Limited Entry Research Articles

Performance-Based Tests, Personality Attributes, and Training Outcome among Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) Vehicle Operators

To date, only limited entry requirements exist for selection of vehicle operators for the U.S. Navy landing craft air cushion (LCAC) vehicle training program. What these requirements should be has not been empirically determined, hence a research effort in this area is needed. An additional impetus for such research has been a series of costly accidents resulting from operator error. Our objectives were to develop a cognitive, psychomotor, multiple-task, and personality-oriented test battery having the potential to predict the training outcome of LCAC operators and serving as an LCAC-personnel screening system. Automated tests used included Dichotlc Listening, Psychomotor, Manikin, One-dimensional Compensatory Tracking, Digit Cancellation, and Risk-taking. Significant predictors of training grade criteria included a multiple Dichotic Listening test. Training grade also correlated with the stick-rudder-throttle conditions of the Psychomotor task and with the One-dimensional Compensatory Tracking task when performed in combination with the Digit Cancellation task. Risk-taking tendencies were also significantly related to overall training grade. These findings suggest that components of the test battery have the potential to predict LCAC training performance.

Position paper on current status and future needs of pediatric nephrology in the United States: training and research. Writing Committee of the American Society of Pediatric Nephrology.

This position paper recognizes the rather tenuous state of the discipline of pediatric nephrology and the currently limited entry of trainees into the discipline. At least three major recommendations are made to insure its future. First, a flexible system of providing training opportunities for postdoctoral fellows and mid-career academicians is recommended. Second, emphasis should be placed on four areas of research which are of clinical and scientific relevance to pediatric nephrology. Third, the expanded use of multicenter study groups will form a more effective means of answering important clinical questions. This prescription will expand the data base in the discipline, more completely develop our understanding of the biology of the maturing kidney, and potentially lead to more useful therapeutic approaches while assuring a pool of capably trained academicians who can better function within the mission of an academic medical center and who will have the expertise to conduct independent research.

Ultrastructural studies on the intracellular fate of Chlamydia psittaci (strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis) and Chlamydia trachomatis (strain lymphogranuloma venereum 434): modulation of intracellular events and relationship with endocytic mechanism.

Previous observations on the highly infectious LGV strain 434 of Chlamydia trachomatis and the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) strain of C. psittaci (which requires centrifugation of inocula with host cell monolayers for maximum infectivity) indicated that infectivity differences were expressed, not at entry, but at an intracellular stage affecting multiplication. Centrifugation increased the potential of internalized chlamydiae to undergo productive infection. Here, analysis of the intracellular fate of chlamydiae by ultrastructural methods indicates that strain GPIC exhibits two patterns of behaviour depending on the mode of inoculation. Strain GPIC showed limited entry, with 47% of intracellular organisms becoming associated with thorotrast-labelled lysosomes, following static incubation with monolayers. In contrast, with centrifugation, entry was not limited and association with lysosomes was reduced to 12%; strain 434 behaved similarly but independently of the mode of inoculation. The different results for strain GPIC correlated with distinct entry mechanisms. Entry during static incubation was unimpaired either by treatment with cytochalasin D or by temperature reduction to 20 degrees C, suggesting that it was pinocytic. Entry during centrifugation was markedly impaired by both treatments, suggesting that it was phagocytic. The data lead to two novel conclusions: first, that chlamydiae can apparently enter cells by both pinocytic and phagocytic mechanisms; second, that the entry mechanism influences intracellular fate. It is suggested that entry mechanism is linked to selection of the vesicle membrane forming around the internalizing chlamydiae. This, in turn, may influence both intracellular translocation and subsequent inhibition or promotion of multiplication of the internalized parasite.

Labor and the Labor Process in a Limited Entry Fishery

We examine aspects of labor in the harvesting sector of the surf clam/ocean quahog industry of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States in the context of limited entry. Vessel owners are both diversifying and cutting back on labor costs through crew consolidation in response to difficulties in the sea clam industry. A survey of crew-members on job satisfaction reveals more about the preferences and experiences of labor. We make predictions about the fate of labor under a new management regime based on individual transferable quotas. The analysis is intended to bring the interests of crew-members into the decision-making process and to improve the basis for predicting how future regulatory measures may affect crewing.

Fishery Socioeconomics: A Survey

Fisheries management is constantly confronted, and sometimes confounded, by the complexities of real-world systems. Two major sources of such complexities are (1) the many conflicting goals and objectives faced by managers, and (2) the wide variety of socioeconomic factors which impact on the validity and effectiveness of regulatory instruments. Amongst the considerations lying within this fishery socioeconomics framework are distributional issues, labor market structure, social and opportunity costs, fishing community dynamics, and fishermen-decisionmaking processes. (Andersen 1978; FAO 1985; Fricke 1985; GERMA 1986; Panayotou 1982; Pollnac and Sutinen 1979.) While their importance is widely recognized, little consensus exists regarding the manner in which such topics can best be incorporated into economic analyses and into management decisions. This paper reviews relevant literature on socioeconomics, addressing the questions: What contribution can multi-objective socioeconomic analysis play in fisheries economics and in practical fisheries management? What insights can be obtained from existing socioeconomic research? What specific questions need to be emphasized in future research? An attempt is made to consolidate the research in this diverse area, which has tended to develop somewhat independently from traditional resource economics theory, and which has some clear connections to the ideas of institutional economics (see, e.g., Wilson 1986). The paper is organized as follows. Section I explores the wide variety of objectives, such as employment, distributional concerns and rent generation, which often play a practical role in real-world fisheries, whether or not they are expressed explicitly in policy statements. Section II reviews theoretical and empirical studies of income distribution, wh le ection III presents a broad examination of literature dealing with socioeconomic aspects of management. This involves both critiques of common management methods (such as regulated property rights and limited entry schemes) and examinations of alternative approaches (such as cooperatives, informal contracting and community property rights). This leads into an exploration in sections IV and V of the social and opportunity costs for labor in fisheries, and of related themes involving labor markets, the determinants of labor supply, and the key issue of labor mobility. Section VI presents an overview of the literature concerned with fishermen and fishing-community decision processes and behavioral dynamics. The discussion is broadened in section VII to review data requirements in socioeconomic analysis and to provide perspectives on future priorities for research in socioeconomics. Finally, the paper ends in section VIII with some general conclusions and some thoughts on the diffi ulties that have been faced in integrating socioeconomic research into economic analyses.

Finessing the Political System: The Cigarette Advertising Ban

Success in various competitive venues-athletics, card games, politics, war-often comes not from one's direct actions, but from the induced behavior of one's opponent. In bridge, for example, a finesse cannot work unless the opponent falls for the ruse. But when successful, the finesse adroitly turns the opponent into an unwitting partner. In this vein, consider recent proposals in Congress concerning cigarette advertising. Bills such as the Health Protection Act of 1986 seek to complete the ban on the advertising of tobacco that began with the removal of such ads from TV and radio in 1970. The proponents of the legislation apparently believe that the total banishment of cigarette advertising will lessen the demand for tobacco, thereby improving the health of the citizenry.2 Using developments from modern regulation theory, we posit instead that the current proposals to broaden the advertising restrictions are prime evidence of finesse within the regulatory system. Constraints on advertising can be expected to limit brand entry in the cigarette industry.3 The ultimate result of the cards currently being played by the anti-smoking activists, therefore, will be higher profits for their opponents, the tobacco companies. To test our position, we analyze the stock returns of the major tobacco firms. Our finding of positive, abnormal returns around the period of the 1970 TV and radio advertising ban is consistent with the view that the ban limited brand entry and decreased competition in the industry.

Limited Entry Licensing: A Retrospective Assessment

This article takes a retrospective look at experience with limited entry licensing, with particular attention to events of the past decade since the Powell River Conference of 1978. The perspective is set by reviewing some of the issues raised early on in these programs' histories. This is followed with a synthesis of some of the important trends and characteristics of limited entry license programs. Finally, some speculative thought is offered regarding future directions for limited entry license programs and their roles in fisheries management.

Participant recruitment to the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial

The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, a multicenter clinical trial sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, was undertaken in 1973 to evaluate whether lowering blood cholesterol would reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease. The study protocol limited entry into the trial to men 35-59 years of age who had type II hyperlipoproteinemia with plasma cholesterol of at least 265 mg/dl, who were free of coronary heart disease symptoms, and who were in good general health. Participants were initially recruited from physician and clinical laboratory referrals. After the first year of recruitment, yields from these sources were unacceptably low, and emphasis was directed to identifying new sources using mass screening. Six additional sources were used-blood banks, clinical studies, community screenings, mass mailings, media, and occupational (worksite) screenings. The target recruitment goal was exceeded although it required more than twice as long as originally planned. Characteristics of these eight recruitment sources and recommendations for those undertaking a similar study are presented, based on the experience gained from recruitment of participants for this trial.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in cyst fluid from autosomal dominant polycystic kidneys

Cyst infection in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is often refractory to therapy, in part because of the limited entry of commonly used antibiotics into cyst fluid. To study the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in cyst infection, cyst fluid was obtained by percutaneous aspiration or at surgery from eight patients with ADPKD receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Cysts were categorized as nongradient or gradient by cyst-fluid sodium concentration. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole concentrations within cysts were determined and cyst fluid inhibitory and bactericidal titers were assessed in vitro against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus fecalis. The mean cyst fluid trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole concentrations were 15.2 micrograms/ml and 42.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. Preferential accumulation of trimethoprim was observed in gradient cysts, exceeding serum levels more than eightfold. Sulfamethoxazole penetrated cysts to a lesser extent, with concentrations ranging from 10 to 70 percent of the serum level. Cyst fluid sampled prior to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration (control) demonstrated no antibacterial activity, while cyst fluid inhibitory and bactericidal titers following antibiotic administration were 1:32 or greater in most instances. These studies indicate that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is likely to be efficacious in the treatment of cyst infection in polycystic kidneys.

Distributed system for treatment assignment and limited data entry: P. Wilkens, R. Gross, E. Clarke, B. Barton, G. Bowden, and C. Fiery The TIMI Study Group, Maryland Medical Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland(P29)

Distributed system for treatment assignment and limited data entry: P. Wilkens, R. Gross, E. Clarke, B. Barton, G. Bowden, and C. Fiery The TIMI Study Group, Maryland Medical Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland(P29)

An Analysis of the Exvessel Demand for Pacific Halibut

Throughout its history the North Pacific halibut fishery has experienced dramatic changes in season length—most recently a greater than tenfold decrease during the last fifteen years. This analysis estimates the effect on exvessel halibut demand of season length by incorporating it with other more traditional explanatory variables such as landings, cold storage holdings, and prices of substitutes in a price dependent demand analysis. Exvessel demand is found to be price elastic; thus management programs that increase catch will also increase gross fishing revenues. Cold storage holdings have an inverse relationship to exvessel price. Since the level of cold storage holdings decreases as the fishing season approaches, the date of the first opening will affect the exvessel price. Finally the length of the halibut season does have a positive relationship with exvessel price; management strategies, such as limited entry, that increase season length will increase exvessel demand.

Incorporation of 5‐aminolevulinic acid into chlorophyll in darkness in barley

The incorporation of radioactive aminolevulinic acid (ALA) into chlorophyll (Chl) a and b, as well as protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) in light‐grown barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Clipper) transferred to darkness is demonstrated.In the experiments described, 6‐day‐old, glasshouse‐grown seedlings were transferred to darkness and incubated in [14C]‐ or [3H]‐ ALA for 18 h.Chl a and b were extracted and purified to constant specific radioactivity by HPLC and TLC of their magnesium‐free derivatives, pheophytin a and b. The presence of label in the tetrapyrrole ring of the Chls was established by removal of the phytol chain by alkaline hydrolysis and determination of the specific radioactivity of the chlorin e6 and rhodin g7 derivatives.Barley seedlings that had been grown in darkness for 5 days, transferred to light for 20 h, and then returned to darkness in the presence of radioactive ALA also incorporated label into Chl. However, this was only apparent in intact seedlings. Excised leaves from greened etiolated plants did not incorporate ALA into Chl in darkness. This was consistent with the finding of Apel et al. (K. Apel, M. Motzkus and K. Dehesh, 1984. Planta 161: 550–554) and may account for their failure to obtain evidence for a light‐independent protochlorophyllide reductase in greening barley.Although the incorporation of ALA into Chl compared to Pchlide was slight (5%), the presence of label in the tetrapyrrole nucleus of Chl a and b is unequivocal evidence of a light‐independent pathway of Chl biosynthesis in barley that has been exposed to light during development. Limited entry of exogenous labelled ALA into the precursor pools leading to the dark reduction of Pchlide is postulated.

Entry of worker cooperatives in capitalist economies

It has become a byword in the study of the labor-managed firm that Paretooptimal efficiency properties are to be found only in the long run, through the entry of new competitors2 Yet there has been relatively little theoretical discussion of entry for LMFs either in the framework of a socialist or a capitalist economy.3 This note suggests a framework for understanding the entry decision for worker cooperatives, the purest form of labor management in capitalist economies. It has long been argued that participative decisionmaking can have a positive impact on technical efficiency in the use of resources. Leibenstein (1966) argued that various unmeasurable factors of production, including the participation factor “x,” can boost productivity, and that this added technical efficiency may more than offset short-run allocative inefficiencies. Vanek ( 1970) and Horvat ( 1982) have also argued that the equilibrium level of effort in a LMF might be higher than in a profit-maximizing firm, and that this might be sufficient to offset any allocative inefficiencies. In the absence of a large body of empirical research on the subject, these arguments remain to be econometrically tested.4 However, it has been argued recently that there is a natural test of these arguments based on observing the success of participative firms in competing against other types of firms. According to this view, the limited entry of participative firms in Western economies, where entry is

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of GnRH analogs: Differential processing of gold-labeled agonist and antagonist derivatives

The hypothalamic decapeptide, GnRH, stimulates LH and FSH release from pituitary gonadotrophs. Many synthetic peptide analogs, both agonist (GnRH-A) and antagonist (GnRH-AT), have been developed which bind specifically to the GnRH receptor. We have utilized highly potent GnRH-A and GnRH-AT analogs labeled with 18 nm colloidal gold to analyze ultrastructurally the events of binding and interiorization of these specific ligands by gonadotrophs in vitro. To examine internalization of GnRH-A-gold, gonadotrophs were cooled to 4 degrees C and equilibrated with the ligand for 1 h. Next, the cells were either fixed immediately or warmed to 37 degrees C for various times (5, 15 and 30 min) and prepared for electron microscopy. For GnRH-AT-gold, which binds slowly at 4 degrees C, the ligand was incubated with gonadotrophs at 37 degrees C for 15, 30 and 60 min, and the cells were processed for electron microscopy at each time point. In both cases, control gonadotrophs were also incubated in an excess of GnRH-A and GnRH-AT, respectively, in the presence of the gold-conjugated ligands. The results indicated that GnRH-A-gold was bound and rapidly internalized via a receptor-mediated endocytic pathway. GnRH-AT-gold was also bound but showed only limited entry into gonadotrophs; the percentage of intracellular GnRH-AT-gold in gonadotrophs was the same as in other pituitary cells contaminating the gonadotroph fraction and did not increase with time. In the gonadotroph, binding of the specific antagonist ligand to GnRH receptors does not stimulate its interiorization, in contrast to the rapid endocytosis and processing of the agonist ligand. These data suggest that specific ligand internalization requires prior receptor activation, and that GnRH-AT which does not activate the receptor remains bound at the cell surface for a prolonged period.

Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters and ammonia metabolism in hepatic failure rats.

The molar ratio of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters (glutamate and aspartate) to inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters (r-aminobutyric acid, GABA, and glycine) in the brain was diminished in acute hepatic failure rats with hyperammonemia, brain edema, and abnormal electroencephalograms. The ratio was further decreased with a marked elevation of arterial and brain ammonia levels 30 min after ammonium acetate was administered i.p. to hepatic failure rats. A continuous infusion of a branched chain amino acid (BCAA) solution before and after the ammonia loading effectively reversed the ammonia-induced lowering of this ratio; high ammonia contents in the brain were concomitantly decreased. Infusing glutamate instead of the BCAA solution failed to produce similar effects probably because of limited entry of glutamate into the brain. The above results suggest that excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter (glutamate, aspartate, and GABA) levels in the brain of hepatic failure rats might vary with abnormal cerebral ammonia metabolism.

Some Aspects of Japanese Corporate Finance

In this paper, we attempt to blend economic theory with an understanding of the historical context and regulation of Japanese financial markets, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s. The historical and regulatory context is critical since it represents the framework within which the economic forces operated. That is, we are interested in examining how a particular structure, characterized by controlled interest rates, segmentation of markets and functions, and limited entry, gave rise in understandable ways to distinctive corporate financial practices. There have been a number of recent publications that attempt to describe and explain the Japanese corporate financial system.1 Perhaps the most discussed topics are the relatively high degree of financial leverage for the typical Japa? nese firm and the predominance of financing for the external funding of large corporations. There also has been discussion of such apparent peculiarities in the equity markets as the issue of shares at a par value of 50 yen when their market value is 1,000 yen or more, as well as the extensive cross holdings of shares between corporations. The role of a firm's main bank as not only len? der and financial advisor, but, in some cases, exercising management control, also has received attention. Before we address these issues, we wish to make two points. First, the structure of the Japanese financial system changed radically after World War II as a consequence of legislation introduced by the Occupation Authorities and the need to rebuild. For example, with respect to high debt to equity ratios and heavy dependence on loans, Nakamura [26] cites evidence that equity comprised 67 percent of gross capital (total assets) for manufacturing industries in 1935. In a related vein, Kurosawa [22] provides figures that external funding by Japanese corporations during the 1931-1936 period was only 4 percent from loans, with 96 percent through stocks and industrial bonds.

On "Capital-Stuffing" in Regulated Fisheries

An almost uniform experience in fisheries managed by limited-entry has been the increased use of capital by each firm. This is widely regarded as an undesirable loophole in programs to limit fishing effort. Closer examination indicates that the increased use of capital by firms is produced by at least six different incentives. Moreover, not all of these incentives are economically undesirable. The net effect of capital-stuffing is ambiguous and can only be evaluated empirically. Literature demonstrating the increased accumulation of capital by limited-entry license holders is plentiful. Examples of such fisheries include the Pacific salmon fisheries (Pearse and Wilen 1979; Fraser 1979), the Japanese tuna fishery (Keen 1973), and the Australian lobster fisheries (Meany 1978). Economists have almost universally bemoaned the capital-stuffing. Capital-stuffing, they argue, occurs only because the property rights to the limited-entry license are poorly designed. The destructive forces of open access have been transformed from attracting too many firms to attracting too much capital per firm. Perhaps because economists find the microeconomic foundations of the argument so obvious, they have produced only one careful analysis of the causes of capital-stuffing. Anderson (1976), applying the classical Ushaped long-run average cost curve, argued that limited entry will increase marginal revenue per unit of effort, and hence, encourage the firm to expand its size. Anderson assumed effort to be an intermediate good that is pro-

1712 GLUCOSE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT ACCENTUATE HYPOXICISCHEMIC BRAIN DAMAGE IN IMMATURE RATS: BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS

Previous investigations from our laboratory have shown that hyperglycemia during the course of hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) does not increase brain damage in immature animals as occurs in adults (Voorhies et al 1982). To clarify biochemical mechanisms responsible for this age specific paradox, we subjected 7-day postnatal rats to unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by the hypoxia produced by the inhalation of 8% oxygen for 2hr (Rice et al, 1981). Experimental animals received 0.1 ml. 50% glucose sc 15 min prior to onset of hypoxia, which increased blood glucose to 350 mg/dl for 2 hr. Glucose in the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to the carotid occlusion was exhausted by 20 min of H-I in control (saline injected) rats but not until 2 hr in glucosetreated animals. Brain lactate and puruvate increased to a greater extent in the glucose-treated animals but only at 20 and 60 min, such that L/P ratios were comparable at 2 hr. Declines in ATP and P-creatine occurred earlier in control animals, but by 2 hr low levels were seen in both groups. Total adenine nucleotides also were depleted to the same degree. The findings indicate that despite an early protective influence of glucose on brain glycolytic intermediates & high energy reserves during cerebral H-I, the effect is short lived even with continuing hyperglycemia. Limited glucose entry into the immature brain at any blood glucose level retards anaerobic metabolism during H-I; which, in turn, leads to a disruption of the energy state of the tissue and ultimate brain damage. (NIH #HD-15738).

Responses of rabbit aorta to tyramine in relation to the surface of drug entry.

The contraction elicited by submaximally effective concentrations of tyramine in the rabbit aortic strip occurs after a shorter latency and increases at a higher initial velocity to a greater steady-state level when drug entry is limited to the adventitial than when it is limited to the intimal surface. The reverse was true for noradrenaline. Both amines elicited equal maximum responses with independence of the surface of entry into the vascular wall. Differences between steady-state contractions disappear when the intramural disposition pathways of tyramine are blocked pharmacologically by a combination of pargyline and semicarbazide. Incubation with cocaine and pretreatment with reserpine resulted in a reversal of the surface of entry related differences between steady-state contractions to tyramine related to differences of the surface of entry. This reflected the unmasking of the direct component of the action of tyramine. Thus, the technique of limited drug entry into the vascular wall together with blockade of disposition pathways allows us to characterize the pre- and postsynaptic components of the action of tyramine.

An Economic Evaluation of Restricted Entry in Maine's Soft-Shell Clam Industry

Approximately one-half of the coastal towns in Maine manage their soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) fisheries by local ordinance. A key feature of these local ordinances is restricted entry for nonresidents. Two tests of the economic success of restricted entry to this fishery were developed. In the first test, results indicated that yield per unit of effort was higher in managed fisheries by 15%. Results of the second test indicated that yield per unit of effort increased as entry was more tightly restricted. Both results support the theory that limited entry improves the economic welfare of fishermen.