Abstract
Air quality deterioration is a major environmental problem in Indonesia. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Total suspended particulate matter was collected from industrial areas for PTE (Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, As and Zn) analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples were collected from six critical areas in the Bantimurung region as that is where marble, cement and limestone industries are located. A calculation of the non-carcinogenic and cancer risks was performed to determine the potential health exposures in adults and children. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the risk probability and the most sensitive variable contributing to cancer risk from PTE exposure in humans. The results showed that the concentration of PTEs decreased in the order of Zn > Al > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As in the wet season, and Zn > Al > Pb > As > Cr > Cu > Ni in the dry season. The hazard index (HI) value for children was 2.12, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total cancer risk (TCR) values in adults and children were 3.11 × 10−5 and 1.32 × 10−4, respectively, implying that both are at risk for developing cancer. The variables with the most contribution to cancer risk from As, Cr and Pb exposure in adults and children were As concentration (33.9% and 41.0%); exposure duration (ED) (34.3%) and SA (40.7%); and SA (98.7 % and 45.4%), respectively. These findings could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise awareness of the harmful health effects of particulate bound PTEs
Highlights
Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental problems faced by developing countries
A descriptive analysis of the metals found in total suspended particulate (TSP) from six locations is presented in
As one of the crustal elements, this metal is not dominant in air pollution due to its high instability, and it is found in ambient air at very low levels as a result of releases from oil and coal combustion [43]
Summary
Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental problems faced by developing countries. Air pollution is the world’s largest environmental health risk and is responsible for 3.1% of the loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) [1]. According to the Environment and Social Development Organization (ESDO), at least 200,000 people in Bangladesh could die from respiratory disease and long-term exposure to high concentrations of contaminated air [2]. Air pollution from industrial sources is associated with low birth weight and the severity of sleep disorders among the elderly in China [3]. Health Organization (WHO) standard for fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) concentration. Indonesians lose 1.2 years of life expectancy as a result of the current pollution levels [4]
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