Axial Line Research Articles

189. Evaluation of coronal alignment from the skull using the novel orbital-coronal vertical axis line

<h3>BACKGROUND CONTEXT</h3> Conventional adult spinal deformity (ASD) measurements evaluate coronal alignment from C7-sacrum. Little is known about coronal alignment from the skull. <h3>PURPOSE</h3> Assess coronal alignment evaluated from the skull and correlations with preoperative/postoperative measurements and function. <h3>STUDY DESIGN/SETTING</h3> Retrospective cohort. <h3>PATIENT SAMPLE</h3> Adult spinal deformity patients from a multi-surgeon single-institution database. <h3>OUTCOME MEASURES</h3> Patient-reported outcomes and postoperative radiographic parameters. <h3>METHODS</h3> A single-institution, ASD database was searched for adult spinal deformity patients with at least six or more levels fused. Traditional C7-coronal vertical axis (C7-CVA) measurements were obtained, as was the orbital-CVA (ORB-CVA): the distance between the sacral plumb line and a vertical line from the mid-point between medial orbital walls. The ORB-CVA was correlated with traditional coronal measurements, including C7-CVA, maximum coronal cobb angle, pelvic obliquity (PO), & leg length discrepancy (LLD). Coronal malalignment (CM) was defined as C7-CVA >3cm. Measures of clinical improvement were: (1) group PRO means, (2) minimum clinically important difference (MCID) and (3) minimal symptom scale (MSS) (ODI<20 or SRS-pain+fx>8). <h3>RESULTS</h3> A total of 243 patients underwent ASD surgery, and 175 had 2-year follow-up. Ninety (37%) patients had preop CM while mean (range) ORB-CVA at each time point was: preoperative 2.9±3.1 (-14.2-25.6), 1-year postoperative 2.0±1.6 (-12.4-6.7), 2-year postoperative 1.8±1.7 (-6.0, 11.1) (p<0.001 from preoperative to 1-year and 2-year). Preoperative ORB-CVA correlated best with CVA (r=0.842, p<0.001), max coronal Cobb (r=0.166, p=0.010), PO (r=0.293, p<0.001), and LLD (r=0.158, p=0.006). Postoperative, ORB-CVA correlated only with CVA (r=0.627, p<0.001) & LLD (r=0.160, p=0.013). Of the total, 155 (63.2%) patients had an ORB-CVA that was ≥5mm different than C7-CVA. Women were more likely than men to have an ORB-CVA closer to midline than C7-CVA (69% vs 45%, p=0.004). ORB-CVA correlated as well and sometimes better than C7-CVA in SRS-22r subdomains. The ORB-CVA slightly outperformed C7-CVA in its ability to capture patients achieving MCID for SRS-appearance (AUC=0.664 vs 0.513) and with MSS (AUC 0.609 vs AUC 0.542). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> The ORB-CVA correlated well with known coronal measurements and PROs. Sixty-three percent of patients had an ORB-CVA >5mm different than the C7-CVA, and women were more likely than men to have an ORB-CVA closer to midline than the C7-CVA, indicating a potential compensatory ability. <h3>FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS</h3> This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.

Design and Simulation of the Axial Injection Beam Line of DC140 Cyclotron of FLNR JINR

Design and Simulation of the Axial Injection Beam Line of DC140 Cyclotron of FLNR JINR

Conservative Class II Foils.

Conservative Class II Foils.

Unfolding the dynamical structure of Lisbon\u2019s public space: space syntax and micromobility data

Space Syntax and the theory of natural movement demonstrated that spatial morphology is a primary factor influencing movement. This paper investigates to what extent spatial morphology at different scales (node, community and global network) influences the use of public space by micromobility. An axial map and corresponding network for Lisbon’s walkable and open public space, and data from e-scooters parking locations, is used as case study. Relevant metrics and their correlations (intelligibility, accessibility, permeability and local dimension) for the quantitative characterization of spatial morphology properties are described and computed for Lisbon’s axial map. Communities are identified based on the network topological structure in order to investigate how these properties are affected at different scales in the case study. The resulting axial line clustering is compared via the variation of information metric with the clustering obtained from e-scooters’ proximity. The results obtained enable to conclude that the space syntax properties are scale dependent in Lisbon’s pedestrian network. On the other hand both the correlation between these properties, the number of scooters and the variation of information between clusters indicate that the spatial morphology is not the only factor influencing micromobility. Through the comparative analysis between the main properties of the public space network of Lisbon and data collected from e-scooters locations in a timeframe, centrality becomes a dynamic concept, relying not only on the static topological properties of the urban network, but also on other quantitative and qualitative factors, since the flows’ operating on the network will operate several transformations on the spatial network properties through time, uncovering spatiotemporal dynamics.

Custom TKA enables adequate realignment with minimal ligament release and grants satisfactory outcomes in knees that had prior osteotomies or extra-articular fracture sequelae.

To report the early clinical and radiographic outcomes of custom total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in knees that had prior osteotomies and/or extra-articular fracture sequelae. The authors retrospectively analysed a consecutive series of 444 knees that received custom TKA between 2016 and 2019 and identified 41 knees that had prior extra-articular events (osteotomies or fracture sequelae). Patients responded to pre- and post-operative (> 12months) questionnaires, including Knee Society Score (KSS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Net improvements were calculated by subtracting pre- from post-operative scores. In addition to a preoperative CT scan, pre- and post-operative long-leg weight-bearing radiographs were obtained, on which the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, femoral mechanical angle (FMA, between femoral mechanical axis and joint line) and tibial mechanical angle (TMA, between tibial mechanical axis and joint line) angles were measured, and alignment was planned within a 'target zone' of FMA and TMA within 85°-95° and HKA angle within 175°-183°. Agreements between preoperative, planned and post-operative angles were calculated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). From the initial 41 knees, 3 had incomplete post-operative data and 1 was revised for painful stiffness due to uncorrected rotational malunion, leaving 37 knees for analysis. Twenty had prior osteotomies (tibia, n = 18, femur, n = 2), 8 had isolated fractures (tibial, n = 3; femoral, n = 5), and 9 had both osteotomies and fractures. Postoperative coronal alignments were 90.4° ± 2.4° for FMA, 89.3° ± 2.6° for TMA and 179.9° ± 3.0° for HKA angle. Agreements between planned and achieved alignments were fair to excellent, and 29 (78%) knees were within the 'target zone'. At a mean follow-up of 15 ± 5months, all clinical scores had improved significantly (p < 0.001). Custom TKA granted satisfactory clinical outcomes and a low complication rate in knees that had prior osteotomies and/or extra-articular fracture sequelae. Using custom implants and strategies for coronal alignment, 29 (78%) of the 37 knees were successfully aligned within the 'target zone', and 35 (95%) of the 41 knees did not require ligament release. IV.

Fourier Enhanced Charge Simulation Method for Electrostatic Analysis of Overhead Transmission Lines

A computationally efficient charge simulation method is developed for three-dimensional electrostatic calculations involving parallel high voltage transmission conductors near a cloud of point charges. The conductors are modeled using axial line charge density segments, each with linearly varying charge density. A typical problem involves solving for the line charge densities and point charge values given the system geometry and voltage boundary conditions. The method was developed to support ongoing research into high voltage transmission line optimization using the external electric field to link transmission capacity and switching impulse flashover. The method uses superposition and applies Fourier principles to reduce computational burden by moving portions of the problem to the spatial frequency domain. Computation time can be significantly reduced relative to an all-spatial charge simulation approach. Examples involving bundled transmission conductors show measured computation time improvement and compare space potential and electric field results to those obtained from finite element analysis.

Numerical calculation of the natural vibration frequencies of thermo-elastic rods taking into account the effect of the temperature gradient

Elastic rod elements are considered, the axial line of which in the natural state is a flat curve and remains a flat curve after loading. The following assumptions are used: the normal cross-sections, which are flat before deformation, remain flat and normal to the deformed thermo-elastic axial line after deformation; the temperature field is stationary and non-uniform. Nonlinear equations of motion of the rod are obtained, taking into account the rotational inertia of cross-section and the extensibility of the axial line.

Axial line-scanning stimulated emission depletion fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Investigating the dynamics and interactions of biomolecules within or attached to membranes of living cells is crucial for understanding biology at the molecular level. In this pursuit, classical, diffraction-limited optical fluorescence microscopy is widely used, but it faces limitations due to (1) the heterogeneity of biomembranes on the nanoscale and (2) the intrinsic motion of membranes with respect to the focus. Here we introduce a new confocal microscopy-based fluctuation spectroscopy technique aimed at alleviating these two problems, called axial line-scanning stimulated emission depletion fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (axial ls-STED-FCS). Axial line scanning by means of a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens provides a time resolution of a few microseconds, which is more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of conventional, lateral line-scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (typically around 1 ms). Using STED excitation, the observation area on the membrane can be reduced 10-100 fold, resulting in sub-diffraction spatial resolution and the ability to study samples with densely labeled membranes. Due to these attractive properties, we expect that the axial ls-STED-FCS will find wide application, especially in the biomolecular sciences.

A new approach to detecting and designing living structure of urban environments

Sustainable urban design or planning is not a LEGO-like assembly of prefabricated elements, but an embryo-like growth with persistent differentiation and adaptation towards a coherent whole. The coherent whole has a striking character – called living structure – that consists of far more small substructures than large ones. To detect the living structure, natural streets or axial lines have been previously adopted to be topologically represent an urban environment as a coherent whole. This paper develops a new approach to detecting the underlying living structure of urban environments. The approach takes an urban environment as a whole and recursively decomposes it into meaningful subwholes at different levels of hierarchy (or scale) ranging from the largest to the smallest. We compared the new approach to natural street and axial line approaches and demonstrated, through four case studies, that the new approach is better and more powerful. Based on the study, we further discuss how the new approach can be used not only for understanding but also – probably more importanly – for effectively designing or planning an urban environment to be living or more living.

Wrist singularity avoidance with a robot end-effector adding an oblique, redundant axis

Novel high-order procedures follow finite displacements avoiding the adverse effects of the wrist singularity of a serial robot manipulating a curved tool. In robotic welding, this type of end effector is commonly applied to right-angle seams. This tool is symmetric about a line emanating from its tip, which adds an effective revolute-joint axis line to the robot. The curve in the tool places this axis line oblique to the third joint in the robot wrist. When the second wrist axis is out of the plane containing the third joint and tool axes, the tool axis supplies useful kinematic redundancy for mitigating the loss of mobility in a 3-axis wrist on approach to its singularity. A new method plans a path encountering the wrist singularity while satisfying limits on joint rate and acceleration under a constant rate of tool traversal. This method maintains precise position of the tool tip with the seam while allowing rotation of the tool about its symmetry axis. This is accomplished with either zero or nearly zero deviation in pointing direction.

A New Approach to Detecting and Designing Living Structure of Urban Environments

Abstract Sustainable urban design or planning is not a LEGO-like assembly of prefabricated elements, but an embryo-like growth with persistent differentiation and adaptation towards a coherent whole. The coherent whole has a striking character – called living structure – that consists of far more small substructures than large ones. To detect the living structure, natural streets or axial lines have been previously adopted to be topologically represent an urban environment as a coherent whole. This paper develops a new approach to detecting the underlying living structure of urban environments. The approach takes an urban environment as a whole and recursively decomposes it into meaningful subwholes at different levels of hierarchy (or scale) ranging from the largest to the smallest. We compared the new approach to natural street and axial line approaches and demonstrated, through four case studies, that the new approach is better and more powerful. Based on the study, we further discuss how the new approach can be used not only for understanding but also – probably more importanly – for effectively designing or planning an urban environment to be living or more living.

EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE ETHERS SOLUTIONS

The rheological properties, structure and phase transitions of hydroxypropyl cellulose in ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol solutions and ethylcellulose in dimethylformamide solutions are studied using viscometry, the cloud-point method, polarization microscopy, the optical interferometry and a polarization photoelectric apparatus in the temperature range 280-360 K. The temperature-concentration regions of isotropic and anisotropic phases are determined for all systems. The type of boundary curves of phase diagrams is compared with the chemical structure of macromolecules. It is shown that the constant magnetic field (3.6 kOe) leads to the orientation of macromolecules in solutions. The domain structure arising in solutions is fixed after evaporation of a solvent and shown in orientation of strips of the film relief. It was found that the flow curves of all solutions at 298 K in the range of shear rates from 0 to 15 s-1 are typically for the non-Newtonian liquids. It was found that the magnetic field leads to an increase in the viscosity of isotropic solutions and a decrease in the viscosity of anisotropic solutions. Both effects depend on the direction of the magnetic field lines. When the rotor-rotation axis is parallel to the direction of power lines of the magnetic field the change in the viscosity of solutions is greater than that at perpendicular orientation of the rotor-rotation axis and power lines of the magnetic field. The results are discussed using representations about the changes in the macromolecule conformation and in the size and shape of the supramolecular particles in the solutions during flow under a magnetic field with different orientation of the power lines.

Three-dimensional preoperative planning in the weight-bearing state: validation and clinical evaluation

Objectives3D preoperative planning of lower limb osteotomies has become increasingly important in light of modern surgical technologies. However, 3D models are usually reconstructed from Computed Tomography data acquired in a non-weight-bearing posture and thus neglecting the positional variations introduced by weight-bearing. We developed a registration and planning pipeline that allows for 3D preoperative planning and subsequent 3D assessment of anatomical deformities in weight-bearing conditions.MethodsAn intensity-based algorithm was used to register CT scans with long-leg standing radiographs and subsequently transform patient-specific 3D models into a weight-bearing state. 3D measurement methods for the mechanical axis as well as the joint line convergence angle were developed. The pipeline was validated using a leg phantom. Furthermore, we evaluated our methods clinically by applying it to the radiological data from 59 patients.ResultsThe registration accuracy was evaluated in 3D and showed a maximum translational and rotational error of 1.1 mm (mediolateral direction) and 1.2° (superior-inferior axis). Clinical evaluation proved feasibility on real patient data and resulted in significant differences for 3D measurements when the effects of weight-bearing were considered. Mean differences were 2.1 ± 1.7° and 2.0 ± 1.6° for the mechanical axis and the joint line convergence angle, respectively. 37.3 and 40.7% of the patients had differences of 2° or more in the mechanical axis or joint line convergence angle between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing states.ConclusionsOur presented approach provides a clinically feasible approach to preoperatively fuse 2D weight-bearing and 3D non-weight-bearing data in order to optimize the surgical correction.

Feasibility analysis of the use of anterior screw fixation in the treatment of pediatric odontoid fracture.

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the feasibility of using anterior percutaneous screw fixation to treat odontoid fractures in children of different ages based on computed tomography (CT) measurements.MethodsA total of 176 children were enrolled and divided into 3 groups: group A (<6 years of age; 18 males and 22 females), group B (6 to 12 years old; 40 males and 35 females), and group C (12 to 18 years old; 34 males and 27 females). Using 2-dimensional CT reconstruction technology, we measured the children’s odontoid parameters, including the coronal external diameter of the base of the odontoid process, the sagittal external diameter of the base of the odontoid process, the length of the odontoid process, the height of the axis vertebral body, and the angle between the axial line of the odontoid process and the vertical line of the anterosuperior border of the C3 vertebral body.ResultsThe mean coronal external diameter of the odontoid process base in children under 6 years old was 4.21±1.62 mm, which was not sufficient to accommodate a single screw. Among children aged 6 to 12 years old, this parameter varied widely, and the mean diameter was 5.50±2.80 mm. In the 12- to 18-year-old group, the diameter was 8.64±1.68 mm, which is similar to that of adults. The values of the total height of the axis, and the angle between the axial line of the and the vertical line of the anterosuperior C3 vertebral body border were lower than those for adults.ConclusionsThe percutaneous odontoid screw fixation technique is not recommended for children under 6 years old. For children aged 6 to 18 years old, this technique is feasible, but individual differences must be considered preoperatively. Selecting the appropriate screw diameter, length, and angle according to the actual CT measurement result is critical.

고려전기 궁궐 구조와 국왕의 정치 공간 - ‘합문(閤門)’의 의미를 중심으로 -

Attempted in this article is to define the space inside the royal palace reserved for the King’s politics and governance. The focus is on the Habmun, which was an integral part of the palace structure.<BR> First, in an attempt to pinpoint the King’s space for politics within the confines of the palace, determined here is the borderline that would have defined the most tightened internal perimeter as well as a wider perimeter which would have surrounded it. Inside the Goryeo Royal palace, two structures named Geondeok-jeon and Hwegyeong-jeon would respectively serve as centers for the Western Complex and Central Complex of the palace, which were both equipped with a Main ‘Jeongjeon’ chamber, the ‘Pyeonjeon’ office hall, and the royal ‘Chimjeon’ quarters, along the North-South axis line. And in the front of these complexes, there were Habmun and Chang’hab-mun gates to separate the inside from the outside.<BR> The letter ‘Hab’ refers to many things. Most usually it refers to the gate of a palace[閤門], but it also referred to a concept of space where the King would meet his vassals and govern the country. On the other hand, the term ‘Bokhab Sangso(伏閤上疏)’ shows us that the letter ‘Hab’ also referred to a place where government officials would forward a political appeal to their King. In that regard, it seems that the letter ‘Hab’ inevitably defines the “King’s space.” The political clash that went on between King Euijong and government officials over the issue of appointing Jeong Ham, an eunuch, to the Gakmun(Habmun) Jihu seat also shows us that Habmun was not only a physical but symbolic concept that would ensure proximity to the king and grant anyone affiliated with it close access to the King’s own exclusive space.<BR> In other words, Habmun was what separated the King’s own space (with the Jeongjeon structure at its center) from the outer world, and signified the separation between the King’s space and the bureaucrats’ space.

A 3D analytical model for distributed low strain test and parallel seismic test of pipe piles

In this study, the authors proposed a new dynamic integrity test method of piles, namely, distributed low strain integrity test (DLSITs). The basic idea of DLSITs is that a series of accelerated sensors connected by cables are preinstalled on the steel reinforcement cage of cast-in-place pile or attached on the shaft of precast piles. Compared with the conventional methods (LSITs), the efficient detection depth of the DLSITs can be doubled and its detection accuracy is significantly improved. Accordingly, a coupled 3D analytical model is established for the theoretical analysis of the DLSITs. The developed theoretical model is also applied to investigate the 3D effect of the parallel seismic test (PSTs). A vibration mode analysis is conducted to clarify the forming mechanism of the high frequency interference during the DLSITs and PSTs. The main findings can be drawn as: Both the DLSITs and PSTs suffer obvious high frequency interference arisen from the 3D effect of piles. To reduce this adverse influence, the radius angle between the impact force location and the axial line of receiving sensors is advised to set as 90°.

Осевая линия "роя" глобальной экономики в пространстве экономических индексов EPI, BLI, CPI

The purpose of the study is to determine the concept of the axial line of the swarm of the global economy in the three-dimensional space of the economic indices EPI, BLI, CPI and to construct mathematical expressions that determine the shape of this line based on statistical data on the world economy. To construct the axial line the median points of the EPI-groups of the global economy were used. In the paper we discuss certain assumptions about the asymptotic behavior of the axial line at small and large values of the CPI. Scientific novelty of research lies in the explicit construction of the axial line of the global economy. The existence and shape of this line reveal as a result some fundamental trend in the world economy, statistically linking at the level of EPI-groups the state of society (CPI), the measure of the state's social orientation (BLI) and economic productivity (EPI).

Factors of change in perspective view centered on the axis in Tsuda-naiko lagoon reclaimed land

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the changes that are occurring in the normative views peculiar to reclaimed land and that looks through the axis, and to identify the factors that are contributing to these changes. First, Viewpoints were set where roads and drains intersect with embankments in Tsuda-naiko lagoon reclaimed land. The plan composition, land use, cross-sectional composition, and landscape composition as seen from the embankment were investigated and analyzed at each site. The results revealed the following about the changes that were occurring. Firstly, the presence of obstructing elements and the loss of the axis line made it impossible to see through the axis line. Secondly, with regard to the landscape overlook, the presence of three-dimensional elements around the axial line prevented the view of the field. In addition, the reduction in elevation differences caused differences in the view of the fields. With regard to the symmetry of the fields, there was a lack of symmetrical viewpoints due to the disappearance of the fields and the emergence of three-dimensional elements. For the slopes that existed on the roads, the visual effect was lost due to the loss of the slope.

Determination of Optic Axes by Corneal Topography among Italian, Brazilian, and Chinese Populations

This study aims to describe a new universal method to identify the relative three-dimensional directions of visual, pupillary, and optical axes of the eye and the angles between them using topography elevation data. The method was validated in a large clinical cohort, and ethnical differences were recorded. Topography elevation data were collected from 1992 normal eyes of 966 healthy participants in Italy, Brazil, and China. The three main axes were defined as follows: optical axis (OA) was defined as the optimal path of light that passes through the ocular system without refraction. The pupillary axis (PA) line was defined using X and Y coordinates of the pupil centre with the chamber depth, in addition to the centre of a sphere fitted to the central 3 mm diameter of the cornea. The visual axis (VA) was taken by its best approximation, the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex. The alpha angle was measured between the VA and OA, and the kappa angle between the VA and PA. The average values of kappa and alpha angles were 3.41 ± 2.84 and 6.04 ± 2.43 in the Italian population, 2.6 ± 1.53 and 5.87 ± 2.3 in the Brazilian population, and 2.09 ± 1.22 and 3.85 ± 1.48 in the Chinese population.

Evaluation of Accuracy of Preoperative Planning of the Femurofibular Angle in Open-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy for Mild Medial Knee Osteoarthritis

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of preoperative planning of the femurofibular angle (FFA) in medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) for mild medial knee osteoarthritis. Methods Thirty-two patients (32 knees) with mild medial knee OA were retrospectively reviewed. The patients underwent preoperative planning of the FFA for OWHTO. For preoperative planning, a full-length weight-bearing X-ray photograph of the lower limb was opened within Adobe Photoshop Software, and a targeted corrective mechanical axis line of the lower limb and its intersecting point at the lateral tibial plateau surface was drawn using rectangle selection and filling tools. A frame, which encircled the tibia and fibula, was created around the predicted osteotomy plane and then rotated until the ankle center was on the targeted mechanical axis line. Subsequently, a distal femoral condyle line and a proximal fibula axis line were drawn, and the angle between the two lines was measured and defined as the femurofibular angle (FFA). During biplane OWHTO, the preoperatively determined FFA was used to complete the correction of the mechanical axis. During follow-up, the postoperative mechanical weight-bearing line (WBL) of the lower limb, the mechanical femorotibial angle (mFTA), and the FFA were measured and compared with the preoperatively determined values. Results The mechanical WBL shifted from a preoperative value of 25.36 ± 5.02% to a postoperative value of 56.19 ± 0.10% from the medial border along the mediolateral width of the tibial plateau, and it was 56.57 ± 0.08% at the final follow-up (P < 0.01). The preoperatively determined value was 56.25%, and no significant difference was found compared with postoperative week-one and final follow-up values (P > 0.05). The mFTA was corrected from a preoperative varus of 4.02 ± 0.63° to a postoperative week-one valgus of 2.37 ± 0.28°, and it had a valgus of 2.48 ± 0.39° at the final follow-up (P < 0.01). No significant difference in the valgus was found compared with the postoperative week-one, final follow-up and preoperatively determined valgus of 2.34 ± 0.26° (P > 0.05). The postoperative week-one and final follow-up FFAs were 90.34 ± 1.53° and 90.33 ± 1.52°, respectively, and no significant difference was found compared with the preoperatively determined value of 90.12 ± 1.72° and the intraoperative setting value of 90.25 ± 1.67° (P > 0.05). All corrected values were within the acceptable range of preoperative planning. Conclusion Preoperative planning of the FFA may be useful in OWHTO for patients with mild medial knee OA. Satisfactory correction of the postoperative targeted mechanical axis line of the lower limb can be obtained.