Limit Laws Research Articles

SINABANG DISTRICT COURT LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS AGAINST FOUR-WHEEL VEHICLE EMBEZZLEMENT IN SIMEULUE REGENCY

Embezzlement in the Criminal Code is classified as a crime. The embezzlement is contained in Article 372 of the Criminal Code. The focus of this research is on law enforcement in dealing with criminal acts of embezzlement as well as inhibiting factors in law enforcement in handling criminal acts of embezzlement. Based on the results of research and discussion, it shows that law enforcement in handling criminal acts of embezzlement is carried out by means of crime prevention and prevention methods. The prevention approach is carried out through counseling and socialization in order to foster social responsibility for the residents of Simeulue Regency against the crime of embezzling four-wheeled vehicles. Legal counseling is especially carried out in areas prone to crime. The criminal approach is carried out through efforts to enforce the law of the Simeulue district in order to ensure that the perpetrators of the crime of embezzlement are legally processed in order to obtain criminal sanctions and guarantee legal certainty. Factors causing embezzlement of four-wheeled vehicles against law enforcement in handling criminal acts of embezzlement include: criminal sanctions in Article 372 of the Criminal Code that have not provided a deterrent effect, limited law enforcement agencies, limited state special budgets for law enforcement, lack of public awareness of the importance of understanding crime, society becomes a crime.

Limit laws for large th-nearest neighbor balls

AbstractLet $X_1,X_2, \ldots, X_n$ be a sequence of independent random points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ with common Lebesgue density f. Under some conditions on f, we obtain a Poisson limit theorem, as $n \to \infty$ , for the number of large probability kth-nearest neighbor balls of $X_1,\ldots, X_n$ . Our result generalizes Theorem 2.2 of [11], which refers to the special case $k=1$ . Our proof is completely different since it employs the Chen–Stein method instead of the method of moments. Moreover, we obtain a rate of convergence for the Poisson approximation.

Hidden symmetries and limit laws in the extreme order statistics of the Laplace random walk

This paper is concerned with the limit laws of the extreme order statistics derived from a symmetric Laplace walk. We provide two different descriptions of the point process of the limiting extreme order statistics: a branching representation and a squared Bessel representation. These complementary descriptions expose various hidden symmetries in branching processes and Brownian motion which lie behind some striking formulas found by Schehr and Majumdar (Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 040601). In particular, the Bessel process of dimension 4=2+2 appears in the descriptions as a path decomposition of Brownian motion at a local minimum and the Ray–Knight description of Brownian local times near the minimum.

The metric space of limit laws for $q$-hook formulas

Billey-Konvalinka-Swanson studied the asymptotic distribution of the coefficients of Stanley's \(q\)-hook length formula, or equivalently the major index on standard tableaux of straight shape and certain skew shapes. We extend those investigations to Stanley's \(q\)-hook-content formula related to semistandard tableaux and \(q\)-hook length formulas of Björner-Wachs related to linear extensions of labeled forests. We show that, while their coefficients are "generically" asymptotically normal, there are uncountably many non-normal limit laws. More precisely, we introduce and completely describe the compact closure of the metric space of distributions of these statistics in several regimes. The additional limit distributions involve generalized uniform sum distributions which are topologically parameterized by certain decreasing sequence spaces with bounded \(2\)-norm. The closure of these distributions in the Lévy metric gives rise to the space of DUSTPAN distributions. As an application, we completely classify the limiting distributions of the size statistic on plane partitions fitting in a box.Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05A16 (Primary), 60C05, 60F05 (Secondary)Keywords: Hook length, \(q\)-analogues, major index, semistandard tableaux, plane partitions, forests, asymptotic normality, limit laws, Irwin-Hall distribution

"VEHICLE CONTROL SPEED BASED ON GPS MATCHING POSTED SPEEDS/IMAGES "

In this paper we are going to control vehicle maximum posted speed without human interaction. Detecting the speed of the vehi cle is an important aspect for observing speed limitation law and traffic condition. Safety is very important to reduce the occurrence of accidents in speed restricted zones. According to recent surveys an accidents happen near the school zones, hospital zones and sharp turns. The GPS map plays a major role in this research. The Technology includes GPS navigation receiver, GPS computer ,vehicle engine computer, map database ,speed sensor ,video display, image recognition system, Posted speed Board. The vehicle location,longitude,latitude and speed of the vehicle is identified by GPS computer. The database processing facility can be local or remote is managed by GPS computer. The data processing facility processes the GP S data and obtains the location and maximum posted speed of the vehicle. The comparison between the vehicle speed and the maximum Posted speed is performed by th e GPS computer and engine computer, which signals the speedometer to decrease the vehicle speed according to the Posted Speed i f it exceeds the maximum posted speed. RFID is used in tunnels and covered regions where GPS signal cannot be reached. Images recognition is done by Deep Learning and Machine Learning algorithms.

Asymptotics and statistics on Fishburn matrices: Dimension distribution and a conjecture of Stoimenow

AbstractWe establish the asymptotic normality of the dimension of large‐size random Fishburn matrices by a complex‐analytic approach. The corresponding dual problem of size distribution under large dimension is also addressed and follows a quadratic type normal limit law. These results represent the first of their kind and solve two open questions raised in the combinatorial literature. They are presented in a general framework where the entries of the Fishburn matrices are not limited to or nonnegative integers . The analytic saddle‐point approach we apply, based on a powerful transformation for ‐series due to Andrews and Jelínek, is also useful in solving a conjecture of Stoimenow in Vassiliev invariants.

Penegakan Hukum Di Wilayah Laut Pada Wilayah Perbatasan Negara

Introduction: In the regulation of law enforcement, especially law enforcement in the sea area at the state border, almost all laws and regulations have accommodated the authority of each institution in carrying out law enforcement in the state border area, therefore it must be carried out properly so that it can realize security in the state border area.
 Purposes of the Research: To analyze regulations related to law enforcement in the sea area in the border area of ​​the State
 Methods of the Research: The type of research used in this paper is in the form of normative juridical legal research, namely legal research regarding the regulation of authority and the implementation of the authority given by positive legal provisions factually in each particular legal event that occurs in the border area of ​​the State, the research approach used is statutory approach, the sources of legal materials used are secondary and tertiary sources of legal materials and the collection of legal materials in this study is normative juridical.
 Results Originality of the Research: The results of the study show that regulations related to law enforcement in the border areas of special states of the sea have overlapping arrangements. The government and local governments in the border areas in carrying out law enforcement in the state border areas in the sea area have not been maximal in law enforcement, partly because of the limited law enforcement infrastructure in the state border area with the area of ​​the state border which is not directly proportional to the number of law enforcement personnel who is in the field. Law enforcement in national border areas as regulated in laws and regulations is not effective because there is no integrated synchronization and coordination in carrying out law enforcement in the country's border areas

Coaxial laser directed energy deposition with wire of thin-walled duplex stainless steel parts: Process discontinuities and their impact on the mechanical properties

The topic of this paper is the process stability and its influence on the tensile material properties of duplex stainless steel manufactured via coaxial laser directed energy deposition with wire. The influence of slight changes in the prescribed offset per layer and laser power on the process stability, occurrence of discontinuities, and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel 2209 parts was investigated. If the prescribed offset or laser power was too high, overheating of the melt-pool was observed. Otherwise, plunging of the wire through the melt-pool occurred. Stable processing was achieved by the adaptation of prescribed offset and laser power according to limited exponential growth laws. The overheating of the melt-pool leads to unsalvageable instabilities, whereas plunging of the wire through the melt-pool leads to self-stabilization by lowering the effective deposition rate and layer height. The discontinuities at sites, where wire plunged through the melt-pool are limited to the surface of the parts. The microstructure and tensile mechanical properties are unaffected by the presence of the surface discontinuities when they are removed by a machining step. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture strain exhibit a strong directionality, which can be explained by the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the microstructure consisting of austenite-rich layers and ferrite-rich layer bands.

Limit laws for empirical optimal solutions in random linear programs

We consider a general linear program in standard form whose right-hand side constraint vector is subject to random perturbations. For the corresponding random linear program, we characterize under general assumptions the random fluctuations of the empirical optimal solutions around their population quantities after standardization by a distributional limit theorem. Our approach is geometric in nature and further relies on duality and the collection of dual feasible basic solutions. The limiting random variables are driven by the amount of degeneracy inherent in linear programming. In particular, if the corresponding dual linear program is degenerate the asymptotic limit law might not be unique and is determined from the way the empirical optimal solution is chosen. Furthermore, we include consistency and convergence rates of the Hausdorff distance between the empirical and the true optimality sets as well as a limit law for the empirical optimal value involving the set of all dual optimal basic solutions. Our analysis is motivated from statistical optimal transport that is of particular interest here and distributional limit laws for empirical optimal transport plans follow by a simple application of our general theory. The corresponding limit distribution is usually non-Gaussian which stands in strong contrast to recent finding for empirical entropy regularized optimal transport solutions.

Overprotecting professionals from ‘vexatious’ claims under the Hong Kong Mental Health Ordinance: The question of access to justice for persons with mental illness

Using Hong Kong’s mental health legislation as a case study, this article asks whether provisions in domestic mental health legal frameworks which seek to restrict the institution of legal proceedings against those working under such legislation may be justified, given the implications they have on the fundamental right to access to justice. Under section 69 of the Hong Kong Mental Health Ordinance, legal proceedings cannot be brought against anyone acting in pursuance of the Ordinance unless leave has been given by a court, and such leave shall not be given unless the court is satisfied there is a ‘reasonably arguable’ case of bad faith or negligence. Limited case law on section 69 and Hong Kong mental health jurisprudence in general indicate that this test is likely to be applied by judges stringently, with the result that mental health patients face a virtually insurmountable hurdle should they wish to bring actions against professionals for wrongful or negligent treatment under the Ordinance. The author argues that provisions such as section 69 are rooted in discriminatory stereotypes of persons with mental illness as particularly ‘vexatious’ litigants and constitute unjustified barriers to their right to equal access to the courts. In Hong Kong’s case, in particular, section 69 operates within and reinforces a broader legislative framework that is systemically discriminatory against those who fall under the compulsory mental health regime. As such, such provisions must be seriously reconsidered and reformed.

Firearm Violence Following the Implementation of California’s Gun Violence Restraining Order Law

California's gun violence restraining order (GVRO) law, implemented beginning in 2016, allows for people at high risk of harming themselves or others with a firearm to be temporarily disarmed and prevented from purchasing firearms for 3 weeks to 1 year; many states have recently enacted similar laws. The research to date is on older and more limited risk-warrant laws. To determine whether implementation of the California GVRO law was associated with decreased rates of firearm assault or firearm self-harm in a large metropolitan county between 2016 and 2019. This serial cross-sectional study including data from 28 counties used the synthetic control method to evaluate differences in firearm violence between San Diego County and its synthetic control following implementation of the California law from 2016 to 2019. San Diego County was used as the treated unit because it issued substantially more GVROs than any other county in California during the study period. A total of 27 California counties that issued no or very few gun violence restraining orders from 2016 to 2019 and that had stable rates of firearm violence between 2005 and 2015 were included in the control pool. Data were analyzed from February 2021 to July 2021. Implementation of the statewide GVRO law in 2016 in San Diego County. Annual rates of fatal and nonfatal firearm assault injuries and firearm self-harm injuries per 100 000 people. In the study period, there were 355 GVROs in San Diego county, and a median (IQR) total of 8 (3-20) GVROs per donor county. The mean difference between the observed rate in San Diego County and the estimated rate in the synthetic San Diego County, 2016-2019, was -0.74 firearm assaults per 100 000 (-13% difference) and 0.13 firearm self-harm injuries per 100 000 (3% difference). Results from in-space placebo tests suggested that these differences cannot be distinguished from variation due to chance (pseudo-P values from a 1-sided test: P for assault = .35, P for self-harm = .67). To our knowledge, this study was the first to analyze the association between GVRO implementation and firearm violence in California and the first to evaluate the association between risk-based firearm removal laws and firearm assault in any state. GVROs were not associated with reduced population-level rates of firearm violence in San Diego County, but this may change as the number of orders increases over time; the association between GVROs and firearm violence at the individual level cannot be inferred from our findings and should be the subject of future studies.

Formula omitted]-variable first-order logic of preferential attachment random graphs

We study logical limit laws for preferential attachment random graphs. In this random graph model, vertices and edges are introduced recursively: at time 1, we start with vertices 0,1 and m edges between them. At step n+1 the vertex n+1 is introduced together with m edges joining the new vertex with m vertices chosen from 1,…,n independently with probabilities proportional to their degrees plus a positive parameter δ. We prove that this random graph obeys the convergence law for first-order sentences with at most m−2 variables.

On Multisets, Interpolated Multiple Zeta Values and Limit Laws

In this work we discuss a parameter $\sigma$ on weighted $k$-element multisets of $[n]= \{1,\dots ,n\}$. The sums of weighted $k$-multisets are related to $k$-subsets, $k$-multisets, as well as special instances of truncated interpolated multiple zeta values. We study properties of this parameter using symbolic combinatorics. We (re)derive and extend certain identities for $\zeta^{t}_n(\{m\}_k)$. Moreover, we introduce random variables on the $k$-element multisets and derive their distributions, as well as limit laws for $k$ or $n$ tending to infinity.

ANALISIS YURIDIS PERSEROAN PERORANGAN DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG CIPTA KERJA DAN UNDANG-UNDANG PERSEROAN TERBATAS

The current crisis situation, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, has caused the government to enact the Job Creation Law as an effort to advance the economy, in particular, micro and small businesses. The existence of the Job Creation Law expands the concept of a limited liability company with the recognition of a new legal entity, namely an individual company. The existence of an individual company gave birth to a number of contradictions in the basic concept of a limited liability company. This normative juridical research will discuss the regulation of micro and small business criteria based on the Job Creation Law and the limited liability company law as well as legal loopholes and proposed improvements. This study aims to determine the arrangements related to individual companies. The results of the study indicate that the legal basis for individual companies still has legal loopholes so that the government plays an important role in strengthening the regulation.

Limit theorems for critical branching processes in a finite-state-space Markovian environment

AbstractLet $(Z_n)_{n\geq 0}$ be a critical branching process in a random environment defined by a Markov chain $(X_n)_{n\geq 0}$ with values in a finite state space $\mathbb{X}$ . Let $ S_n = \sum_{k=1}^n \ln f_{X_k}^{\prime}(1)$ be the Markov walk associated to $(X_n)_{n\geq 0}$ , where $f_i$ is the offspring generating function when the environment is $i \in \mathbb{X}$ . Conditioned on the event $\{ Z_n>0\}$ , we show the nondegeneracy of the limit law of the normalized number of particles ${Z_n}/{e^{S_n}}$ and determine the limit of the law of $\frac{S_n}{\sqrt{n}} $ jointly with $X_n$ . Based on these results we establish a Yaglom-type theorem which specifies the limit of the joint law of $ \log Z_n$ and $X_n$ given $Z_n>0$ .

Assessing the safety effectiveness of citywide speed limit reduction: A causal inference approach integrating propensity score matching and spatial difference-in-differences

The New York City (NYC) initiated a new default speed limit law on November 7th, 2014, where speed limits on all road segments without a posted speed limit were reduced from 30 mph to 25 mph. The safety effectiveness of citywide speed limit reduction in an urban setting like NYC has been understudied in the literature. The high-density road network of NYC could lead to a significant spatial spillover effect of speed limit reduction on its neighboring sites. In addition, citywide speed limit reduction exerts much more treatment sites than control sites, which makes it challenging to identify sufficient control sites with similar covariates as the treated ones and thus may lead to confounding bias. Furthermore, there could also exist a time trend in crash observations caused by unobserved factors (e.g., enforcement, driving behaviors). To jointly account for spatial spillover effect, confounding bias, and time trend, this study proposes a novel causal inference approach integrating propensity score matching (PSM) and spatial difference-in-differences (SDID) to estimate the safety effectiveness of citywide speed limit reduction in NYC. The PSM utilizes a logistic generalized additive model (GAM) to capture the nonlinear relationship between covariates and the treatment indicator to reduce bias due to confounding variables. Moreover, the matched data are used to develop the SDID model that simultaneously captures spatial spillover effect and time trend via the extended difference-in-differences (DID) structure. The proposed causal approach suggests that the speed limit reduction would result in a 62.09% decrease in fatal crashes, with the spatial spillover effect found to be statistically significant. However, it does not indicate a significant change in injury and property-damage-only crashes as a result of the speed limit reduction. This study adds to the literature a robust causal inference approach for safety evaluation and provides researchers, practitioners, policy-makers insights into the safety effectiveness of the speed limit reduction in an urban setting.

Modeling the risk of illegal forest activity and its distribution in the southeastern region of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range, Philippines

Illegal activity within protected forests, such as illegal logging, slash-and-burn farming, and agricultural expansion, has brought many plant and animal species to the brink of extinction and threatens various conservation efforts. The Philippine government has introduced a number of actions to combat environmental degradation, including the use of mobile platforms such as the SMART-Lawin system to collect patrol data from the field, which represents a remarkable step towards data-driven conservation management. However, it remains difficult to control illegal forest activity within protected landscapes due to limited patrol and law enforcement resources. A better understanding of the spatial distribution of illegal activity is crucial to strengthening and efficiently implementing forest protection practices. In the present study, we predicted the spatial distribution of illegal activity and identified the associated environmental factors using maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt). Patrol data collected using the SMART-Lawin system from the Baliuag Conservation Area for the period 2017-2019 were used to train and validate the MaxEnt models. We tuned the MaxEnt parameter setting using the ENMeval package in R to overcome sampling bias, avoid overfitting, and balance model complexity. The resulting MaxEnt models provided a clear understanding of the overall risk of illegal activity and its spatial distribution within the conservation area. This study demonstrated the potential utility of data-driven models developed from patrol observation records. The output of this research is beneficial for conservation managers who are required to allocate limited resources and make informed management decisions.

Random Young towers and quenched limit laws

AbstractWe obtain quenched almost sure invariance principles (with convergence rates) for random Young towers if the average measure of the tail of return times to the base of random towers decays sufficiently fast. We apply our results to some independent and identically distributed perturbations of some non-uniformly expanding maps. These imply that the random systems under study tend to a Brownian motion under various scalings.

ANALISIS YURIDIS KONFLIK KOMPETENSI PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PEMBERHENTIAN DIREKSI MELALUI PENGADILAN NEGERI DALAM PERSPEKTIF KEPASTIAN HUKUM

The aims of this study are: 1) To compare the results between district court decisions and industrial relations comparisons in disputes regarding the dismissal of company directors in the perspective of legal certainty, and 2) proposals issued for the settlement of the dispute. The method used in this research is a normative juridical approach or library research. The results of this study found that the dismissal of directors that occurred was purely a civil dispute whose authority was in the district court so that there was an error from the district court judge in applying the normative provisions of the limited liability company law and labor law related to the position of company directors. The Board of Directors is a company organ appointed by the GMS and is authorized and fully responsible for managing the company. The legal relationship between the board of directors and the shareholders is a fiduciary duties and the provision of a mandate (legal mandatory), not a working relationship between workers and employers. So the dispute on the dismissal of the company's directors is an ordinary civil dispute that must be resolved in the District Court

Central limit theorem for majority dynamics: Bribing three voters suffices

Given a graph G and some initial labeling σ:V(G)→{Red,Blue} of its vertices, the majority dynamics model is the deterministic process where at each stage, every vertex simultaneously replaces its label with the majority label among its neighbors (remaining unchanged in the case of a tie). We prove—for a wide range of parameters—that if an initial assignment is fixed and we independently sample an Erdős–Rényi random graph, Gn,p, then after one step of majority dynamics, the number of vertices of each label follows a central limit law. As a corollary, we provide a strengthening of a theorem of Benjamini, Chan, O’Donnell, Tamuz, and Tan about the number of steps required for the process to reach unanimity when the initial assignment is also chosen randomly.Moreover, suppose there are initially three more red vertices than blue. In this setting, we prove that if we independently sample the graph Gn,1/2, then with probability at least 51%, the majority dynamics process will converge to every vertex being red. This improves a result of Tran and Vu who addressed the case that the initial lead is at least 10.