Limestone Industry Research Articles

Limestone Industry on PM2.5 Air Quality in Padalarang and Surrounding Areas

The processing of limestone through the combustion process will cause air pollution at the combustion site and its surroundings. At the limestone processing site, Padalarang experiences relatively high air pollution. PM2.5 is one of the main pollutants produced by limestone burning, so it is very necessary to study the concentration of PM2.5 in the air in Padalarang and its surroundings. This study was conducted in Padalarang and its surroundings, where data collection was carried out in five locations, namely at the center of limestone burner, 1 km, 2 km, 3 km, and 4 km to the east of the burning center. Data collection was carried out for ten days, where each data collection was carried out for 12 hours, from 07.00 to 19.00. Based on the national standard of PPRI No. 22 of 2021, which is 55 µg/m3, the concentration in the limestone burning center and 1 km from burning center have exceeded the standard, which is 82.5 and 69.3 µg/m3. While PM2.5 concentrations at distances of 2 km, 3 km, and 4 km are below the national standard, namely 52.0, 51.6 and 50.2 µg/m3, respectively. Based on the Air Quality Index (AQI), the AQI at the burning center, distance of 1 km, 2 km, 3 km, and 4 km are Unhealthy, Unhealthy, Moderate, Moderate and Moderate, respectively. This means that areas less than 1 km away are not healthy places to live. The poor air quality in Padalarang is reflected in the much higher number of ARI cases compared to the surrounding sub-districts that do not have a limestone industry.

Possible Public Health Effects Resulting from Exposure to Air Pollution of Particulate Matter Generated from Limestone Industry

Possible Public Health Effects Resulting from Exposure to Air Pollution of Particulate Matter Generated from Limestone Industry

A Novel Approach for the Reuse of Waste from the Extractive and Processing Industry of Natural Stone Binders: Development of Stone Composites

This paper discusses the historical use of natural stone for various purposes and highlights the substantial waste generated by quarries and stone processing plants in modern industrialized production. These waste materials are typically categorized into unused rock and sludges from processing. This accumulation of waste presents a global environmental challenge and a financial burden for the stone industry. In-depth investigation into the development of a binder incorporating carbonated sludge from marble and limestone industries, combined with polyester resin, for building stone composites was performed. This research involved chemical and microstructural characterization of the sludges, preparation of mixtures with polyester resin, stone composites manufacturing, and subsequent testing to determine and validate the optimal binder composition. Given the achieved results, and the demonstrated feasibility of using a binder composed of polyester resin and carbonated sludge for stone composite production, it was concluded that employing carbonated sludge as an economic resource is indeed viable.

Bark, soil and lichens are effective indicators of dust from limestone industries in Thailand.

Cement production, quarrying and stone crushing are major emission sources of alkaline dust that can affect human health and vegetation. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of using bark pH, soil pH and lichen community for indicating alkaline dust pollution. Twelve polluted sites were in a limestone industrial area. Bark pH and the lichen community were observed on Alstonia scholaris trees, and soil pH was obtained from topsoil samples. The bark pH at all polluted sites was significantly higher (5.5 to 7.3) than that at the unpolluted site (4.3). Among the polluted sites, the highest bark pH value was observed at the nearest site to the center of the industrial area, while the lowest value was discovered at the farthest site. Bark pH showed a strongly negative correlation with the distance from the center. Soil pH at the unpolluted site (6.3) was also significantly lower than that at the polluted sites (7.6 to 8.1), except at the farthest site (6.5). The soil pH also tended to increase closer to the center. Seven lichen species were observed on the trunks of investigated trees in all polluted sites and were observed only at sites more than 4.7km away from the center, where bark pH ranged from 5.5 to 6.3. The extent of dust impact on vegetation seemed to be within 6-7km from the center. The results of this study confirm the potential of the bark pH of A. scholaris, soil pH and lichen community as long-term indicators of alkaline dust pollution.

KAJI EKSPERIMENTAL KONSENTRASI PM10 DI KAWASAN INDUSTRI BATU GAMPING PADALARANG DAN SEKITARNYA

Padalarang has been known as a limestone mining. In limestone processing, in addition to produce significant air pollution at the process location, also to the the surrounding areas. The purpose of the study was to measure particulate concentration of PM10 and its effect on health of the people living in Padalarang and surroudings. Data collection of PM10 concentration was collected using a particle counter (HTI-9600) and carried out at distance of 1 to 4 km to the east of Padalarang, for 5 days and 12 hours/day, from 07.00 to 19.00 local time. The results showed that the highest concentrations of PM10 in the center of limestone processing was 212 µg/m3, much higher than standards, that is 150 µg/m3. The results also showed that a relatively safe distance for human health due to air pollution is more than 2 km from the center of the limestone industry. The high air pollution caused by the limestone industry is highly correlated with the number of acute respitatory infection (ARI) cases in Padalarang, which is an average of more than 4000 cases/year for three years, from 2019 to 2021. It is much higher than cases of ARI in the adjacent sub-disctric, which is less than 1500 cases/year.

Corresponding Strategies of The Limestone Industry According to The National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Regulations

국내 석회 소성업은 온실가스 배출권거래제 4기 (유상할당) 도입에 따른 대비가 필요한 상황이며, 석회석 산업에서 온실가스 감축을 위한 방안은 주로 기술적인 것과 제도 개선을 통한 방법이 있다. 공정개선을 통한 직접적인 감축은 연료전환, 신식 소성로 도입 등이 있으며, 제도 개선을 통한 감축안은 온실가스배출량 산정 시 원료 및 제품의 순도를 반영하고, 포집되지 않고 배출되는 석회 킬른 먼지(Lime Kiln Dust, LKD)의 재탄산화율을 고려하는 방법 등이 있다. 현재 석회 소성업은 시멘트 산업와 같은 업종으로 분류되고 있으며 온실가스배출허용량 할당 시 업계 규모와 원료 및 제품의 특성 차이로 낮은 조정계수를 부여받는 문제가 발생할 수 있기 때문에 이들을 별도의 업종으로 구분해야 한다. 소석회 및 경소백운석은 국내 각종 산업에서 필수적인 재료이므로, 탄소중립과 지속가능한 산업이 되기 위해서는 정부나 지자체 차원의 지원이 무엇보다 필요한 실정이다.

Potentially Toxic Element Levels in Atmospheric Particulates and Health Risk Estimation around Industrial Areas of Maros, Indonesia

Air quality deterioration is a major environmental problem in Indonesia. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Total suspended particulate matter was collected from industrial areas for PTE (Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, As and Zn) analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples were collected from six critical areas in the Bantimurung region as that is where marble, cement and limestone industries are located. A calculation of the non-carcinogenic and cancer risks was performed to determine the potential health exposures in adults and children. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the risk probability and the most sensitive variable contributing to cancer risk from PTE exposure in humans. The results showed that the concentration of PTEs decreased in the order of Zn > Al > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As in the wet season, and Zn > Al > Pb > As > Cr > Cu > Ni in the dry season. The hazard index (HI) value for children was 2.12, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total cancer risk (TCR) values in adults and children were 3.11 × 10−5 and 1.32 × 10−4, respectively, implying that both are at risk for developing cancer. The variables with the most contribution to cancer risk from As, Cr and Pb exposure in adults and children were As concentration (33.9% and 41.0%); exposure duration (ED) (34.3%) and SA (40.7%); and SA (98.7 % and 45.4%), respectively. These findings could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise awareness of the harmful health effects of particulate bound PTEs

"Quality of Life of Limestone Industry Workers and the Community around the Industrial District in Caçapava Do Sul-Rs"

"Quality of Life of Limestone Industry Workers and the Community around the Industrial District in Caçapava Do Sul-Rs"

Deforestation by historical lime industry in an arid aeolian sedimentary system: An applied and methodological research

Traditional land uses have been altering aeolian sedimentary systems for centuries through the removal of plant material for grazing, fuel or farming purposes. However, few studies have been able to quantify the deforestation process associated with these land uses due to the complexity that this entails and the limitations of the historical sources. In this context, the aim of this work is to develop a methodology that allows to reconstruct, evaluate, measure and locate the effects of deforestation processes. The methodology, based on the interpretation of historical documents, oral interviews and publications in the literature; was applied to a case study in Jandía (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain). On the basis of morphological measurements of the types of plant used to fire lime kilns, the current available biovolume was determined and an estimation made of the surface area affected by plant removal. The data obtained were integrated and analysed through a geographic information system (GIS) in order to quantify the impact of the lime kiln industry on the vegetation in the study area. The main results show that to fire a large-sized lime kiln oven it would be necessary to clear a low-density vegetation area of 21,826.08 m2 (or a a high-density vegetation area of 3075.72 m2) using three main species (Launaea arborescens, Lycium intricatum and Convolvulus caput-madusae). It was also found that distances of up to 38 km had to be travelled to obtain the vegetation required to fire the kilns. It is concluded that a number of impacts resulted from the demands of the limestone industry, particularly on plant communities, the abundance of certain species and flora richness, as well as modifications to geomorphological processes and the eventual collapse of the activity in the 1960s through overexploitation of the plant material. The present research allows us to learn from past experiences in which industries lacked proper planning and thus their activity led to their own collapse and rapid environmental degradation.

Chiquihuite Cave and America’s Hidden Limestone Industries: A Reply to Chatters et al.

ABSTRACT This paper is a reply to Chatters et al. (2021. “Evaluating Claims of Early Human Occupation at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico.” PaleoAmerica 8, doi:10.1080/20555563.2021.1940441), in which they raise a large number of doubts about the legitimacy of our claims of earlier-than-expected human presence at Chiquihuite Cave, in northern Zacatecas, Mexico, mainly questioning the artificial nature of the lithic assemblage and the integrity of our geological contexts. We respond to their main topics of concern, contributing arguments in defense of the human origin of the artifacts. We also include 10 examples of stone tools, with full descriptions and photographs, focusing on modified flakes that bear indicators of use-wear and intentional modification.

Socio-economic transformation in rural areas: From agriculture to limestone in a coptic village in middle Egypt

Rural Egypt is undergoing a process of socio-economic transformation which has made a great number of rural agricultural workers redundant. These seek work in non-agricultural occupations in villages and fast-growing cities. The limestone industry is a major source of non-agricultural income in the villages of the east Nile in Middle Egypt. Some of the purely Coptic villages in this region have completely converted their economy to the limestone industry. This economic transformation is embedded in a socio-political context of increasing conflict between Copts and Muslims. With a research approach based on qualitative methods, this transformation process was studied using the example of the village of Nazled Ibeid near El Minya. While the transformation, despite numerous problems, seems to be an economic success, it has also led to an increase in ethno-religious tensions and the possibility of social conflict.

Integral sentences and numerical comparative calculations for the validity of the dispersion model for air pollutants AUSTAL2000

Integral sentences and numerical comparative calculations for the validity of the dispersion model for air pollutants AUSTAL2000

High Purity Lime as an Ecologic Alternative for Construction Mortars and Pastes

Limestone is one of the most ancient construction materials that exist, however it has become obsolete over the last decades, being replaced by industrial materials like cement. It must be considered that not only the construction lime can be used in works, but the limestone industry can provide other products like high purity lies The research about the surface area of high purity lime has verified that it exists an improvement in the adhesion and workability features of the material in comparison with construction lime, besides to be a more economical solution than masonry cement. It is proposed in this document the use of high purity lime in construction works to achieve the benefits previously mentioned. Various samples with different percentages of high purity limes were tested in the laboratory, analysing the surface area changes between them, considering its use for construction purposes and its performance.

Feasible utilization of waste limestone sludge as filler in bituminous concrete

The dimensional limestone industries produce a substantial amount of waste limestone sludge during the polishing of stone slabs. The storage and disposal of this non-biodegradable sludge cause issues regarding environmental pollution, shortage of disposal land, increase in transportation cost, and several other associated problems. This study investigated the usability of dried limestone sludge (LS) instead of conventional stone dust (SD) as filler in bituminous concrete mixes. The performance of SD and LS incorporated mixes in several aspects was compared, and the amount of LS needed to ensure optimum bituminous mix behavior is determined. The physical and chemical properties of both fillers were initially explored. Then bituminous concrete mixes having both fillers added at four different proportions (4, 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5% by weight of aggregates) were prepared using the Marshall mix design method and their optimum bitumen contents (OBC) were determined. The performance of both mixes was studied. LS mixes displayed paramount rutting resistance, fatigue resistance, indirect tensile strength, ravelling, and resilient modulus than conventional mixes. It mostly attributed to the fine nature of LS, which ensured its better distribution. LS mixes also had lower OBC than SD mixes due to lower porosity and bitumen extender action of LS. LS displayed a good affinity towards bitumen due to calcite in its composition, which led to excellent adhesion and moisture resistance in its mixes. The test results suggested that the utilization of chosen LS as filler at an optimum filler percentage of 6.45% can result in formation of bituminous mixes with satisfactory engineering properties, lower bitumen content as well as lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Paparan Debu Respirabel Terhadap Kapasitas Vital Paru Pada Pekerja Di Industri Kapur Tohor.

Abstarct: Effect Of Exposure To Respiratory Dust On Lung Vital Capacity In Workers The Limestone Industry. Lime dust is one of the hazardous dust that is dangerous if left exposed. In the airways can cause airway inflammation. This inflammation can lead to obstruction of the airway so that it can reduce lung vital capacity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exposure to respiratory dust on lung vital capacity in workers in the limestone industry in Kelurahan Sungai Ulin ,Kota Banjarbaru. Analytical research design with cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were all workers in the limestone industry. Data analysis used simple linear regression tests. The results of the research statistical tests showed no effect of exposure to respirate dust on the vital capacity of lung workers due to the level of dust that is still below the NAB and the normal lung condition of workers. However, it can be seen the tendency of the problem if high dust levels can reduce lung vital capacity. It is expected that with this study workers will be able to increase awareness about the use of masks when in a work environment.

Dust Exposure to the Lung Function Capacity of Limestone Industry Workers in West Bandung Regency

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO) data in 2013, 30% to 50% of workers in developing countries suffer from pneumoconiosis. Besides, the ILO detected that around 40,000 new cases of pneumoconiosis (respiratory disease) caused by workplace dust exposure occur throughout the wo­rld each year. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of limestone dust exposure to lung function capacity in the limestone processing industry workers. This type of research is an observational descriptive using a cross-sectional approach. The population is 166 workers from 3 limestone companies in the area of the Cipatat Health Center, West Bandung Regency, 150 workers of PT. Batu Wangi, 8 workers from PT. Tunas Putra, and 8 workers from PT. BP. The sampling technique uses stratified sampling. The number of samples was 32 workers. Data analysis to look for relationships between variables using the Chi-Square formula. The results of the study were 56.2% of workers had normal lung function capacity, and 43.8% of workers had abnormal lung function capacity. There are 66.7% of companies having dust exposure levels according to TLV, and 33.3% exceeding TLV. Chi-square Analysis Results, p-value = 1,000 (> 0.05), so that there is no relationship between lime dust exposure and lung function capacity. The conclusion of the study, there is no relationship between limestone dust exposure and lung function capacity in the limestone processing industry workers.
 Keywords: Dust exposure, limestone, lung capacity

Catalytic Performance of CaO/SiO2 Prepared from Local Limestone Industry and Rice Husk Silica

This research was conducted to study the performance of CaO/SiO2 prepared from local limestone and rice husk silica as catalyst for transesterification of coconut oil. A series of catalysts with CaO loads of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% relative to silica was prepared using solgel method, followed by calcination at 700 °C for six hours. The catalysts were then used to evaluate the effect of CaO loads on percent of conversion of coconut oil. Several kinetic factors associated with transesterification was also investigated. The products of transesterification were analyzed using GC-MS technique, revealing that they are composed methyl esters of fatty acid composing coconut oil. Quite significant effect of CaO loads observed, in which the higher the load, the higher the percent of conversion. However, it should be noted that the use of 25% CaO led to formation of soap due to leaching of some CaO from the catalyst. Taking this leaching into account, it was then concluded that percent of conversion of 98.3%, is the best result, which was obtained with the use of catalyst with CaO load of 20%, reaction time of 60 minutes, methanol to oil ratio of 8:1, and the catalyst amount of 5% relative to mass of the oil.

Glancing backwards: George Lamming, John Cowper Powys and vexed visions of labour in the capitalist world-ecology

ABSTRACTThis article offers a comparative analysis of the literary registration of the reorganisation of labour regimes at moments of ecological revolution in the work of the Barbadian author George Lamming and the English novelist John Cowper Powys. Its focus is the way in which the two novels engage with the socio-ecological upheavals of the period of the Great Slump in 1930s, and the differently inflected modernist aesthetics through which they articulate transformations in landscapes, labour and psychic structures. Drawing its theoretical co-ordinates from Jason W. Moore’s concept of world-ecology, the article examines how In the Castle of My Skin registers the crisis in the sugar frontier in the early twentieth century. Through the optic of world-ecology, a connection can be made between these transformations in the Caribbean as articulated by Lamming and contemporaneous transformations in the English landscape, registered in the limestone industry in Powys’s novel Weymouth Sands. Such transformations produced structurally alike – if substantively different – contested visions of rural labour in both locations.

Recycling of dimension limestone industry waste in concrete

Extractive and mining operations are one of the largest waste producing streams in the world. In general, mining operation is accompanied with the production of stone and slurry wastes. Such wastes occupy large land near the mining area and the fine slurry particles cause bronchial, vision and skin disorders in the nearby inhabitants. Present study examines the suitability of using dimension limestone waste as fine aggregate in concrete. Twenty-six concrete mixes were examined by replacing river sand fine aggregate with crushed sand, slurry and manufactured sand (MS). Test results indicated that MS formulated by blending crushed solid stone waste (85%) and slurry (15%) can be used as fine aggregate in concrete. Concrete cast with MS demonstrated superior strength and reduced bleeding, permeability and void formation within the concrete. The use of MS will contribute to bulk utilisation of waste as it can completely replace river sand in concrete, hence, promoting sustainable development in the region by consuming both types of stone waste in significant quantities.

Health Benefits and Industrial Air Pollution: A Comparison between People’s Willingness to Accept and the Opportunity Cost of Health Risk

The disparity between willingness to accept (WTA) health risks and actual health risks arising from environmental pollution has not been demonstrated well in the literature. This study provides evidence on WTA for bearing existing health risks arising from environmental pollution caused by the Limestone Industry in Sri Lanka. It compares mean WTA with monthly average health expenditure as well as the opportunity cost of health risk. The study finds that the average monthly health expenditure, averting expenditure and lost earning per person were Rs. 168, Rs. 85 and Rs. 262 respectively. Accordingly, opportunity cost of the health damage was Rs. 515 while mean willingness to accept was Rs. 792 per person. Results clearly show that mean WTA estimates tends to overestimate the true cost. The study also summarizes reasons for the disparity and then discusses some of the key implications of the analysis. Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics Vol.(14-15)No. 1 (2012-2013) pp. 43-58