Lime Soap Research Articles

Nonylcyclohexanol polyethoxylate, a greener alternative of nonylphenol polyethoxylate endows sodium oleate solution high salt tolerance

Nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPEOn) has been expected to enhance salt tolerance of system containing carboxylates, but banned in countries recently. Herein, a group of new surfactants, nonylcyclohexanol polyethoxylate (NCEOn) was formulated with sodium oleate (NaOA) into binary surfactant systems, to investigate their interaction towards salt tolerance, phase behavior, interface tension and lime soap dispersing requirement in brine with comparison of NPEO10. The results indicate that the salt tolerance of NaOA-NCEOn system increased with increasing NCEOn concentration and EO number, following the order towards the salts: SO42- > Cl- for anions and Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ for cations, respectively. Moreover, cloud point (CP) of NaOA-NCEOn system was increased by adding NaOA but decreased by introducing inorganic salts, respectively. The influence strength of cationic ions on CP decline was in the order: Na+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+. The thermodynamic parameters at CP explains the difference in salt tolerance of NaOA towards monovalent and divalent cations. Notably, the NCEO11(0.02 %)-NaOA (0.05 %) system exhibited similar or superior salt-tolerance in NaCl (20 %) or CaCl2 (2 %) brine, as NPEO10 did. The solubility of NaOA in saline (0.1 %-5%) was up to thousand folds of that in water, suggesting NCEOn a green substitute for NPEO10 in the field.

Influence of the length of the spacer group on the performance of the sulfate-based Gemini surfactants

PurposeA series of sulfate-based Gemini anionic surfactants were synthesized via etherification, ring opening and sulfation reactions using epichlorohydrin, fatty alcohol, ethylene glycol and chlorosulfonic acid as the main raw materials. Orthogonal experiments for 1,8-bisalkoxymethylene-3,6-dioxin-1,8-octane disulfate were performed on the sulfation reaction to determine the optimal reaction conditions.Design/methodology/approachA series of sulfate-based Gemini anionic surfactants were synthesized via etherification, ring opening and sulfation reactions using epichlorohydrin, fatty alcohol, ethylene glycol and chlorosulfonic acid as the main raw materials. Orthogonal experiments for 1,8-bisalkoxymethylene-3,6-dioxin-1,8-octane disulfate were performed on the sulfation reaction to determine the optimal reaction conditions. The structures of the intermediate and final products were characterized by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis), 1H-NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) methods. The thermal performance of surfactants was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermogravimetric results showed that the sulfate-based Gemini surfactants had good heat resistance (the thermal decomposition temperature of which was in the range of 140∼170?). The Krafft point, surface tension, foaming, Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance Number (HLB), emulsifying, wetting, and lime-soap dispersing performance were measured by visual observation, hanging drop method, aqueous surfactant solution method and Borghetti–Bergman method, respectively. The results have shown that all the sulfate-based Gemini surfactants had good water solubility and lime-soap dispersing ability. When spacer group was -(CH2)2-, with the increase of the carbon chain length from C12 to C14, the micellar concentration critical micelle concentration and surface tension (CMC) gradually increased from 8.25 × 10–4 mol/L to 8.75 × 10–4 mol/L and 27.5 mN/m to 30.9 mN/m, respectively. Also, the sulfate-based Gemini surfactants with the different length of the spacer group had a different effect on their performance on foaming properties and foam properties, HLB and emulsifying ability and wetting ability. FindingsIn view of the important role of the spacer group and the general use of anionic surfactants in oil fields, this article considers the preparation of a series of sulfate-based Gemini surfactants by changing the spacer group and the chain length of the hydrophobic group and evaluating their surface activity, and finally its Kraffi, on the foam properties, HLB value, emulsifying performance, lime soap dispersing ability etc.Originality/valueSulfate-based Gemini surfactants have broad application prospects in the fields of oil and gas exploitation, environmental protection, chemistry and daily chemical industry and so on.

Novel Non-ionic Gemini Surfactants from Fatty Acid and Diethanolamine: Synthesis, Surface-Active Properties and Anticorrosion Study

Series of novel non-ionic Gemini surfactant was prepared in two steps. Initially diethanolamine was converted into amide by using fatty acids viz. lauric acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and stearic acid and corresponding prepared amide reacted with 1,6-dibromohexane to form the non-ionic Gemini surfactants. The formation of the targeted molecule was monitored and confirmed using FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The effect of alkyl chain length of synthesized surfactants on the basic characteristics such as surface tension, foaming, emulsifying capability, lime soap dispersing power and wetting were studied. These new surfactants were investigated for their anticorrosion and biological properties. They have capacity to reduce surface tension of water from 71.8 to 25.44 mN m−1. All the Gemini surfactants possessed good antimicrobial activity against gram positive Bacteria Bacillis subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)octadecanamide based Gemini surfactant have 94.11% corrosion inhibition efficiency against carbon steel. They have low biodegradability.

New mild amphoteric sulfohydroxybetaine-type surfactants containing different labile spacers: Synthesis, surface properties and performance

HypothesisThe excellent performance of zwitterionic alkylamide-type surfactants may be tuned by slight modifications of their structures, especially concerning linking groups between hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties and the moderation of strong NH hydrogen bonds via the introduction of a methyl group attached to the nitrogen. ExperimentsThe influence of the structure of alkylamidehydroxysulfobetaine-type surfactants on their adsorption and micellization, lime soap dispersing ability, wettability, as well as antimicrobial and hemolytic activities was studied in this work. We synthesized a series of novel surfactants with labile CON(Me)CH2 or CH2N(Me) CO spacers that were adjacent to the hydrophobic tail CnH2n+1 and separated from the zwitterionic hydroxysulfobetaine headgroup by C3H6 or C2H4 linkers, i.e., [(3-alkanoyilomethyoamine)propyl] dimethylammonium 2-hydroxypropanesulfonates (CnTMDAS) and [3-(alkylmetyloamino)-3-oxopropyl] dimethylammonium 2-hydroxypropanesulfonates (CnDMPAS), respectively. FindingsThe CnTMDAS surfactants showed slightly higher surface activity and lower CMC than the respective CnDMPAS with the same number of carbon atoms. Moreover, the CnTMDAS series exhibited significantly higher lime soap dispersing abilities and softer interactions with biological systems than CnDMPAS. The molecular modeling computations revealed that the difference in surface activity originated from lower dipole moment of CnTMDAS, hence, lower polarity, whereas higher free energy of dimerization of those surfactants with oleic acid may account for the favorable formation of mixed micelles.

Synthesis, surface active properties and applications of cationic gemini surfactants from triethylenetetramine

The 2-Alkyl-1-diethylenediaminimidazoline based Gemini amphiphiles were successfully synthesized in a two step methodology. In the first steps, triethylenetetramine was reacted with fatty acids namely viz. caprylic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid & palmitic acid to get the corresponding amides which on continuous heating results into 2-alkyl-1-diethylenediaminimidazoline. These imidazolines in second step were reacted with 1, 6-dibromohexane to form targeted cationic Gemini surfactants. The chemical structure of compounds was confirmed by means of FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The effect of alkyl chain length of synthesized surfactants on the basic characteristics such as surface tension, foaming, emulsifying capability, lime soap dispersing power and wetting were studied. These new surfactants were investigated for their biodegradability, anticorrosion and antimicrobial activity. They have capacity to reduce surface tension of water from 71.8 mN.m−1 to 27.42 mN.m−1. The 2-octyl-1-diethylenediaminimidazoline based Gemini surfactant (GSCTDH) showed good biocidal activity against gram positive Bacteria Bacillis subtilis (16.57 mm) & Staphylococcus aureus (19.46 mm). The 2-dodecyl-1-diethylenediaminimidazoline based Gemini surfactant GSLTDH has good inhibition against gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.33 mm) and Escherichia coli (18.31 mm). The biodegradation results allowed classification of synthesis compounds as readily biodegradable. The Gemini surfactant GSCTDH has 96.71% inhibition efficiency against carbon steel. It can be used as an anticorrosion agent.

Performance Evaluation of Novel Sunflower Oil-Based Gemini Surfactant(s) with Different Spacer Lengths: Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery

A series of novel, nonionic gemini surfactants (GSs) with varying spacer lengths were synthesized from sunflower (Helianthus) oil for application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The surfactants were characterized by 1H-NMR and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Critical micelle concentration values increased with temperature due to a delay in micellization of GS molecules in bulk phase. Hydrolytic stability studies revealed that GS solutions possess the ability to displace acidic crude oil through reservoir pores. Crude oil miscibility studies showed the formation of stable emulsion systems. Ultralow interfacial tension was achieved at the oil–aqueous interface in the presence of salt. Surfactant solutions exhibited good tolerance to varying salinity and hardness conditions. GS solutions showed favorably low lime soap dispersion requirement, indicating improved dispersing ability. GS-based foam systems showed enhanced kinetic stabilities with increasing concentration and pseudoplastic flow character that a...

Lime Soap as Bacteria Reducer

Some people in South Kalimantan have used river water to fulfill their daily needs include washing the utensils. Wash the cutlery use river water can cause disease transmission. Squeezed lime has an antibacterial effect in inhibiting bacterial growth. Antibacterial dishwashing soap is effective in reducing pathogenic bacteria. This research is to know the difference of bacterial amount on the variation of contact time with soap. Know the difference of bacteria on the variation of concentration of lime soap and soap without lime. The study used the experimental method with pretest and posttest with control design. The independent variables are a lime soap with a concentration of 40%, 50%, 60% and variable of contact time 30 second, 60 second and 90 seconds. The dependent variable is the number of bacteria on the dinnerware of a dinner plate. The data obtained in this study is the data of measurement of the number of bacteria on the dinner plate. Data analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. MPN coliform examination of river water showed results >2400 CFU/ml sample. There were no significant differences in treatment with contact time variation of 30 seconds, 60 seconds and 90 seconds. The significance value is 0.796 (> 0.05). There were significant differences in the treatment of lime soap with concentration variations of 40%, 50%, 60%, and soap without lime. The value of significance is 0,000 (<0.05).

Lime Soap as Bacteria Reducer

Some people in South Kalimantan have used river water to fulfill their daily needs include washing the utensils. Wash the cutlery use river water can cause disease transmission. Squeezed lime has an antibacterial effect in inhibiting bacterial growth. Antibacterial dishwashing soap is effective in reducing pathogenic bacteria. This research is to know the difference of bacterial amount on the variation of contact time with soap. Know the difference of bacteria on the variation of concentration of lime soap and soap without lime. The study used the experimental method with pretest and posttest with control design. The independent variables are a lime soap with a concentration of 40%, 50%, 60% and variable of contact time 30 second, 60 second and 90 seconds. The dependent variable is the number of bacteria on the dinnerware of a dinner plate. The data obtained in this study is the data of measurement of the number of bacteria on the dinner plate. Data analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. MPN coliform examination of river water showed results &amp;gt;2400 CFU/ml sample. There were no significant differences in treatment with contact time variation of 30 seconds, 60 seconds and 90 seconds. The significance value is 0.796 (&amp;gt; 0.05). There were significant differences in the treatment of lime soap with concentration variations of 40%, 50%, 60%, and soap without lime. The value of significance is 0,000 (&amp;lt;0.05).

Modification of Sodium Lignosulfonate and Evaluation of its Potential Use as Detergent Builders

Sodium lignosulfonate (LS) was modified by polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PPGDE) for the preparation of a surfactant (GLS), and firstly used for detergent builder. The effects of PPGDE content on the reaction and the properties of GLS were investigated. The structure of GLS was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), emulsifying ability, lime soap dispersing power (LSDP), and detergency were characterized. The results showed that GLS had higher surface activity and better emulsifying ability, LSDP, and detergency than that of LS. After decolorized by H2O2, the whiteness retention value of decolorized LS on white cloth reached 91.9%, while that of decolorized GLS increased up to 99.4%. These results suggested that the decolorized GLS may provide a new perspective for detergent builders.

Itaconic Acid Based Surfactants: I. Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium n-Octyl Sulfoitaconate Diester Anionic Surfactant.

A novel itaconate-based surfactant, namely sodium n-octyl sulfoitaconate diester (SOSID), has been synthesized from itaconic acid (IA) and n-octanol by sulfonation and esterification reaction processes. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratios of n-octanol to IA and the catalyst dosage on the esterification were investigated. The chemical structure of the surfactants SOSID was characterized by means of LC–MS and confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The surface tension γ and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined as 25.02 mN/m and 4.0 × 10−4 mol/L by using surface tensiometer at 20 °C. Further investigations showed that SOSID possess excellent wetting, emulsifying and lime soap dispersing properties.

Investigation of Micellization and Vesiculation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid by Means of Self‐Assembling and Self‐Crosslinking

AbstractBioactive and biocompatible conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been only considered as a food or medicine ingredient due to its rare natural occurrence. In this work, the surface activities and pH‐induced self‐assembling behaviors of the semi‐synthetic CLA molecules into micelles or vesicles were systematically investigated. First, the self‐assembling of CLA was studied in detail, and it was found that aside from temperature and ionic strength, pH is the prominent factor affecting the self‐assembling of CLA. Moreover, stable CLA ufasomes (unsaturated fatty acid liposomes) in uniform size were obtained by self‐crosslinking of the CLA ufasomes, and the morphologies of the crosslinked CLA assemblies were recorded by transmission electron microscopy, which made known the pH‐induced formation of the CLA ufasomes or the CLA micelles. The crosslinked CLA assemblies presented improved properties such as a higher calcium stability, a lower lime soap dispersing requirement and a better solubilization ability than that of the CLA molecules themselves or the pre‐crosslinked linoleic acids. These investigations could be helpful for comprehensively understanding effects of environment factors on self‐assembling behaviors of conjugated fatty acids and responsive polymerization of polymerizable surfactants.

Synthesis and properties of novel alkyl sulfate gemini surfactants

Four anionic gemini surfactants of the sulfate type C12CnC12, where n is the spacer chain length (n = 3, 4, 6, and 10) were synthesized. The structures of these surfactants were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, ESI mass spectra (ESI-MS), and elemental analysis. The surface-active properties of these compounds were investigated by means of surface tension, electrical conductivity, and fluorescence measurements. Premicellar aggregations were found for the four gemini surfactants, as revealed by the conductivity measurement. The formation of premicellar aggregates may account for the discrepancy between the critical micelle concentration (cmc) obtained by the surface tension and conductivity measurement. The cmc values of these gemini surfactants were much lower than that of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and decreased monotonously with the increase of spacer chain length from 3 to 10. The effect of spacer chain length on the performance properties like foaming, emulsion stability, and lime soap dispersing ability were also studied and discussed. Practical applications: Alkyl sulfate surfactants are one of the most widely used surfactants. The new alkyl sulfate gemini surfactants synthesized in our study are more surface-active than sodium dodecylsulfate. These gemini surfactants possess low critical micelle concentrations, high emulsion stability, and excellent lime soap dispersing ability. They have potential applications in the fields of cosmetics, detergents, etc.

The Use of a Eutectic Mixture of Olive Pomace Oil Fatty Amides to Easily Prepare Sulfated Amides Applied as Lime Soap Dispersants

AbstractSulfated diethanolamides of fatty acids are known to be effective lime soap dispersing agents. However, their preparation from fatty acids via fatty amides requires the use of organic solvents due to the high viscosity of both fatty amides and sulfated fatty amides. This study shows that the preparation of sulfated fatty amides is relatively easy when using olive pomace oil as the raw material. The latter, is converted into sulfated fatty amides by performing the following steps: saponification, hydrolysis, esterification, amidation, and sulfation. In the final step, the mixture obtained has sufficient fluidity, due to its high linoleic acid amide content, to obviate the use of organic solvents, as usually suggested in the literature. Characterization of the product was carried out by chemical analyses, FTIR, 13C NMR, GC, and HPLC. It was shown that the yield of the amidation reaction is about 80%, and that of the sulfation reaction can exceed 100% against the pure amide (more than one sulfate group could be linked to one amide molecule). On the other hand, the Borghetty test showed that the product is an effective dispersant with a lime soap dispersing power equal to five.

Alkylpolyglycoside: Carbohydrate Based Surfactant

Carbohydrates are growing important renewable raw material for surfactant industry. The development of surfactants based on carbohydrate and vegetable oils is the result of the product concept based on the exclusive use of natural resources. Sugar based surfactants are gaining increased attention due to advantage with regard to performance, health of consumer and environmental compatibility compared to some standard product. Alkylpolyglycoside (APG) is nonionic surfactant prepared from renewable raw materials namely glucose and fatty alcohol. Such products are expected to exhibit surface‐active properties due to the presence of the hydrophilic sugar moiety and the hydrophobic fatty alcohol residues. This article deals with the synthesis of alkylpolyglycoside and the study their surface active properties. APG was prepared by using fatty alcohol varying in chain length from C8‐C18. Effect of alkyl chain length of APG on the basic characteristics such as surface tension, interfacial tension, lime soap dispersing power, detergency, foaming, and wetting were studied. Alkylpolyglycoside prepared from octanol, decanol, and dodecanol are water soluble and shows good surface active properties where as those prepared from long chain fatty alcohols were water insoluble and, therefore, not evaluated for their surface active properties. Incorporation of APG in toilet soap was studied.

Anionic Gemini Surfactants: A Distinct Class of Surfactants

Anionic gemini surfactants are a new class of surfactants that comprise of two anionic head groups and two hydrophobic tails separated by a spacer group. Anionic gemini surfactants have low cmc values and show extraordinary surface activity. These surfactants have good water solubility and their ability to form micelles and lowering surface tension characteristics are fairly good as compared to conventional anionic surfactants. These surfactants have excellent lime soap dispersing ability (LSDA) too. Because of their higher surface activity these surfactants are used as promising surfactants in industrial detergency and emulsification. These surfactants are cost effective in area such as laundry detergent compositions, soil clean up, enhanced oil recovery and hydrotropic agents. This review deals with structure, synthesis, critical micelle concentration, surface active properties, performance properties, uses and biodegradability of anionic geminis.

Surfactants and interfacial phenomena

Surfactants and interfacial phenomena

Surfactant-Enhanced Treatment of Oil-Based Drill Cuttings

Surfactant-enhanced washing of oil-based drill cuttings was evaluated as a technology of benefit to domestic oil producers. Laboratory studies showed the branched C14-C15 alcohol propoxylate sulfate to be a promising surfactant for liberating oils from these drill cuttings. Low concentrations (∼0.1% by weight) of this surfactant produced ultra-low oil-water interfacial tensions (IFTs), thereby allowing the rollup/snap-off mechanisms to liberate drilling oil (C16, C18 alpha olefins) from the cuttings. Surfactant-enhanced washing was compared between oil-based drill cuttings, Canadian River Alluvium (CRA), and silica, showing that the hydrophobic nature of the oil-based cuttings limited the amount of oil removed. The Ca++ content of the cuttings promoted surfactant abstraction by the cuttings, thereby increasing the hydrophobicity and oil retention by the cuttings. For this reason, three components were added to produce a robust system: (1) branched C14-C15 alcohol propoxylate sulfate, (2) octyl-sulfobetaine, and (3) builder (Na2SiO3). The Na2SiO3 builder was added to promote Ca++ sequestration, thereby decreasing the Ca++ available for precipitating the surfactant. The octyl-sulfobetaine helps mitigate high hardness and high hydrophobicity by acting as a lime soap dispersing agent (LSDA). Surfactant losses were minimized and oil removal was maximized by using all three components. When washing with this three-component formulation, oil removal was relatively independent of operating conditions such as bath-cuttings contact time and agitation energy; minimizing the contact time and agitation has the added benefit of reducing the fines production during washing operations. When washing with the three-component formulation, the oil was liberated from the cuttings as a free phase layer, sans surfactant and sans solids. The final (post washing) oil content of oil-based cuttings was in the range of 2% to 5%, which is below treatment standards for these cuttings. In addition, greater than 85% of the initial branched C14-C15 alcohol propoxylate sulfate remained in the bath after washing, which minimizes the need for make-up surfactant when the wash water is reused.

Modification of Alkylbetaine by Incorporation of Hydroxypropyl Group: Preparation, Surface Activity, and Biodegradability of N-Alkoxy-Hydroxypropyl-N, N-Dimethyl-Glycine Betaine Surfactants

ABSTRACT Five novel zwitterionic surfactants with alkylbetaine structure incorporated by hydroxypropyl group have been prepared. The structure and composition of these compounds of high purity were identified by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. Their isoelectric points have been determined by pH-titration method and lie in the range of 5.0-5.1. Surface tension experiment have demonstrated that these surfactants have higher surface activity than those without hydroxypropyl group. CMC, γCMC, free energy of micellization and area per molecule in micelles of each surfactants have also been studied. Plot of log CMC vs. the length of alkyl chain gives a straight line. The addition of Na+ ions influences their CMCs slightly which is assignable to the inner salt-like structure of these molecules. All the surfactants prepared in this work have Krafft points below 0°C, possess calcium stability >1800 and good Lime Soap Dispersing Property and foam property. Biodegradability of them has also been tested suggesting that they can be used without any environmental problems.

Synthesis and Surface Properties of Amino Acid Surfactants from Industrial Waste Proteins

N-Acyl amino acid surfactants (AAS) were chemically derived from industrial waste protein hydrolysates [cottonseed (CSD), silk residue (SR), and silk chrysalis (SC)] according to two methods: (1) reacting hydrolysates with alkyl acyl chloride, followed by purification and neutralization with alcoholic sodium hydroxide; (2) reacting hydrolysate with fatty alcohols in organic solvents followed by purification. The yield of purified mixed AAS (sodium salt) was ∼60−75%; amino acid ester from glutamic acid was considerably higher (85−92%) than the sodium salt derivatives. Results indicate that as acyl chain length (i.e., C12−C18) increased, surface tension of AAS increased, critical micelle concentration (cmc) decreased, and Krafft point increased. The emulsifying power of AAS in O/W emulsion was better with n-decanol as an oil phase than liquid paraffin. The C12 derivatives of all the mixed AAS showed high foaming power. Mixed AAS from CSD exhibited the best lime soap dispersing requirement (5.7−6.5 g/100 g). The diameter of micelle increased for glutamic acid AAS (GA-AAS) and CSD-AAS as the acyl chain length increased (i.e, C12−C18). The hydrodynamic diameter of AAS followed the order SC > CSD > GA. Generally, AAS with C12 produced good surface properties. Keywords: Amino acid surfactants; synthesis; surface properties; industrial waste proteins

Studies on Synthesis and Properties of Surfactants with Specific Functions

Novel surfactants with specific functions were sinthesized from inexpensive, commercially available bulk chemicals by convenient synthetic methods. All were characterized by features such as chemical degradability, catalitic activity for a halide displacement reaction (Finkelstein reaction), ability to disperse lime soap and complex with alkali metal cations. Applications for emulsion polimerization, surface-active properties, stability constants of complexes with alkali metal ions, and solubilization of alkali metal picrates in organic solvents were studies.