Linalyl Acetate Research Articles

Development of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Method for Characterizing Linalool Oral Pharmacokinetics in Humans.

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller or Lavandula officinalis Chaix) is an ethnopharmacological plant commonly known as English lavender. Linalool and linalyl acetate are putative phytoactives in lavender essential oil (LEO) derived from the flower heads. LEO has been used in aroma or massage therapy to reduce sleep disturbance and to mitigate anxiety. Recently, an oral LEO formulation was administered in human clinical trials designed to ascertain its anxiolytic effect. However, human pharmacokinetics and an LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of linalool are lacking. To address this deficiency, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of linalool in human serum. Prior to the analysis, a simple sample preparation protocol including protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction of serum samples was created. The prepared samples were analyzed using a C18 reversed-phase column and gradient elution (acetonitrile and water, both containing 0.1% formic acid). A Waters Xevo TQ-S tandem mass spectrometer (positive mode) was used to quantitatively determine linalool and IS according to transitions of m/z 137.1→95.1 (tR 0.79 min) and 205.2→149.1 (tR 1.56 min), respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, matrix effects, and stability, and it was successfully applied to characterize the oral pharmacokinetics of linalool in humans. The newly developed LC-MS/MS-based method and its application in clinical trial serum samples are essential for the characterization of potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions.

Volatile Compound Profiling of Seven Tuber Species Using HS-SPME-GC-MS and Classification by a Chemometric Approach.

Edible mushrooms are important providers of nutrients and are well recognized for their particular organoleptic properties. The volatiles that Tuber releases serve purposes beyond simply appealing to our sense of smell. Truffles have different smells and tastes due to the fact that they contain different volatile components; therefore, aroma is essential in defining the organoleptic properties and quality of truffles. In this research, seven Tuber species, namely, Tuber ferrugineum, Tuber nitidum, Tuber excavatum, Tuber rufum, Tuber puberulum, Tuber aestivum, and Tuber borchii were selected. The primary objective of this study was to carry out the first in-depth investigation of the volatile compounds and chemometric analysis of seven truffle species from the Tuber genus that are grown in Turkey. The SPME headspace combined with GC-MS analysis identified 60 volatiles from different classes, with the abundance of terpenes being followed in a decreasing order by alcohols, aldehydes, sulfides, ketones, and other aromatic compounds. According to the chemometric analysis, methional, 3-methyl-4,5-dihydrothiophene, p-(methylthio) benzaldehyde, 3-octene, linalyl acetate, methyl caproate, and β-trans-ocimene could be highlighted as markers for T. borchii grown in Turkey. This investigation was conducted for the first time using T. ferrugineum, T. puberulum, and T. nitidum. The comparison of the volatile profile of these tubers' species displayed branded differences. Thus, the knowledge gained from this research may pave the way to identify the key aroma contributors in the chosen Tuber species.

Chemical characterization of mint (Mentha spp.) germplasm from Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Lianah L, Kusumarini N, Hafshah M, Krisantini K, Kurniawati A, Ahmad MA. 2023. Chemical characterization of mint (Mentha spp.) germplasm from Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4307-4313. The main objective of this work was to evaluate and compare the leaf production and oil content of the four mint genotypes (Mentha spp.) from Central Java, Indonesia. Four genotypes were collected from Rejosari Village, Kudus District, Central Java, Indonesia, namely spearmint (Mentha spicata), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), orange mint (Mentha x piperita ‘Orange’) and chocolate mint (Mentha x piperita ‘Chocolate’). Essential oil extraction was carried out by steam distillation. Identification of the chemical compounds of the oil and their relative percentage were analyzed using GC-MS. Leaves productivity ranged between 500-1000 kg/ha, and essential oil content from 0.4 to 1.36%. The major essential oil constituents detected were 1,8-cineole, carvone, limonene, linalool, linalyl acetate, menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, and piperitenone oxide. Chocolate mint had the highest leaf production and the highest content of essential oil (4.17%) and menthone yield (28%) compared to the other genotypes.

Antimicrobial Properties and Assessment of the Content of Bioactive Compounds Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Cultivated in Southern Poland.

Lavender is a valued plant due to its cosmetic, perfumery, culinary, and health benefits. A wide range of applications is related to the composition of bioactive compounds, the quantity and quality of which is determined by various internal and external factors, i.e., variety, morphological part of the plant, and climatic and soil conditions during vegetation. In the presented work, the characterization of antimicrobial properties as well as the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bioactive compounds in the form of polyphenols in ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. intended for border hedges, cultivated in the region of southern Poland, were determined. The composition of the fraction of volatile substances and antioxidant properties were also assessed. The conducted research shows that extracts from leaves and flowers significantly affected the viability of bacterial cells and the development of mold fungi. A clear decrease in the viability of bacteria and C. albicans cells was shown in the concentration of 0.32% of extracts. Leaf extracts were characterized by a much higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties than flower extracts. The composition of volatiles measured by GC-MS was significantly different between the extracts. Linalyl acetate and ocimene isomers mix dominated in flower extracts, whereas coumarin, γ-cadinene, and 7-methoxycoumarin were identified as dominant in leaf extracts.

Untargeted metabolomics approach of essential oils to differentiate five Ocimum species and their anti-choline-sterase and anti-tyrosinase activity

Chemical profiling of essential oils (EOs) from Ocimum species can lead to species identification and the valorization of their potential use in the food and flavour industries. This research was undertaken to discriminate chemometrically between five very closely related species of Ocimum, viz., O. tenuiflorum (green basil), O. tenuiflorum (purple basil), O. gratissimum, O. kilimandscharicum, and O. basilicum, based on their leaf EOs, to identify the differential volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and to determine their anti-cholinesterase and anti-tyrosinase activities. The leaf EO compositions were determined using GC-MS, and a total of 67 metabolites were identified. Untargeted metabolomics and multivariate analysis showed clear discrimination among the studied species based on their VOCs composition. PLS-DA (Partial least squares-discriminant analysis) identified the characteristic VOCs responsible for discrimination among the species. Based on VIP scores, the top 10 metabolites for discrimination among the selected species were detected, viz., linalool, α-cadinol, γ-murrolene, β-ocimene, α-eudesmol, γ-eudesmol, α-selinene, E-β-farnesene, humulene epoxide II and linalyl acetate. The quantification (mg/μL) of eugenol, β-caryophyllene, linalool, β-ocimene, and neo-allo-ocimene of the isolated leaf EOs were done by comparing with the standards. O. basilicum showed the highest AChE inhibitory activity whereas, O. tenuiflorum (green basil) showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition. These results led to the conclusion that the EOs of edible Ocimum species exhibit important enzyme inhibitory activities and can be potential sources of natural active ingredients for memory-enhancing as well as progressive neurodegenerative disorders and also as non-toxic skin lightening and anti-browning agents for fruits, vegetables, and other food substances.

P09-09: Experimental evidence for the absence of (anti-)estrogenic and (anti-)androgenic activities of the lavender essential oil main components linalool and linalyl acetate

P09-09: Experimental evidence for the absence of (anti-)estrogenic and (anti-)androgenic activities of the lavender essential oil main components linalool and linalyl acetate

Gene Expression of Monoterpene Synthases Is Affected Rhythmically during the Day in Lavandula angustifolia Flowers

Lavender essential oil (EO) is widely used for medicinal purposes. The significant monoterpenes’ abundance of linalool and linalool acetate accounts for more than 50% of lavender EO compounds. Monoterpenes synthesis differs throughout plant development as a result of the differential gene expression patterns in distinct cell types. Previously, we have reported that the chemical composition of Lavandula angustifolia cv. etherio EO was affected by diurnal harvest time. The aim of this was to evaluate if the gene expression of lavender monoterpenes synthases is altered during the day length and correlated with the accumulation of the major components of lavender EO. The relative expression of linalool synthase (LaLINS), limonene synthase (LaLIMS) and terpene synthase-like (LaTPS-l) was recorded in flowers at the 3rd to 5th stage every 3 h during two consecutive days using quantitative real-time PCR. The composition of the lavender EO was also monitored during the day length using GC-MS analysis. Our results indicate that the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of lavender EO, including linalool and limonene synthases, is accompanied by oscillations, picking at mid-day and leading to linalool acetate accumulation in the afternoon. In conclusion, the monoterpenes synthase expression in lavender flowers is rhythmically affected during the day, leading to a higher accumulation of EO compounds in the afternoon. These results will be helpful to monitor the biosynthesis of lavender EO to ensure a high-quality product. Furthermore, the outcome of this study will be useful for breeding programs in the lavender field to modulate the biosynthesis of linalool and linalool acetate during the flowering harvest period.

THE EFFECT OF LAVENDER AROMATHERAPY TO ANXIETY LEVELS PATIENT PREOPERATIVE ORIF ANTEBRACHII FRACTURE

Surgery is a potential or actual threat to a person's integrity and can subsequently cause a psychological reaction, namely anxiety. One alternative in overcoming anxiety is with lavender aromatherapy. Lavender aromatherapy has advantages compared to other types of aromatherapy, namely it is economical, easy to obtain, safe to use, does not take long and is practical because it does not require complicated equipment). Lavender has a chemical content, namely Linalyl acetate and linalool. These molecules have sedative and antidepressant effects that can affect a person's feelings and emotions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lavender aromatherapy on the anxiety level of preoperative ORIF antebrachii Fracture patients. The study used a pre-experimental design with a One-group pre-post test design which was carried out on March 9 - April 9 2023. The population in this study were all preoperative ORIF Antebrachial Fracture patients for 1 month as many as 14 people in the bougenvile room at Kertosono Hospital. A sample of 14 respondents with total sampling sampling technique. Measurement of anxiety levels before and after being given lavender aromatherapy with Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HARS). Provision of lavender aromatherapy for 15 minutes. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon sign rank statistical test. The results of the Wilcoxon sign rank statistical test showed P value = 0.001 <α = 0.05 so that there was an effect of lavender aromatherapy on the anxiety level of preoperative ORIF Antebrachii Fracture patients. Lavender aromatherapy can be applied as an alternative solution in overcoming the anxiety of preoperative ORIF Antebrachii Fracture patients.

Essential oil extraction from lavender using negative pressure cavitation extraction and coating to extend grape shelf life

The purpose of this investigation was to extract the essential oil from lavender using the negative pressure cavitation extraction (NPCE) method and compare it to conventional hydro-distillation, as well as to assess the effect of extraction techniques on the yield and physicochemical activity of lavender essential oil. Linalyl acetate, camphor, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), borneol, terpinen-4-ol, caryophyllene, geraniol, geranyl acetate, and bisabolol are some of the primary compounds extracted from lavender essential oil. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of essential oil were measured. The lavender essential oil extracted using the NPCE technique had a total phenolic content of 73.17 ± 0.97mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100ml. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) refers to the ability of lavender essential oil extract to scavenge 50% of the original DPPH radicals. The lavender essential oil extracted using the NPCE process has an IC50 of 285.70 ± 0.46g/mL. The impact of sodium alginate edible coating in conjunction with lavender volatile oil (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% w/v) on overall grape quality was studied over 9 days period at 4°C. It was revealed that the sodium alginate coating infused with lavender essential oil preserved grape quality. The most effective application, however, was sodium alginate combined with lavender essential oil of 1%. Furthermore, the inclusion of lavender volatile oil in the sodium alginate coating decreased the microbial load.

Combination of Chemically-Characterized Essential Oils from Eucalyptus polybractea, Ormenis mixta, and Lavandula burnatii: Optimization of a New Complete Antibacterial Formulation Using Simplex-Centroid Mixture Design.

This study aims to identify the volatile profile of three essential oils obtained from Eucalyptus polybractea cryptonifera (EPEO), Ormenis mixta (OMEO), and Lavandula burnatii briquet (LBEO) and to examine their combined antibacterial activity that affords the optimal inhibitory ability against S. aureus and E. coli using simplex-centroid mixture design and checkerboard assay. Essential oils (EOs) were isolated by hydrodistillation and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detector (GC-FID). The antibacterial activity was performed using disc diffusion and microdilution assays. The chemical analysis revealed that 1,8-cineole (23.75%), p-cymene (22.47%), and α-pinene (11.20%) and p-menthane-1,8-diol (18.19%), α-pinene (10.81%), and D-germacrene (9.17%) were the main components detected in E. polybractea and O. mixta EOs, respectively. However, L. burnatii EO was mainly represented by linalool (24.40%) and linalyl acetate (18.68%). The EPEO, LBEO, and OMEO had a strong antibacterial effect on S. aureus with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranging from 0.25 to 0.5% (v/v). Furthermore, the combination of 1/2048 MICEPEO + 1/4 MICLBEO showed a synergistic antibacterial effect on S. aureus with a FIC index of 0.25, while the formulation of 1/4 MICEPEO + 1/4 MICOMEO demonstrated an antibacterial synergistic activity on E. coli with a FIC index of 0.5. Moreover, the simplex-centroid mixture design reported that the most effective combinations on E. coli and S. aureus correspond to 32%/28%/40% and 35%/30%/35% of E. polybractea, O. mixta, and L. burnatii, respectively. Presented information highlights the action of antibacterial formulations of these EOs and suggests their potential applications as alternatives to commercialized drugs to contract the development of bacteria causing serious infections and food deterioration.

Multilayered LDH/Microcapsule Smart Epoxy Coating for Corrosion Protection.

A multilayered smart epoxy coating for corrosion prevention of carbon steel was developed and characterized. Toward this direction, as a first step, zinc-aluminum nitrate-layered double hydroxide (Zn/Al LDH) was synthesized using the hydrothermal crystallization technique and then loaded with dodecylamine (DOD), which was used as an inhibitor (pH-sensitive). Similarly, the synthesis of the urea-formaldehyde microcapsules (UFMCs) has been carried out using the in-situ polymerization method, and then the microcapsules (LAUFCs) were encapsulated with linalyl acetate (LA) as a self-healing agent. Finally, the loaded Zn/Al LDH (3 wt %) and modified LAUFCs (5 wt %) were reinforced into an epoxy matrix to develop a double-layer coating (DL-EP). For an exact comparison, pre-layer epoxy coatings comprising 3 wt % of the loaded Zn/Al LDH (referred to as LDH-EP), top-layer epoxy coatings comprising 5 wt % linalyl acetate urea-formaldehyde microcapsules (referred to as UFMLA COAT), and a blank epoxy coating (reference coating) were also developed. The developed epoxy coatings were characterized using various techniques such as XRD, XPS, BET, TGA, FTIR, EIS, etc. Electrochemical tests performed on the synthesized coatings indicate that the DL-EP demonstrates improved self-healing properties compared to LDH-EP and UFMLA COAT.

Development and Characterization of New Environmentally Friendly Polylactide Formulations with Terpenoid-Based Plasticizers with Improved Ductility

AbstractThis work addresses the potential of two biobased terpenoids, linalyl acetate and geranyl acetate, as environmentally friendly monomeric plasticizers for polylactide (PLA). Plasticized formulations of PLA containing 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% terpenoids were melt-compounded in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder and, subsequently, processed by injection moulding for further characterization. In addition, a reactive extrusion process (REX) was carried out on plasticized formulations containing 20 wt.% terpenoids with dicumyl peroxide to anchor the plasticizer molecules into the PLA backbone. Both terpenoids led to a remarkable plasticization effect on PLA, with a noticeable increase in ductile properties. In particular, the elongation at break of PLA, around 4.7%, was improved to values above 230% for all the plasticized formulations, even for low terpenoid concentration of 10 wt.%. Terpenoids also provide increased crystallinity because polymers chains have more mobility and are more readily arranged. This was observed by shifting the cold crystallization process to lower temperatures. As with other monomeric plasticizers, a clear decrease in the glass transition temperature from 61.5 °C (neat PLA), to values of around 40 °C for the plasticized formulations with 20 wt.% terpenoid was obtained. The obtained formulations show high potential since the plasticization efficiency of these terpenoids is very high, thus leading to new toughened-PLA formulations with improved ductility.

A New Leaf Essential Oil from Endemic Gynoxys laurifolia (Kunth) Cass. of Southern Ecuador: Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses.

The fresh leaves of Gynoxys laurifolia (Kunth) Cass. (Asteraceae), collected in the province of Loja (Ecuador), were submitted to steam distillation, producing an essential oil with a yield of 0.02% by weight. This volatile fraction, described here for the first time, was submitted to qualitative (GC-MS) and quantitative (GC-FID) chemical analyses, on two orthogonal columns (non-polar and polar stationary phase). A total of 90 components, corresponding to 95.9-95.0% by weight on the non-polar and polar stationary phase, respectively, were detected and quantified with at least one column. Major constituents (≥3%) were: germacrene D (18.9-18.0%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (13.2-15.0%), α-pinene (11.0-10.3%), β-pinene (4.5-4.4%), β-phellandrene (4.0-3.0%), bicyclogermacrene (4.0-3.0%), and bakkenolide A (3.2-3.4%). This essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (about 45%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (about 25-30%). This research was complemented with the enantioselective analysis of some common chiral terpenes, carried out through 2,3-diethyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin and 2,3-diacetyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin as stationary phase chiral selectors. As a result, (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene, (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene, (R)-(-)-β-phellandrene, (S)-(-)-limonene, (S)-(+)-linalyl acetate, and (S)-(-)-germacrene D were observed as enantiomerically pure compounds, whereas α-pinene, linalool, terpinene-4-ol, and α-terpineol were present as scalemic mixtures. Finally, sabinene was practically racemic. Due to plant wildness and the relatively low distillation yield, no industrial applications can be identified, in the first instance for this essential oil. The focus of the present study is therefore academic.

Effects of linalyl acetate on oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction: can linalyl acetate prevent mild cognitive impairment?

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a major public health challenge with an increasing prevalence. Although the mechanisms underlying the development of MCI remain unclear, MCI has been reported to be associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that agents that reduce these factors may be key to preventing MCI. Currently, no agents have been approved for the treatment of MCI, with the efficacy of commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors remaining unclear. Relatively safe natural products that can prevent the development of MCI are of great interest. Linalyl acetate (LA), the major component of clary sage and lavender essential oils, has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which may have the potential for the prevention of MCI. The present review briefly summarizes the pathogenesis of MCI related to oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction as well as the benefits of LA against these MCI-associated factors. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to search the relevant literature. Further clinical research may lead to the development of new strategies for preventing MCI, particularly in high-risk populations with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction (e.g., patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus).

Neuroprotective, neurite enhancing, and cholinesterase inhibitory effects of Lamiaceae family essential oils in Alzheimer’s disease model

IntroductionThe present study investigates the cholinesterase inhibitory and neuritogenic activities of selected essential oils from the Lamiaceae family, as well as their neuroprotective and antioxidant potential against scopolamine-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. MethodsThe anticholinesterase activity was analysed using a modified Ellman’s assay. The neuroprotective potential was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were quantified using 2',7’- dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay. A neurite outgrowth assay was employed to evaluate the neuritogenic activity. ResultsOregano leaf (terpineol-type), peppermint leaf, rosemary, and sage essential oils have antibutyrylcholinesterase activity, while oregano leaf (phenol-type) essential oil has both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Pretreatment with lavender flower essential oil (30 µg/mL), linalool, and linalyl acetate for 24 hours protects against scopolamine-induced toxicity. Linalool also displayed a significant decrease in intracellular ROS. The oregano leaf (terpineol-type), peppermint, rosemary, and sage essential oils at 100 µg/mL exhibited neuritogenic activity, with the highest activity being observed with oregano leaf (terpineol-type) essential oil. Discussion/ConclusionsEssential oils from plants of Lamiaceae family displayed anticholinesterase, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and neuritogenic activities. These properties demonstrate their potential as complementary treatments to prevent and/or delay dementia-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Botanical characterization and authentication of lavender essential oil using its volatile organic compounds and compound-specific carbon and hydrogen isotope ratio analysis

The determination of authenticity and provenance is one of the main issues in high-value natural products such as lavender (L. angustifolia) essential oil. Due to their high value, natural products are often totally or partially substituted with cheaper alternatives. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately characterize the composition of lavender essential oil and its related species, particularly lavandin (L. intermedia) essential oil, which is frequently used as an adulterant. In this study, we analyzed the most distinctive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their relative compound-specific stable carbon and hydrogen (δ13C and δ2H) isotope ratios in lavender, lavandin, and commercial lavender essential oil samples using fast GC-MS/MS and GC-IRMS methods and sparse Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) to classify and verify their botanical origin. For the first time, concentration ranges for 79 VOCs and the δ13C and δ2H values in 32 VOCs were used to characterize lavender essential oils. sPLS-DA models with either VOCs, δ13C and δ2H, or in combination successfully classify lavender and lavandin with 100% accuracy. VOCs such as camphor, borneol, eucalyptol, α-bisabolol, and α-pinene were found to be the most important variables for differentiating lavender oil from lavandin. Similarly, δ13C in camphor, eucalyptol, trans-β-ocimene and 3-octanone, and δ2H in α-terpineol and trans-β-ocimene and 3-octanone also differentiated lavender and lavandin oil. In addition, we demonstrated that compound-specific δ13C and δ2H detected the adulteration of natural lavender or lavandin oil if more than 15% of linalool, linalyl acetate, eucalyptol, and α-terpineol were of synthetic origin. These preliminary results with sPLS-DA models suggest that VOCs and compound-specific δ13C and δ2H can be a promising tool for the botanical classification of lavender essential oil and the detection of possible adulteration with synthetic compounds.

Mechanistic action of linalyl acetate: Acyclic monoterpene isolated from bitter orange leaf as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic agent: Role of TNF-α, IL1β, PGE2, and COX-2

The intervention of inflammation disorders with conventional synthetic drugs has several hazards. Medicinal plants and their byproducts are beneficial in the treatment of inflammations with greater safety. Herein, the essential oils of bitter orange leaf extract (Citrus aurantium) were characterized via GC-MS, whereby, Linalyl acetate was the most major compound was isolated using column chromatography and identified by NMR analysis. The in vivo inflammation inhibition activity against carrageenan-induced models, and central analgesic effect as well as antipyretic potentiality of linalyl acetate were evaluated in rats. The administration of linalyl acetate (100 and 200 mg/kg) exhibited significant fast onset not long-standing anti-inflammatory effect in rat paw edema model in dose-dependent manner, compared to the control and reference drug. This significant inflammation reduction were supported by improving the antioxidant status of the paw via reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) level and restoration of glutathione (GSH) levels as well as attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines levels (TNF-α), IL-1b, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and COX-2 in paw tissues. Although, the oral administration of linalyl acetate (100 and 200 mg/kg) has minimal analgesic it has potent long-lasting antipyretic activity in rats. The higher dose of linalyl acetate (200 mg/kg) displayed fast-onset anti-inflammatory activity better than the reference drug. Furthermore, linalyl acetate (200 mg/kg) has the best antipyretic activity. These findings shed light on promising medicinal uses of linalyl acetate against numerous inflammatory and hyperthermia ailments that could be attributed to its active constituents.

Essential Oil Quality of Lavender Grown Outside Its Native Distribution Range: A Study from Serbia

The aim of this study was to test the quality (physicochemical and sensory odor properties) and bioactivity (antimicrobial and antioxidant activities) of the essential oils (EO) obtained from the most frequently cultivated lavender and lavandin varieties in Serbia, whose cultivation areas were previously reserved for warmer climates, outside the agroecological region of Serbia. Seven EO from true lavenders (L. angustifolia Mill. and cultivars: ‘Hidcote blue’, ‘Munstead’, ‘Primorska’), Croatian indigenous lavandin cultivar (L. × intermedia ‘Budrovka’), lavandin ‘Grosso’ and one undetermined lavender sample (Lavandula sp.) showed compliance with standard requirements for lavender EO composition (contents of linalool 23.9–30.2% and 28.9–36.9%, and of linalyl acetate 22.2–32.2% and 6.9–20.7% in true lavender and lavandin samples, respectively). All EO were characterized as pleasant, with a floral aroma as a prominent odor. Samples exhibited high antimicrobial activities (3.5–14.2 µL mL−1 MIC and MBC values) against important Gram-positive (B. cereus and L. monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) and yeasts (C. albicans), and high antioxidant capacity (IC50 values of 0.23–0.59 µg AAE mL−1 EO). This preliminary research on the quality of lavender EOs reveals the potential of this species for the future of medicinal and aromatic plant species production and further diversification of agriculture in the area.

Biorational potential of Mentha essential oils of Indian origin: Comparative note on insecticidal efficacy, fumigant persistence, oviposition deterrence of Sitophilus oryzae

Natural compounds have widely gained their acceptance as biorationals for management of storing grain from insect pests. Mentha spp. are commercially important plant genus known for its distinct aroma. The present study is aimed towards the comparative insecticidal activity of four mint essential oils (Mentha arvensis, Mentha citrata, Mentha piperita and Mentha spicata) against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). Further, the GC-MS analysis of mint essential oil’s (EO’s) exhibited diversity in aroma compounds, M. arvensis (menthol 61% and l-menthone 9.11%), M. citrata (linalool 36.74% and linalyl acetate 35.9%), M. piperita (menthol 36.28%, menthone 26.37% and iso-menthone 5.15%) and M. spicata (54.14% of carvone and 20.97% of limonene). Whereas, the M. spicata EO exhibited the strongest toxicity (fumigant and contact) in both with and without food conditions around 100% mortality for 25 μL dose within 24 h of exposure. The LC50 and LD50 values exhibited by M. spicata were 54.07 μL/L and 11.5 μL/100 cm2 respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of 2.5% and 5% of M. spicata EO also exhibited a strong fumigant and contact toxicity against S. oryzae within 24 h as compared to known prophylactic insecticide (0.3% of Deltamethrin). Besides, 100% oviposition deterrence exhibited by all the four mint EO’s and 56% of AChE inhibition is noticed for M. spicata EO. Furthermore, post-treated grains showed no persistence of mint aroma residues and the treated grains retained the seed viability. Thus, on a comparative note, the M. spicata EO possess potential biorational traits for the effective management of stored grain from insect pests.

Chemical composition and comparative analysis of lavender essential oil samples from Bulgaria in relation to the pharmacological effects

Lavender essential oil is economically important and widely used in aromatherapy perfumery, food industry and pharmacy. Bulgaria is a global leader in lavender cultivation overtaking countries such as France, UK, China, India, and Spain during the last few years. The aim of this research is: 1) to characterize a lavender essential oil sample obtained from agricultural plantation near Pomorie, Bulgaria; 2) to perform descriptive statistical test based on a data set of 13 samples available in 4 publications, 3) to compare the varieties regarding the quantity of the most important components such as linalool and linalyl acetate 4) to summarize the pharmacological effects of the main components. As a result of GS/MS analysis of the essential oil sample obtained from agricultural plantation near Pomorie, we identified 44 compounds. The major constituents were linalyl acetate (27.5%) linalool (24.1%),E-β-ocimene (7.0%), terpinen-4-ol (5.1%) caryophyllene (4.5%), carvacrol (4.4%), lavandulyl acetate (3.5%),Z-β-farnesene (3.3%), and -Z-β-ocimene (3.2%). Linalool and linalyl acetate are the main ingredients based on which the quality of the essential oil is evaluated. In the studied samples they fluctuated between varieties depending on the year of extraction and the locations of origin in Bulgaria. Some varieties were characterized by a more stable ratio of linalool – linalyl acetate, compared to others. The main other components of our sample as well as the other examined Bulgarian samples fit the standards according to the requirements of ISO (2002) and the of European Pharmacopoeia (10thedn., Council of Europe 2020) with few exceptions. Lavender oil has numerous pharmacological applications based on its anxiolytic, sedative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Although linalool and linalyl acetate largely contribute to these effects, the overall efficacy of lavender oil is proven to be due synergistic relationships between the components.