltage magnitudes over the simplified DistFlow model and several other linear power flow models, at multiple loading levels. Simulations were carried out on six small- and medium-sized test systems.

The Influence of Determinant Factors on the Performance of Basic Education Employees at the Qurrota A'yun Ponorogo Foundation Working Period 2021-2022

This study aims to analyze the multiple linear regression equation model on employee performance, the influence of Organizational Culture, Chair Leadership, and Motivation on Employee Performance at the Qurrota A'yun Ponorogo Foundation, partially and simultaneously, and describe the contribution of research related to the influence of Organizational Culture, Chair leadership, and Work Motivation on Employee Performance at the Qurrota A'yun Ponorogo Foundation. This study used a mixed method with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data analysis used simple regression analysis and multiple regression, while qualitative data analysis used Spradley analysis. The population in this study consisted of 70 employees of SDIT Qurrota A'yun and 17 MI Tahfizh Entrepreneur Qurrota Ayun, and 57 respondents were taken as the research sample. Data collection was carried out using instruments consisting of variables X1 (20 statements of organizational culture), X2 (leadership) (20 statements), X3 (work motivation) (22 statements), and Y (employee performance) (22 statements). The instruments used were Likert scales, while qualitative data analysis used descriptive analytic techniques and data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. The key informants in this study began with the structural team of the institution, both at SDIT Qurrota A'yun and at MI Tahfizh Entrepreneur Qurrota A'yun. Data analysis using Spradley goes through three stages: domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, component analysis, and cultural theme analysis. The results of this study are seen from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. Quantitative and partial, organizational culture, the chairman's leadership, and organizational culture significantly affect employee performance. While qualitatively, organizational culture influences employee performance, organizational culture, the chairman's leadership, and work motivation simultaneously affect employee performance. Organizational culture makes a dominant positive contribution to employee performance compared to the leadership factor of the chairman and work motivation.

The Effects of Thinning on Tree Growth and Stand Biomass in a Chronosequence of Pinus tabulaeformis Plantations in the Loess Plateau of China

Thinning plays a vital role in controlling stand density of plantation forests to get quality wood and more ecological function. However, the specific effects of thinning on forest biomass connected with forest age are usually overlooked especially in semi-arid regions. Here, we examined the effects of thinning on individual tree growth and stand biomass in a chronosequence of 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-year-old Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantations on the Loess Plateau, China. We found that under different thinning managements, both mean diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height followed the logistic growth pattern, and thinning promoted tree radial growth more than height. The effects of thinning on tree biomass differed between the individual tree and stand level. Thinning could promote individual tree biomass irrespective of stand ages, while stand biomass did not differ between the thinned and unthinned stands at different stand ages. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression analysis and structure equation model showed that individual tree growth was the primary contributor of stand biomass. Thus, we infer that the stand biomass loss after thinning could be mainly compensated by enhanced tree growth, especially radial growth, after a period of recovery (no more than 20 years). The results could provide helpful guidance for forest management and highlighted that reasonable thinning treatment could result in both high individual tree product and stand level harvests in the long term.

Probabilistic landslide tsunami modeling of the 2018 Palu Bay event

On September 28, 2018, a Mw 7.5 earthquake triggered near Central Sulawesi generated a highly destructive tsunami within Paul Bay (Indonesia). Field surveys and various studies conducted after the event showed that, as a result of the earthquake, several large submarine landslides were triggered along the shores of the bay, that significantly contributed to tsunami generation. The estimated geometry and other parameters for these slides, however, were affected by a large uncertainty. Here, we present a probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis of this event, based on Monte Carlo simulations using a linear Mild Slope Equation (MSE) model combined with a Green’s function approach, that allow efficiently simulating a large number of stochastic landslide tsunami generation and propagation scenarios within Palu Bay, for each of the identified landslides. In the MSE model, a space and time-dependent source term is used to represent the seafloor motion associated with each landslide scenario. In the Green’s function approach, a large database of elementary solutions and their tsunami elevation at a large number of coastal save points is pre-computed for tsunamis generated by a unit seafloor acceleration specified over a small area. Then, given an actual submarine landslide scenario, with a specific acceleration function, the tsunami elevation at the save points is simply and efficiently computed as a weighed linear superposition of the elementary solutions. Tsunami runup is finally obtained using a semi-empirical method, based on results computed at save points for each landslide scenario. The model is applied to the 2018 Palu Bay tsunami event, allowing to investigate how the uncertainty in landslide parameters affects tsunami hazard. A comparison with observed runups is made, which shows that these fall within the range of uncertainty of the simulated probabilistic runups.

Temporal Stability of Grazed Grassland Ecosystems Alters Response to Climate Variability, While Resistance Stability Remains Unchanged

Environmental change is a crucial driver shaping grassland biodiversity and stability. Both environmental change and stability contain multiple dimensions. Nonetheless, few studies examined multiple dimensions of stability in response to environmental change, especially under the combined effects of climatic variability and grazing intensity. Here, we conducted a 7-year field sheep grazing experiment, and we evaluated the impacts of grazing intensity (GI) and climate variability (temperature and precipitation variability) on plant community diversity and productivity and multi-dimensional stability using linear and structural equation models. Our results show that increasing grazing intensity significantly decreased temporal stability but did not affect resistance stability. Compared with the non-grazing (NG) treatment, grazing reduced temporal stability by 35.78%. The decline is primarily attributed to the grazing-induced reduction in evenness and weakening of species asynchrony, which in turn impairs insurance effects. The insignificant change in resistance stability was attributed to a trade-off between reduced interspecific competition and direct negative effects. Furthermore, temperature variability and precipitation variability exacerbate and mitigate the effects of grazing on temporal stability (negative) and resistance stability (positive), respectively. Overall, temporal stability is mainly influenced by temperature variability and GI, while resistance stability is mainly affected by GI. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the dimensions of stability and disturbance. Different dimensions of stability may respond differently to disturbance. Multiple disturbances may also interact synergistically or antagonistically on plant community stability.

Electrohydrodynamic Couette–Poiseuille Flow Instability of Two Viscous Conducting and Dielectric Fluid Layers Streaming through Brinkman Porous Medium

The electrohydrodynamic plane Couette–Poiseuille flow instability of two superposed conducting and dielectric viscous incompressible fluids confined between two rigid horizontal planes under the action of a normal electric field and pressure gradient through Brinkman porous medium has been analytically investigated. The lower plane is stationary, while the upper one is moving with constant velocity. The details of the base state mathematical model and the linearized model equations for the perturbed state are introduced. Following the usual procedure of linear stability analysis for viscous fluids, we derived two non-dimensional modified Orr–Sommerfeld equations and obtained the associated boundary and interfacial conditions suitable for the problem. The eigenvalue problem has been solved using asymptotic analysis for wave numbers in the long-wavelength limit to obtain a very complicated novel dispersion relation for the wave velocity through lengthy calculations. The obtained dispersion equation has been solved using Mathematica software v12.1 to study graphically the effects of various parameters on the stability of the system. It is obvious from the figures that the system in the absence of a porous medium and/or electric field is more unstable than in their presence. It is found also that the velocity of the upper rigid boundary, medium permeability, and Reynolds number have dual roles on the stability on the system, stabilizing as well as destabilizing depending on the viscosity ratio value. The electric potential, dielectric constant and pressure gradient are found to have destabilizing influences on the system, while the porosity of the porous medium, density ratio and Froude number have stabilizing influences. A depth ratio of less than one has a dual role on the stability of the system, while it has a stabilizing influence for values greater than one. It is observed that the viscosity stratification brings about a stabilizing as well as a destabilizing effect on the flow system.

Association of smoking history on health-related quality of life in patients undergoing radical cystecomy.

Radical cystectomy (RC) has the potential to impact health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Many patients who undergo RC are current or former smokers. To better inform preoperative patient counseling, we examined the association between smoking status and HRQOL after RC. A secondary analysis was performed on a prospective, longitudinal study (2008-2014) examining HRQOL in patients undergoing RC for bladder cancer. We analyzed 12 validated patient-reported outcome measures that focused on functional, symptomatic, psychosocial, and global HRQOL domains. Measures were collected pre-operatively and 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months postoperatively. For each HRQOL domain, we estimated the mean domain scores using a generalized estimation equation linear regression model. Each model included survey time, smoking status, and time-smoking interaction as covariates. Pairwise comparisons of current, former, and never smokers were estimated from the models. Of the 411 patients available for analysis, 29% (n = 119) never smoked, 59% (n = 244) were former smokers, and 12% (n = 48) were current smokers. Over the follow-up period, never smokers compared to current smokers had better global QOL scores (mean difference = +8.9; 95% CI 1.3-16; p = 0.023) and lower pain levels (mean difference = -10; 95% CI -19 to -0.54; p = 0.036). Compared to current smokers, former smokers had marginal improvements in global QOL (+6.9 points) and pain (-7.5 points) during the follow-up period. Current smokers reported worse HRQOL recovery in the 24-months after RC. These findings can be used to counsel patients who smoke on recovery expectations.

Early-initiated childhood reading for pleasure: associations with better cognitive performance, mental well-being and brain structure in young adolescence.

Childhood is a crucial neurodevelopmental period. We investigated whether childhood reading for pleasure (RfP) was related to young adolescent assessments of cognition, mental health, and brain structure. We conducted a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in a large-scale US national cohort (10 000 + young adolescents), using the well-established linear mixed model and structural equation methods for twin study, longitudinal and mediation analyses. A 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis for potential causal inference was also performed. Important factors including socio-economic status were controlled. Early-initiated long-standing childhood RfP (early RfP) was highly positively correlated with performance on cognitive tests and significantly negatively correlated with mental health problem scores of young adolescents. These participants with higher early RfP scores exhibited moderately larger total brain cortical areas and volumes, with increased regions including the temporal, frontal, insula, supramarginal; left angular, para-hippocampal; right middle-occipital, anterior-cingulate, orbital areas; and subcortical ventral-diencephalon and thalamus. These brain structures were significantly related to their cognitive and mental health scores, and displayed significant mediation effects. Early RfP was longitudinally associated with higher crystallized cognition and lower attention symptoms at follow-up. Approximately 12 h/week of youth regular RfP was cognitively optimal. We further observed a moderately significant heritability of early RfP, with considerable contribution from environments. MR analysis revealed beneficial causal associations of early RfP with adult cognitive performance and left superior temporal structure. These findings, for the first time, revealed the important relationships of early RfP with subsequent brain and cognitive development and mental well-being.