Linear Correlation Model Research Articles

Efficient adsorption of hydroxychloroquine by carboxylated lignin-based sponge: Quantification of the adsorption contribution of interactions

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as an antiviral pharmaceutical has been widely detected in the aquatic environment. Adsorption is an effective method for removal of HCQ, but the quantitative study of the adsorption interactions is unclear. In this study, a carboxylated lignin-based sponge (PLC) was fabricated, and the adsorption contributions of electrostatic attraction (EA), hydrogen bond (HB), and π-π electron donor–acceptor (π-π EDA) interactions were quantitatively investigated. The results showed that PLC exhibited excellent adsorption performance under wide pH range (4.0 < pH < 11.0), with the highest adsorption capacity of 0.165 mmol/g. Inhibitor and molecular probe experiments showed that EA and HB were the main contributors to adsorption at neutral and basic pH ranges, respectively. A linear correlation model of the carboxyl groups of lignin-based sponges with the adsorption capacity of EA, HB, and π-π EDA interactions of HCQ (R2 > 0.822) and three molecular probes (R2 > 0.749) was established, respectively. The optimal adsorption capacity was achieved by the synergistic combination of the deprotonated carboxyl of PLC with the HB of Ka1 amino, EA of Ka2 amino, and the π-π EDA of the quinoline ring. This study provided a new strategy for the quantitative construction of structure–activity relationships of adsorbents.

Rethinking Sweetener Discovering: Multiparameter Modeling of Molecular Docking Results between the T1R2-T1R3 Receptor and Compounds with Different Tastes.

Molecular docking has been widely applied in the discovery of new sweeteners, yet the interpretation of computational results sometimes remains difficult. Here, the interaction between the T1R2-T1R3 sweet taste receptor and 66 tasting compounds, including 26 sweet, 19 bitter, and 21 sour substances was investigated by batch molecular docking processes. Statistical analysis of the docking results generated two novel methods of interpreting taste properties. Quantitative correlation between relative sweetness (RS) and docking results created a multiparameter model to predict sweetness intensity, whose correlation coefficient r = 0.74 is much higher than r = 0.17 for the linear correlation model between sweetness and binding energy. The improved correlation indicated that docking results besides binding energy contain undiscovered information about the ligand-protein interaction. Qualitative discriminant analysis of different tasting molecules generated an uncorrelated linear discriminant analysis (UDLA) model, which achieved an overall 93.1% accuracy in discriminating the taste of molecules, with specific accuracy for verifying sweet, bitter, and sour compounds reaching 88.0%, 92.1%, and 100%. These unprecedented models provide a unique perspective for interpreting computational results and may inspire future research on sweetener discovery.

Влияние изменения климата на формирование границ природных зон на водосборах бассейна реки Асса-Талас

Based long-term climate data, a research database has been created for eight meteorological stations located in various natural-geographical zones of the Assa-Talas river basin; a linear-correlation model of climate indicators has been obtained, allowing to determine the rate of increase in the sums of air temperatures, radiation balance, evaporation from the open water surface or from excessively moistened soil during the biologically active period of the year, annual precipitation, natural moisture coefficient and hydrothermal dryness index, which perform important environment-forming and ecological functions. The results of the study showed that in general, in all natural-geographical zones of the Assa-Talas river basin, the sum of air temperatures, radiation balance, evaporation and hydrothermal dryness index have a positive growth rate, and annual precipitation and the coefficient of natural moisture are negative, contributing to the formation of a positive rate an increase in the deficit of water consumption of agricultural land and a shift in the boundaries of natural zones, which is a signal of the safety of agricultural activities.

The effect of ablation crater on geomaterials caused by laser shot accumulation on the laser-induced plasma and shock wave

The stability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) signal is vital for its application in geomaterials, which is challenged by spectral fluctuations caused by variable ablation craters. To investigate the influence of the ablation crater caused by laser shot accumulation, the shot-to-shot variation of plasma was analyzed from the aspects of shock wave propagation, ablation crater morphology, plasma morphology, and spectral evolution, which was conducted based on a fiber-optic LIBS (FO-LIBS) system. A pressure sensor was applied to monitor the shock wave signal due to the shock wave propagation characteristics related to the number of shots and types of binding materials. The evolution of the ablation crater profile and depth was tracked, and a linear correlation model between crater depth and shock wave energy was established. It was found that the spectral intensity increases first rapidly and gradually decreases, which can be attributed to the competition between the enhancement of spatial confinement and the plasma cooling phase. Strong self-reversal was observed due to the laser pulse accumulation, with an increase in the plasma expanding distance. This study illustrates the interaction of laser pulses, ablation, and plasma from different aspects, and provides a simple method to track the ablation process.

Analysis and prediction of the incidence and prevalence trends of gonorrhea in China

ABSTRACT To understand the epidemiological trend of gonorrhea in China from 2004 to 2021, predict the prevalence of the disease, and provide basic theory and data support for monitoring and managing gonorrhea. Gonorrhea incidence data in China from 2004 to 2021 were collected through the China Public Health Science Data Center and National Administration of Disease Prevention and Control, and the incidence and epidemiological characteristics were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using Joinpoint and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. A linear correlation model was used to analyze the correlation between gross domestic product (GDP) and the incidence rate. From 2004 to 2021, a total of 2,289,435 cases of gonorrhea were reported in China, with an average reported incidence rate of 9.46/100,000 people and a downward followed by an upward trend. Individuals with gonorrhea were primarily 20–30 y of age, with 1,034,847 cases (53.38%) from 2004 to 2018. The trend of increasing incidence was most obvious in the 10–20 age group (5,811 cases in 2004 to 12,752 cases in 2018, AAPC = 6.1, P < .001). The incidence of gonorrhea in China was negatively correlated with GDP from 2004 to 2021 (r = -0.547, P = .019). The correlation coefficient between the average incidence growth rate of each region from 2012 to 2018 and the average growth rate of regional GDP was 0.673 (P < .01). The root mean square error (RMSE) of the ARIMA model was 4.89%, showing powerful performance. There would be 97,910 gonorrhea cases in 2023 as predicted by the model.

A novel external/internal tumor tracking approach to compensate for respiratory motion baseline drifts

Objective. Real-time respiratory tumor tracking as implemented in a robotic treatment unit is based on continuous optical measurement of the position of external markers and a correlation model between them and internal target positions, which are established with X-ray imaging of the tumor, or fiducials placed in or around the tumor. Correlation models are created with fifteen simultaneously measured external/internal marker position pairs divided over the respiratory cycle. Every 45–150 s, the correlation model is updated by replacing the three first acquired data pairs with three new pairs. Tracking simulations for >120.000 computer-generated respiratory tracks demonstrated that this tracking approach resulted in relevant inaccuracies in internal target position predictions, especially in case of presence of respiratory motion baseline drifts. Approach. To better cope with drifts, we introduced a novel correlation model with an explicit time dependence, and we proposed to replace the currently applied linear-motion tracking (LMT) by mixed-model tracking (MMT). In MMT, the linear correlation model is extended with an explicit time dependence in case of a detected baseline drift. MMT prediction accuracies were then established for the same >120.000 computer-generated patients as used for LMT. Main results. For 150 s update intervals, MMT outperformed LMT in internal target position prediction accuracy for 93.7 ∣ 97.2% of patients with 0.25 ∣ 0.5 mm min−1 linear respiratory motion baseline drifts with similar numbers of X-ray images and similar treatment times. For the upper 25% of patients, mean 3D internal target position prediction errors reduced by 0.7 ∣ 1.8 mm, while near maximum reductions (upper 10% of patients) were 0.9 ∣ 2.0 mm. Significance. For equal numbers of acquired X-ray images, MMT greatly improved tracking accuracy compared to LMT, especially in the presence of baseline drifts. Even with almost 50% less acquired X-ray images, MMT still outperformed LMT in internal target position prediction accuracy.

Class dynamics and relationship between land-use systems and surface temperature in south-eastern Ghana

A fifty-year study of land cover changes in Ghana’s south-eastern region is conducted to identify major shifts and new avenues for justifiable growth and development. This study sought to assess the historical changes (1970–2020) associated with the region’s land use systems, topography and land surface temperature. It further investigated the relationship between some given remotely sensed variables using autocorrelation and geoinformatics. Findings proved socio-political and economic factors have caused massive shift in land cover and prevailing climatic conditions through increasing settlements and migration, the extensiveness of agriculture, poverty, unregulated and unreported logging of trees, small-scale mining intensification, and weak governance systems. We discovered that the natural vegetation had dramatically reduced (− 52.01%), whilst built-up (+ 406.05%), farmlands/shrubs (+ 86.47%), and waterbodies (+ 47.35) were faced with a drastic increase. Class contribution rates show built environment massively influenced land modification, compared to other surveyed classes. In light of the major influences observed, it can be concluded that dynamics in land-use systems caused a substantial drift in local temperature. Temperature and built-up index correlated strongly (R2 =0.959, p < .0001) , whilst depicting a negative association against vegetation (R2 =0.959, p < .0001) and water index (R2 = 0.958, p < .0001). Variance assessment proved that the linear correlation model for the understudied elements is suitable. The study provides policy guidance amid sustainability concerns on streamlining land use activities in development planning and preservation of forests and river ecosystems that protect flora and fauna to enhance biodiversity and sustainable use of land and water resources.

Channel estimation for underwater acoustic OFDM communications via temporal sparse Bayesian learning

Channel estimation is a challenging task for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. In this paper, we investigate the channel estimation for OFDM based UWA communications by utilizing the channel characteristics as auxiliary information. Firstly, the channel estimation problem is formulated as a sparse signal recovery problem using block-wise single measurement vector (SMV) model and multiple measurement vector (MMV) model. Then we develop a novel channel estimators under the temporal sparse Bayesian learning (TSBL) framework by jointly exploiting the temporal correlation and sparsity based on the block-wise SMV model. For the MMV model, a variational Bayesian inference based TSBL (VBI-TSBL) method is introduced that considers the inter-block correlations and exploits the row-sparsity by a linear temporal correlation model. The two Bayesian inference methods realize the posterior and parameter estimation of channel via expectation maximization (EM) and variational EM algorithm, respectively. Simulation and sea-trial experiments show the proposed channel estimators outperform the benchmarks in terms of bit error rate, mean square error of channel estimation and the robustness.

Sustainability Analysis of Soil Erosion Control in Rwanda: Case Study of the Sebeya Watershed

Soil erosion is a complex process that results in soil and fertility losses from agricultural land and, ultimately, leads to river sedimentation. This study aimed to assess various influential factors and processes affecting soil erosion and to recommend suitable site-based Soil Erosion Control Measures (SECM) for sustainable agriculture while minimizing the downstream rivers and reservoir sedimentation in the Sebeya watershed of Rwanda. The present research used a literature review, site visits, and focus groups to assess various SECM within the Sebeya watershed. As a result, various site-based SECM were evaluated, recommended, and simulated to alleviate high soil loss rates in the Sebeya watershed using the Universal Soil Erosion Equation (USLE) model. Simulating existing and proposed SECM, soil loss was reduced significantly from 73 t/ha/y to 29 t/ha/y. To highlight the implication of the site-based recommended SECM in improving agricultural productivity, this study suggests field investigations in soil erosion plots and prediction of crop yields from an established linear correlation model between soil loss and crop yields in the Sebeya watershed. For effective action in reducing high soil erosion rates to tolerable rates in the Sebeya watershed, the present research recommends implementing the site-based recommended SECM with mulching and drainage channels on the same farmland. However, lack of money and knowledge are the main limitations in implementing SECM in the Sebeya watershed. Therefore, governmental and non-governmental organizations should technically and financially help farmers in the Sebeya watershed.

Re-modeling the solar diffuse fraction in Taiwan on basis of a typical-meteorological-year data

An objective approach to determine a dataset from which a correlation model of solar diffuse fraction is fitted and tested is proposed. A typical meteorological year (TMY) of global radiation data that is measured in Tainan, Taiwan over 10 years (2011–2020) is used to construct the training dataset and the remaining data (90% data base) is used as a test dataset. Two multiple-predictor and one single-predictor correlation models for the hourly diffuse fraction are developed by using more theoretically rigorous techniques for determining the breaking points for segmentation (excluding the modified Boland-Ridley-Lauret (BRL) model) and how many significant predictors required in each segmented interval for the regression model with piece-wise linear multiple-predictor correlation. The performance of each developed correlation model is superior to that of the existing same-type model using a part (one year or two years) of the same data base. The re-modeled piece-wise linear multiple-predictor correlation model has the best long-term performance of the three developed correlation models. The modified BRL model on basis of the TMY data is second. The re-modeled Liu-Jordan-type (single predictor) model allows real time prediction and has a simpler form than the other two models but prediction accuracy is inferior.

Consultations for acute respiratory diseases in the pediatric population and their relationship with atmospheric particulate matter in Bahía Blanca: an ecological study.

Introduction. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the air pollutants most involved in the onset or exacerbation of respiratory conditions in children. Objective. To describe the characteristics of consultations for acute respiratory diseases in children younger than 15 years and the levels of PM in the air and to analyze their association in a sector of Bahía Blanca between April 2019 and March 2020. Population and methods. Ecological, time-series study with multiple groups. Descriptive analysis of total number of consultations, by area, diagnosis, and PM. Generalized linear correlation and regression model to determine the relationship among variables. The SPSS® software was used. Results. Data from 4787 consultations were collected. Of these, 38.6% (1846) were related to rhinitis and 21.1% (1011), to bronchospasm. PM of 10 nm (PM10) exceeded its limit value on 31% (115) of the study days, and PM of 2.5 nm (PM2.5), on 3% (8). A 10% increase in PM2.5 showed increases of 1.3% in total consultations; the increase reached 2.1% in the area closest to the industrial sector (p < 0.05). In the latter, a 10% increase in PM10 was associated with an increase of 1.8% in consultations (p < 0.05). Conclusion. A positive association was evidenced between consultations for acute respiratory diseases and PM levels in the air, especially with PM2.5 and in the area closest to the industrial sector.

Survey on Mental Health Status and Quality of Life and Correlation among Patients with Permanent Stoma of Colorectal Tumor.

Background Colorectal cancer is one of the malignant tumors of the digestive system relatively hidden onset with unobvious early clinical symptoms. Most patients have developed into middle and late stages when they were diagnosed, missing the best period of operation. Advanced colorectal cancer has strong diffusion and metastasis with short survival time, which seriously threatens the life safety of patients. Objective To investigate the mental health status and quality of life and the relationship between them in patients with permanent stoma of colorectal cancer. Methods In this study, a case-control study was conducted to select 80 patients (stoma group) with colorectal cancer treated by permanent stoma surgery in our hospital from January 2020 to June 2021 and 80 patients (control group) with colorectal cancer treated by sphincter-preserving surgery at the same time. The psychological health degree and quality of life of the two groups of patients were evaluated by the psychological resilience scale (CD-RISC), the positive psychological capital questionnaire (PPQ), and the cancer patient quality of life-specific scale (QOL-LC), and a linear correlation model was used to analyze the correlation of CD-RISC score, PPQ score, and QOL-LC score. Results The total scores of tenacity, optimism, self-improvement, and resilience of the patients in the stoma group were significantly lower than those in the control one, and the difference between them was statistically significant (P < 0.05); the four dimensions of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience and the total score of PPQ of patients in the stoma group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and all of the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); the somatic function, psychological function, symptoms of side effects, social function, and the total QOL-LC score of patients in the stoma one were significantly lower than those in the control one, and all of the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); the total QOL-LC score of patients in the stoma group showed a significant positive correlation with PPQ score and CD-RISC score (r = 0.511 and r = 0.608, P < 0.01). Conclusion The overall level of mental health and life quality of patients with permanent stoma of colorectal cancer was worse than that of patients without stoma measures, and there was a certain correlation between patients' mental health and quality of life.

Fractal dimensions of blast-cleaned steel surfaces and their effects on the adhesion of polymeric foil systems with integrated pressure-sensitive adhesives

Morphology and structure of substrate surfaces are crucial parameters for the establishment of reliable protective layers as they determine the adhesion of the protective layer to the substrate. Insufficient adhesion will promote unwanted effects, namely delamination and blistering. This applies as well to protective hybrid-layers, consisting of a polymeric foil bonded to the substrate (usually steel) by means of an integrated pressure-sensitive adhesive. Numerous parameters are known to characterize the morphology of metal substrates. In this study, mild steel samples were prepared using dry-blast cleaning with abrasive materials (metallic, minerals) of different particle shapes and particle sizes to investigate the impact of surface profile parameters on the adhesion of polymeric foil systems (PFS). For this purpose, 2D profiles were taken from a total of 12 surface configurations with a digital contact profilometer. Fractal dimensions were estimated based on these recorded profiles using the box-counting method. For comparison, conventional roughness parameters were measured as well. Tests with a pull-off strength testing device were performed on the applied PFS to quantify its adhesion to the substrates. The estimated pull-off tensile strength values were correlated with the estimated fractal dimensions. Design of Experiment (DoE) was applied to the test design in order to establish statistically sound relationships. Using a linear correlation model, it could be shown that fractal dimensions were suitable for quantifying the adhesion with a significantly higher accuracy than commonly used substrate (roughness) parameters.

Classified substrate roughness parameters of blast-cleaned steel substrates and their effects on fractal dimensions

Morphology and texture of substrate surfaces are crucial parameters for the establishment of reliable protective layers as they determine the performance of interlocking polymer-metal interfaces. Numerous parameters are known to characterize the morphology of metal substrates. In this study, mild steel samples were prepared using dry blast-cleaning with abrasive materials (metallic, minerals) of different particle shapes and particle sizes to investigate the effects of surface profile parameters on the fractal dimension. For this purpose, 2D profiles were taken from a total of 12 surface configurations with a digital contact profilometer. Fractal dimensions were estimated based on these recorded profiles using the box-counting method. For comparison, a total of 37 conventional roughness parameters were determined from the same set of measurements. Design of Experiment (DoE) was applied to evaluate significant interactions between roughness parameters and the corresponding fractal dimension. A new classification scheme for profile parameters, considering six profile sections, is suggested. A linear correlation model was utilized to rank the importance of roughness parameters, and of the surface profile sections, on the resulting fractal dimensions. Evidence is provided on which roughness parameter can be used to best explain fractal dimensions.

Basicity as a Thermodynamic Descriptor of Carbanions Reactivity with Carbon Dioxide: Application to the Carboxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones.

The utilization of carbon dioxide as a raw material represents nowadays an appealing strategy in the renewable energy, organic synthesis, and green chemistry fields. Besides reduction strategies, carbon dioxide can be exploited as a single-carbon-atom building block through its fixation into organic scaffolds with the formation of new C-C bonds (carboxylation processes). In this case, activation of the organic substrate is commonly required, upon formation of a carbanion C−, being sufficiently reactive toward the addition of CO2. However, the prediction of the reactivity of C− with CO2 is often problematic with the process being possibly associated with unfavorable thermodynamics. In this contribution, we present a thermodynamic analysis combined with density functional theory calculations on 50 organic molecules enabling the achievement of a linear correlation of the standard free energy (ΔG0) of the carboxylation reaction with the basicity of the carbanion C−, expressed as the pKa of the CH/C− couple. The analysis identifies a threshold pKa of ca 36 (in CH3CN) for the CH/C− couple, above which the ΔG0 of the carboxylation reaction is negative and indicative of a favorable process. We then apply the model to a real case involving electrochemical carboxylation of flavone and chalcone as model compounds of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Carboxylation occurs in the β-position from the doubly reduced dianion intermediates of flavone and chalcone (calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation in β = −12.8 and −20.0 Kcalmol-1 for flavone and chalcone, respectively, associated with pKa values for the conjugate acids of 50.6 and 51.8, respectively). Conversely, the one-electron reduced radical anions are not reactive toward carboxylation (ΔG0 > +20 Kcalmol-1 for both substrates, in either α or β position, consistent with pKa of the conjugate acids < 18.5). For all the possible intermediates, the plot of calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation vs. pKa is consistent with the linear correlation model developed. The application of the ΔG0 vs. pKa correlation is finally discussed for alternative reaction mechanisms and for carboxylation of other C=C and C=O double bonds. These results offer a new mechanistic tool for the interpretation of the reactivity of CO2 with organic intermediates.

Quantification Analysis of Progesterone Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy

Progesterone is a natural progestational hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta that protects the growth of the fetus in the early stage. It is also applied to the study on the treatment of human central nervous system diseases, which proved to have high clinical medicinal value. The present detection methods of progesterone concentration, such as high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, have the disadvantages of high consumption, cumbersome procedures, and expensive equipment. Here, the terahertz spectroscopy is applied to detect the medicinal concentration of progesterone. First, the characteristic peaks of progesterone are 1.24, 1.64, and 2.12 THz, determined by the density functional theory calculation and experimental collection of terahertz spectra. Then, the peak height and peak area of the above characteristic peaks are used to establish a linear correlation model with the concentration of progesterone injection, and the coefficient of determination (R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), in this model, is greater than 0.95. Meanwhile, we adopt Raman spectroscopy technology and got the R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of 0.71, which is not so good as terahertz spectroscopy. Furthermore, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least square is used to analyze the composition of progesterone in progesterone capsules. The result shows that the error rate between the predicted concentration of progesterone and the real one is less than 5%. Therefore, terahertz spectroscopy provides a new way for the detection of progesterone drug content.

Triglyceride Induced Metabolic Inflammation: Potential Connection of Insulin Resistance and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.

The underlying correlative mechanisms between Insulin resistance (IR) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in patients without polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remain inconclusive. To investigate the association between triglyceride (TG) levels, lymphocyte subsets, and IR in RPL patients without PCOS and obesity. Eighty-nine subjects with an unexplained RPL, independent of PCOS/obesity were enrolled in this study. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed on each subject with plasma tested for glucose and insulin. The fasting venous blood of all subjects was collected for routine clinical chemistry analysis. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by four-color flow cytometry. As a result, TG levels were significantly elevated in RPL patients with IR compared to those without IR. Pearson linear correlation model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed a significant positive association between TG and HOMA-IR index value. In multiple logistic regression analysis, TG was significantly associated with the risk of hyperinsulinemia and increased CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ ratio which was significantly negatively correlated with disposition index (DI30) and DI120, indicators for insulin sensitivity. In addition, DI30 and DI120 were significantly decreased in the higher CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ group. Our findings showed that the elevated TG and altered immune responses in RPL patients with IR are independent of PCOS and obesity, and could be used as an indicator of IR in RPL patients. These results contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of IR in RPL for potential prevention and therapeutic targets.

The Larval Density of Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province, China: Influence of Bacterial Diversity, Richness, and Physicochemical Factors

As Jiaxiang County of Shandong province is an area with complex mosquito vector composition, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between bacterial diversity, physicochemical factors, and larval density. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of 46 breeding sites for six kinds of habitat types (small puddles, small water containers, paddy fields, large water containers, irrigation channels, and drainage ditches) were investigated by a multiparameter analyzer; the water’s bacterial diversity was analyzed by the 16S rRNA full-length sequencing method. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the correlation between larval density and variables. The variables analyzed were dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, water depth, and distance from the nearest house. One-Way ANOVA was used to understand whether there are differences in bacterial diversity in different habitats. Pearson linear correlation model was used to analyze the effects of bacterial diversity and richness on mosquito densities in breeding sites. A total of 3291 larvae were captured, and a total of 6 species of 4 genera were identified. The identified species were Culex pipiens pallens, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, and Mansonia uniformis. The density and species can be jointly affected by physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity, especially Shannon index and distance from the nearest house. In general, the physicochemical parameters and bacterial diversity of different habitats were significantly different. Even for the same habitat type, the physicochemical parameters varied greatly due to different environments.

The Sensitifity and Elastisity Model Approch to The Probality of Wooden Boat Route Selection in Archipelago Area

This study aims to analyze the effect of travel costs Wooden Boat, travel time, delay time and service frequency on the selection of wooden ship routes using the stated preference method. Two variables, dependent and independent variables were analyzed using linear regression analysis, correlation and sensitivity model. From the results of the sensitivity analysis, the travel cost of attribute variable is the most sensitive to the probability of route selection is travel time. The changes of travel time will changes the probability of choosing a route which relatively largerer than changes the other attributes. For the elasticity analysis of the model for each attribute resulted the probability of choosing route 2 is more sensitive than route 1. This is indicated by the cross elasticity value which is greater than the direct elasticity value. The direct elasticity values for the attributes of cost, travel time, delay time, and service level are -0.5248, - 0.1667, -0.0845, and 0.1182 respectively. Meanwhile, the cross-elasticity values for the attributes of cost, travel time, delay time, and service level are -0.6477, -0.3979, -0.2016, and 0.2821

Activation of the ATP-P2X pathway by TRPV4 in acute ocular hypertension

To measure the expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) in the rat cornea and determine whether it is related to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension (AOH). Immunofluorescence staining of TRPV4, P2X2 receptor, P2X3 receptor, and β3-tubulin in rat corneal longitudinal sections and paved was performed to clearly display histological structures. Rat models of AOH and agonist/antagonist-treated groups were established and corneal ATP was measured using an ATP assay. The independent t-test and simple linear correlation model were adopted for statistical analyses. Immunofluorescence staining of rat cornea sections revealed that epithelial and endothelial membranes showed strong immunoreactivity for TRPV4 and P2X2 receptor and coexpression with β3-tubulin in the rat corneal epithelial layer. Corneal ATP was significantly higher in the AOH rat model than in the control (P<0.05) and apparently lower after pretreatment by applying eyedrops of TRPV4 antagonist RN1734 with 30-40 mm Hg intraocular pressure (IOP; P<0.05). A simple linear regression model showed a positive correlation between rat corneal ATP and IOP values (R 2=0.996, P=0.0134) from the normal IOP (113 mm Hg) to 40 mm Hg. At 10-40min after anterior chamber injection of GSK1016790A (0.01 mL, 50 nmol/L in 0.9% NaCl), corneal ATP was significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05), which peaked at 10min. The ATP concentration of the normal epithelium was higher than that of the endothelium in the AOH rat model and after anterior chamber injection of GSK1016790A (P<0.05). The ATP concentration in the AOH rat cornea is increased by TRPV4 activation.