Linear Arrangement Research Articles

Cis-Bis(L-DOPA-κ2N,O)copper(II) monohydrate: synthesis, crystal structure, and approaches to the analysis of pseudosymmetry.

The crystal structure of the cis isomer of cis-bis(L-DOPA-κ2N,O)copper(II) monohydrate (L-DOPA is 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine) (CuLD), [Cu(C9H10NO4)2]·H2O, is a singular example of a structurally characterized, homoleptic, crystalline metal L-DOPA complex. CuLD crystallizes in the space group P21, with Z' = 2. The two independent molecules are square planar, and are interconnected by a linear hydrogen-bonded chain containing 12 independent hydrogen bonds. The copper ions in both molecules have weak apical intermolecular Cu...O interactions [2.739 (2) and 2.973 (2) Å] with catechol -OH groups. A survey of the Cambridge Structural Database suggested that cis and trans isomers of Cu(NH2-C-CO2)2 amino acid complexes are equally likely to occur. 12 strong O-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen bonds stabilize an unusual linear arrangement of the Cu complexes. The Cu...Cu' distances along the chain are nearly equal [5.0739 (3) and 5.1107 (3) Å] and the Cu...Cu'...Cu angles are nearly linear [176.75 (1)°]. The MATCH procedure available in the Oxford University Crystals for Windows package was used to carry out a detailed analysis of the relationship between the two independent molecules. MATCH has some particular advantages in studying the details of pseudosymmetry, which include: (i) no atomic-order requirements; (ii) the pseudosymmetry matrix is readily available, which allows quick insight into the symmetry elements involved and their location; and (iii) the differences between molecular centroids, as well as between all atomic positions and torsion angles, are listed. A tutorial presentation is designed to attract new users to the technique. In the present case, a search for a pseudosymmetric relationship between the two independent molecules showed that they are related by a pseudo-42 axis along the crystallographic c direction. A detailed analysis shows that the pseudo-42 symmetry is disrupted by torsions about the CH2-C(ipso) bonds, and that there is no supergroup that can be used to describe the crystal structure.

A Hobbling Marriage: On the Relationship Between the Collections and the Societal Mission of the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm

In the late 19th century, the new Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm was a cutting-edge institution for the presentation of ideas of a universal human development from primitive to modern —ideas that were at the heart of the European colonial project. We argue that the archaeological collections with their unaltered 19th-century structures still represent a narrative that reproduces a colonial understanding of the world, a linear arrangement of essential cultural groups according to a teleological development model. Contrary to this, the contemporary mission of the Museum, inspired by the late 20th-century postcolonial thinking, is directed towards questioning this particular narrative. This problematic relationship is thus present deep within the structure of the Museum of National Antiquities as an institution, and it points to the need for long-term strategic changes to make the collections useful for vital museum activity in accordance with the Museum's mission.

Omega, Theta, PI, Sadhana polynomials, and subsequent indices of convex benzenoid system

In Chemical lea, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have intricate as a minimum of two benzene rings enclosed in the cluster, linear, or angular arrangements. Benzenoids are analyzed interestingly by mathematicians and mathematical chemists in immeasurable papers for the last three decades. The main aim of chemical graph theory arises in graph invariants, which investigate a particle’s chemical properties in a molecular graph. The convex benzenoid system (CBS) is the parent structure of polyacene, parallelogram, trapezium, circumcorone, circum-pyrene, triangular, and bitrapezium structures. The counting polynomials were the most powerful tool to achieve molecular orbitals of alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. This exploration presents the topological description of CBS, in the expressions of Ω(G,x),Θ(G,x),PI(G,x),Sd(G,x) polynomials and subsequent indices like theta index, PI index and Sadhana index. In this paper, we generalize the results of existing papers related to counting polynomials of certain molecular structures, which are CBS substructures.

A framework infrageneric classification ofCarex(Cyperaceae) and its organizing principles

AbstractPhylogenetic studies ofCarexL. (Cyperaceae) have consistently demonstrated that most subgenera and sections are para‐ or polyphyletic. Yet, taxonomists continue to use subgenera and sections inCarexclassification. Why? The GlobalCarexGroup (GCG) here takes the position that the historical and continued use of subgenera and sections serves to (i) organize our understanding of lineages inCarex, (ii) create an identification mechanism to break the ~2000 species ofCarexinto manageable groups and stimulate its study, and (iii) provide a framework to recognize morphologically diagnosable lineages withinCarex. Unfortunately, the current understanding of phylogenetic relationships inCarexis not yet sufficient for a global reclassification of the genus within a Linnean infrageneric (sectional) framework. Rather than leavingCarexclassification in its current state, which is misleading and confusing, we here take the intermediate steps of implementing the recently revised subgeneric classification and using a combination of informally named clades and formally named sections to reflect the current state of our knowledge. This hybrid classification framework is presented in an order corresponding to a linear arrangement of the clades on a ladderized phylogeny, largely based on the recent phylogenies published by the GCG. It organizesCarexinto six subgenera, which are, in turn, subdivided into 62 formally named Linnean sections plus 49 informal groups. This framework will serve as a roadmap for research onCarexphylogeny, enabling further development of a complete reclassification by presenting relevant morphological and geographical information on clades where possible and standardizing the use of formal sectional names.

A Combinatorial Optimization Solution for Activity Prioritizing Problem

This paper discusses a special situation in project management in which an analyst wants to prioritize several independent activities to handle all them one after another, in such a way that there are no precedence relationships over the activities. As a novel idea, in this research, the notion is that the structure of prioritized activities is a linear arrangement, and therefore it could be taken into account as a combinatorial optimization problem. The paper formulates a mathematical model, develops a row-generation solving procedure, and reports the computational results for the problem instances of size up to 300 activities. The results demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed methodology.

Direct Observation of Distinctive Electronic States of Ferrocene Moieties in Ferrocene-Bridged Trisporphyrin on Au(111) Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy.

The mechanical and electronic properties of ferrocene-bridged trisporphyrin (Fc2P3), which consists of three porphyrin units bridged via a ferrocene (Fc) moiety and adsorbed onto Au(111), were investigated by a pulse injection method using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). STM images revealed that Fc2P3 adsorbed onto Au(111) adopts a linear arrangement with a herringbone reconstruction structure comprising both Fc and porphyrin moieties. Sequential submolecular-resolution STM images and conformational analyses using a simple molecular model revealed that the ferrocene moiety acts as a molecular ball bearing. The electronic states originating from the ferrocene group were clearly observed by bias voltage-dependent STM images, the dI/dV map, and STS. Distinct electronic states are found approximately 1 eV below Ef in the STS spectrum acquired of Fc, whereas these are absent in the porphyrin spectrum.

Кружевное полотно: методика модульного проектирования костюма

In this article, the author examines the modular methodology for designing a suit as a way to transform the shape and structure of a suit with minimal expenditure of time and financial resources, which determines the great potential of the modular methodology in the field of suit design. The main task of the study is to provide analytical substantiation of the existing modular design of a suit from lace fabrics and the development of modular design of a suit from lace, lace fabrics and lace-like structures. The adaptation of a modular methodology in designing a suit using lace, lace fabrics and lace-like structures was carried out for the subsequent development and improvement in the design of costumes from lace, which was chosen as the basis of the empirical design method. This allows the research results to be included in the designer’s scientific base for developing a suit from modules using additive technologies. In the article, the author discloses the principles of designing a suit from lacy modular elements by changing the configuration of modules (flat module, volumetric module), which, in turn, are divided into subcategories. The systems for connecting modules into a canvas (in accordance with the geometry of the ornamental mesh, based on the theory of A.V. Shubnikov; according to the principle of unsystematicity and the principle of linear arrangement of modules) and the types of connecting modules in a suit made of lace and lace-like structures (“butt”, “overlay”, “оn the edge”, “figure”). As a result of the study, an algorithm for the method of modular design of costumes from lace, lace fabrics and lace-like structures is proposed, on the basis of which the author's sketches are presented using a modular method of designing costumes from lace fabrics.

Sodium organoaluminate containing bidentate pyrrolyl ligand: Synthesis, structure, and catalytic activity for the Tishchenko reaction

An novel sodium organoaluminate containing bidentate pyrrolyl ligand [C4H3NH(2-CH2NHtBu)] was efficiently synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure shows it is a monodimensional infinite chain structures with linear arrangements. Its basic repeat unit comprises the Al atom bonded to two deprotonated pyrrole rings and Na atom coordinated to of nitrogen atoms of –NtBu fragment, which undergoes further to coordinates a pyrrolyl ring of an adjacent molecule in a ƞ2-fasion. Furthermore, this sodium organoaluminate exhibited high catalytic activities for Tishchenko reaction.

Effect of Film Cooling on Entropy Noise Generation in a Stator Blade Row

In this study the effect of film cooling on entropy wave attenuation and indirect entropy noise generation was investigated in a subsonic stator blade row with a leading-edge, pressure-side, and suction-side cooling geometry. The investigation was conducted on a small blade midspan section (in a linear cascade arrangement), using a three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation approach. A planar entropy wave was injected at the inlet for a range of frequencies from 200 to 1000 Hz. Additionally, the compact model by Cumpsty and Marble was extended to account for a cooling flow. Results show that for an increase in coolant mass flow rate of 3.4%, the entropy noise increases by about 12% for the transmitted pressure wave, whereas the reflected pressure wave increases by about 9%. This is attributed to the change in convective acceleration in the blade passage. The film cooling was found to have a minor effect in promoting the entropy wave attenuation. The extended compact model was capable of capturing both the entropy wave attenuation and increase in the acoustic transfer function due to film cooling.

БИОСИСТЕМНАЯ САМООРГАНИЗАЦИЯ И ФРАКТАЛЬНАЯ СТРУКТУРА ЧАСТОТНО-ТАКСОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ПРОФИЛЕЙ МИКРОБИОТЫ КИШЕЧНИКА БРОЙЛЕРОВ ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ КОРМОВЫХ ПРОБИОТИКОВ

The article provides theoretical and empirical data about the probiotic effect on the microbiota bioconsolidation in the broiler intestines of the Smena cross. The results of such studies can be used to improve the quality and volume of meat products in large-scale production. The probiotics have been used to improve feed digestibility and accelerate bird development. To stimulate the transformation of plant substrates in the bird intestines, probiotics were used instead of antibiotics. The probiotics contained the bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum. The study goal is to develop a methodology for fractal analysis of the frequency-taxonomic profiles of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the microbiota into the bird intestines. Using the fractal methodology, the index of microbiom bioconsolidation of the bird intestines was calculated, which characterizes the biosystem self-organization of microflora and the efficiency of biochemical transformations of plant substrates in the bird intestines. In the experiment, the microflora was studied in one control and two experimental groups of birds. The OTUs profiles were obtained by the molecular genetic NGS method (Next Generation Sequencing). The key concept of fractal analysis of OTUs profiles was the concept of the elementary OTU fractal. The elementary OTU fractal is three OTUs, the frequencies of which form a geometric numerical sequence (for example, {0.5; 0.25; 0.125}). The OTU profiles may contain several elementary OTU fractals combined into one larger OTU megafractal. We assume that if the number of OTUs combined into the OTU megafractal increases, then biochemical transformations of plant substrate are carried out more efficiently and on a large scale, and the bird macroorganism receives more nutrients. Therefore, we define the bioconsolidation index of the broiler microbiome as the ratio of the number of OTUs in the OTU megafractal to the total number of OTUs in the OTU profiles. The fractal portraits of OTU profiles were used to identify elementary OTU fractals. The elementary OTU fractals were identified by the linear arrangement of three OTU images on fractal portrait. The fractal analysis confirmed that the bacterial probiotics increase the microbiom bioconsolidation in the bird intestines. The microbiome bioconsolidation index in the experimental groups of birds (0.82...0.86) was higher than this index in the control group of birds (0.55). According to the results of fractal analysis, probiotic No. 1 (with Lactobacillus plantarum) is not recommended for use, and probiotic No. 2 (with Lactobacillus fermentum) is recommended for use.

FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY-TAXONOMIC PROFILE OF BROILER’S GUT MICROBIOTA FOR STUDYING THE INFLU-ENCE OF PROBIOTICS ON BIRD DEVELOPMENT

The article provides theoretical and empirical data about the probiotic effect on the microbiota bioconsolidation in the broiler intestines of the Smena cross. The results of such studies can be used to improve the quality and volume of meat products in large-scale production. The probiotics have been used to improve feed digestibility and accelerate bird development. To stimulate the transformation of plant substrates in the bird intestines, probiotics were used instead of antibiotics. The probiotics contained the bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum. The study goal is to develop a methodology for fractal analysis of the frequency-taxonomic profiles of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the microbiota into the bird intestines. Using the fractal methodology, the index of microbiom bioconsolidation of the bird intestines was calculated, which characterizes the biosystem self-organization of microflora and the efficiency of biochemical transformations of plant substrates in the bird intestines. In the experiment, the microflora was studied in one control and two experimental groups of birds. The OTUs profiles were obtained by the molecular genetic NGS method (Next Generation Sequencing). The key concept of fractal analysis of OTUs profiles was the concept of the elementary OTU fractal. The elementary OTU fractal is three OTUs, the frequencies of which form a geometric numerical sequence (for example, {0.5; 0.25; 0.125}). The OTU profiles may contain several elementary OTU fractals combined into one larger OTU megafractal. We assume that if the number of OTUs combined into the OTU megafractal increases, then biochemical transformations of plant substrate are carried out more efficiently and on a large scale, and the bird macroorganism receives more nutrients. Therefore, we define the bioconsolidation index of the broiler microbiome as the ratio of the number of OTUs in the OTU megafractal to the total number of OTUs in the OTU profiles. The fractal portraits of OTU profiles were used to identify elementary OTU fractals. The elementary OTU fractals were identified by the linear arrangement of three OTU images on fractal portrait. The fractal analysis confirmed that the bacterial probiotics increase the microbiom bioconsolidation in the bird intestines. The microbiome bioconsolidation index in the experimental groups of birds (0.82...0.86) was higher than this index in the control group of birds (0.55). According to the results of fractal analysis, probiotic No. 1 (with Lactobacillus plantarum) is not recommended for use, and probiotic No. 2 (with Lactobacillus fermentum) is recommended for use.

Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Electronic Spectra, and Magnetic Properties of Thiolato-Bridged Trinuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes with N, N, S-Tridentate Thiolate Ligands

New trinuclear CoII complexes, [{Co(apaet)2}2Co]X2 (apaet– = 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiolato; X = SCN (1), ClO4 (2), NO3 (3), Cl (4), Br (5), I (6)) and [{Co(apampt)2}2Co]X2 (apampt– = 1-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]-2-methylpropane-2-thiolato; X = NO3(7), ClO4 (8), Cl (9), Br (10), I (11)), and mononuclear CoIII complexes, [Co(apaet)2]X (X = ClO4 (12), NO3 (13)), were synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 and 7 confirmed that the trinuclear complexes have a linear arrangement of octahedral CoIIS2N4-tetrahedral CoIIS4-octahedral CoIIS2N4 chromophores where two thiolate ligands are coordinated to each terminal Co atom in a mer coordination mode and the two thiolato S atoms are further bound to the central Co atom, which is consistent with the electronic spectra and antiferromagnetic properties

The role of increasing riverbank vegetation density on flow dynamics across an asymmetrical channel

Over the last two decades, the role of vegetation in the environmental and ecological restoration of surface water bodies has received much attention. In this context, the momentum exchange between the flow through the main channel and the riparian zone is a key mechanism. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the role of bank vegetation density on flow dynamics across the whole channel. This experimental study presents the major findings from a series of flow measurements across a channel having a sloping bank with vegetation at varying densities. The experiments are conducted under the same, uniform flow and fixed bed conditions, for a range of six linear and rectilinear arrangements of incremental streambank vegetation densities. A set of ten velocity profiles is obtained across the test cross-section of the channel, including the riverbank, for each vegetation density. These flow measurements are analyzed to derive roughness coefficients, which are related to the bulk flow velocities through the main channel and the riverbank and discuss the redistribution of flow velocities. An approximate doubling for the estimates of time-averaged boundary shear stress at the main channel, is observed for the case of no to dense vegetation, which enable further discussing implications for the stability of bed surface material. It is found that the vegetation arrangement, in addition to vegetation density, can have a strong impact in modifying the mean flow velocity at the main channel, for low riparian densities (φ < 0.6%).HighlightsFlow dynamics are measured across the whole channel, including the vegetated riverbank.As stem density increases, mean flow velocity in the main channel increases while mean flow at the riverbank decreases.The arrangement of riparian vegetation can be as important as that of the density, in modifying the mean flow field of the main channel, for low riparian densities.Bed shear stresses at the main channel are estimated to increase with riverbank vegetation, reducing the stability of the stream’s bed surface.

Subspace Arrangements and Cherednik Algebras

Abstract The purpose of this article is to study the relationship between numerical invariants of certain subspace arrangements coming from reflection groups and numerical invariants arising in the representation theory of Cherednik algebras. For instance, we observe that knowledge of the equivariant graded Betti numbers (in the sense of commutative algebra) of any irreducible representation in category ${\mathscr{O}}$ is equivalent to knowledge of the Kazhdan–Lusztig character of the irreducible object (we use this observation in joint work with Fishel–Manosalva). We then explore the extent to which Cherednik algebra techniques may be applied to ideals of linear subspace arrangements: we determine when the radical of the polynomial representation of the Cherednik algebra is a radical ideal and, for the cyclotomic rational Cherednik algebra, determine the socle of the polynomial representation and characterize when it is a radical ideal. The subspace arrangements that arise include various generalizations of the $k$-equals arrangement. In the case of the radical, we apply our results with Juteau together with an idea of Etingof–Gorsky–Losev to observe that the quotient is Cohen–Macaulay for positive choices of parameters. In the case of the socle (in cyclotomic type), we give an explicit vector space basis in terms of certain specializations of nonsymmetric Jack polynomials, which in particular determines its minimal generators and Hilbert series and answers a question posed by Feigin and Shramov.

Role of Anisotropy, Frequency, and Interactions in Magnetic Hyperthermia Applications: Noninteracting Nanoparticles and Linear Chain Arrangements

Efforts by numerous research groups have provided a deeper insight into the physical mechanisms behind the power absorption of single-domain magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic-fluid-hyperthermia applications and theoretical models now account for the main experimental observations. However, the role of all parameters relevant to the magnetic relaxation remains a matter of debate. Here, we employ a nonlinear model for the magnetic relaxation of single-domain magnetic nanoparticles with uniaxial effective anisotropy and evaluate the influence of particle-intrinsic parameters as well as experimental conditions on the power absorption of both noninteracting and interacting systems (linear arrangements). These effects are assessed through the enclosed hysteresis area of the magnetization loops as a function of relative anisotropy ${h}_{K}$ (the anisotropy field with respect to the amplitude of the ac field), i.e., the ``area curve'' of the system. These curves can be divided into four regions with distinct magnetic responses and boundaries that depend on the particle size, frequency of the applied field and interactions. Interactions change the effective anisotropy of the system and shift the area curve towards lower ${h}_{K}$ values. For the low relative anisotropy range, dipolar interactions increase the area of the hysteresis loops [thus, the specific power absorption (SPA)], while they are detrimental or produce nonsignificant effects for the range of high relative anisotropy. Our study resolves seemingly contradictory results of interaction effects in linear arrangements recently reported in the literature. Simulations of randomly oriented particles and chains were contrasted with the oriented cases. An analytical approach and the thermal interpretation of its validity range are discussed, both aimed at the design of nanoparticles and the choice of the experimental conditions for optimal heating. We find that systems with low-thermal-fluctuation influence are better candidates for the application due to their high SPA values.

Experimental and quantum-chemical characterization of heavy carbon subchalcogenides: Infrared detection of SeC3Se

High-resolution infrared studies of laser ablation products from carbon-selenium targets have revealed a new vibrational band at 2057 cm−1 that is identified as the ν3 vibrational fundamental of the SeC3Se cluster. Because of the rich isotopic composition of selenium and the heavy nuclear masses involved, the vibrational band shows a relatively compact and complex structure despite the simple linear geometric arrangement. Overall, rotational-vibrational lines of six isotopologues could be assigned and fitted permitting the derivation of an accurate selenium-carbon bond length.Spectroscopic analysis has been greatly supported by high-level quantum-chemical calculations of the molecular structure and the harmonic and anharmonic force fields performed at the CCSD(T) level of theory. Scalar-relativistic effects on the molecular structure were also considered but found of little importance.

Coherence and the merging of relational classes in self-organizing networks: Extending Relational Density Theory

We extended prior work on Relational Density Theory (Belisle & Dixon, 2020a,b) by evaluating the role of pre-experimental coherence among relational classes on the development of merged classes. Distance was modelled geometrically using a multidimensional scaling procedure. Phases 1 and 2 were identical across the participants and Phase 3 differed based on group assignment. In phase 1, we examined the pre-experimental relatedness of 12 arbitrary symbols and 4 known textual words (SALT, PEPPER, KING, QUEEN). Non-coherence was observed between the arbitrary symbols and coherence between the known words (SALT=PEPPER, KING=QUEEN). In phase 2, we established 4, 4-member equivalence classes using a linear training arrangement, where each class included 3 arbitrary symbols and 1 known word. Separation of the classes within the geometric space was observed. In Phase 3, for half of the participants, we attempted to establish a class merger between 2 members of each coherent class (Coherence condition; salt = pepper and king = queen). For the other participants, we attempted to establish a class merger between 2 members of each non-coherent class (Non-coherence condition; king = pepper and queen = salt). Results support the successful merger of the merged coherence class but not the merged non-coherence class. Results have implications for relational self-organization in the establishment of complex combined networks.

The Cantabrian Fault at Sea. Low Magnitude Seismicity and Its Significance Within a Stable Setting

The Cantabrian fault (CF) is a crustal-scale structure that cuts obliquely the western North Iberian Margin (NIM) for 160 km and continues onshore transecting the Cantabrian Mountains (CM) for another 150 km as the Ventaniella fault (VF). For most of its length inland, the fault system is aseismic, except for a 70 km long segment at its southern end. Within this segment, a gently north-dipping linear arrangement of earthquakes was interpreted as related to the intersection of a slightly oblique fault to VF with the basal thrust of the CM. In addition to earthquake nucleation along parts of its length, the CF–VF also stands out regionally as a major seismotectonic boundary, separating a seismically active area to the West from an essentially aseismic region to the East. Contrasting tectonothermal evolution in the crust on either side during the Mesozoic rifting may underlie the observed differences. On the other hand, the seismicity within the subsea segment is low magnitude, persistent, and understudied. The scarcity of the permanent seismic stations distribution in the area did not allow to establish more than a generalized consensus relating the offshore events to the submarine structure. A recent local seismic network monitored the area providing the highest accuracy information on the offshore events to date. Although the location of foci is partially challenged by the lack of recording stations from northern azimuths at sea, the observed pattern shows indeed a broad linear trend in the submarine domain in relation to the crustal-scale structure. Specifically, this study shows that the distribution of foci offshore display two preferential areas along the CF–VF within its southern crustal block. Considering the basement rock types and the deep architectural disposition of the margin crust, two possible explanations for the origin of the clusters are put forward in this contribution.

Comparative description of the mitochondrial genome of Scaphidium formosanum Pic, 1915 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae).

Scaphidium is a rove beetle genus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of remarkable and diverse colouration. Although most of Scaphidium species are easily distinguished by the colour patterns, there exist some confusing variants, which may introduce bias into rapid identification. Molecular identification using the mitochondrial genome is a reliable approach that overcomes the shortcoming of morphological recognition for those who have limited experience in species-level identification. Here we described the nearly complete mitochondrial genome of Scaphidium formosanum Pic, 1915, a species with variant colour types, and tested the reliability of identification based on mitochondrial genes by both gene-wise metrics and phylogenetic analyses. In this study, the 17,455 bp mitochondrial genome of S. formosanum is composed of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. All PCGs start with typical ATN codons, except Nad4l which began with the TTG codon. The gene order is consistent with the typical linear arrangement of the published rove beetle mitochondrial genomes. The nucleotide composition is highly A+T biased (76.42%): A - 39.99%, T - 36.44%, C - 15.08%, and G - 8.49%. Multiple metrics support that our sample has a higher similarity to S. quadrimaculatum than to other species. Maximum likelihood trees confirm the placement of our sample as the closest related entity to S. quadrimaculatum. We conclude that the mitochondrial genome has a reliable performance in molecular identification in this case.

Insight on the Coupling of Plasmonic Nanoparticles from Near-Field Spectra Determined via Discrete Dipole Approximations.

Coupling between plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) in nanoparticle assemblies has been investigated extensively via far-field properties, such as absorption and scattering, but very rarely via near-field properties, and a quantitative investigation of near-field properties should provide great insight into the nature of the coupling. We report a numerical procedure to obtain reliable near-field spectra (Q NF) around spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA). The reliability of the method was tested by comparing Q NF from DDA calculations with exact results from the Mie theory. We then applied the method to examine Au NPs assembled in dimer, trimer, and up to pentamer in a linear arrangement. For the well-studied dimer system, we show that the Q NF enhancement, due to coupling in longitudinal mode, is much greater than the enhancement in Q ext. There is a linear correlation between the Q NF and Q ext peak positions, with the Q NF peak redshifted from the Q ext peak by an average of approximately 12 nm. In the case of the multimers, Q NF spectra from individual spheres were not always identical and become dependent on the sphere location. In the longitudinal model, the center sphere has the strongest Q NF spectra. For the transverse mode, we differentiate two different scenario, transverse-Y where both electric field (E) and light propagation vector (k) are perpendicular the chain axis, and transverse-X where k is parallel to the chain axis. In transverse-Y mode, coupling leads to reduced Q NF spectra and the center sphere has the lowest Q NF intensity. In transverse-X mode, there is retardation effect from the front sphere to the back sphere. The Q NF from the front sphere is stronger than from the back sphere. In addition, due to the phase lag in k-direction, the Q NF in transverse-X can differ quite significantly from transverse-Y for large particles. All these results could be understood when one considers how electric field from induced dipoles on neighboring NPs add on or subtract from the incident E-field. These results provide new insight into the coupling properties of Au NPs.