Lime Citrus Research Articles

Inhibitory and complementary therapeutic effect of sweet lime (Citrus limetta) against RNA-viruses

Sweet lime (), known as 'Mousambi' or 'Mosambi' in India, is one of the best citrus fruits regarding its nutrient contents. Its bioactive compounds (BAC) are exclusively used for multiple clinical applications considering many therapeutic benefits not only in Asian countries but also in the western world. The fruit pulp and juice are the best sources of ascorbic acid, B-vitamins, amino acids, and other secondary metabolites. Specifically, polyphenols such as flavanones, hesperetin, naringenin, and chlorogenic acid are highly rich in the fruit. The nutrients in sweet lime altogether provide significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the inhibitory and complementary therapeutic effects of sweet lime's pulp and juices to inhibit the virulence caused by RNA viruses, mainly SARS-CoV-2. This review study was designed based on extensive online searches of relevant open-access literature available in the best quality and reliable databases by using specific keywords and boolean operators. After a rigorous review, we found that flavanones in the fruit can alter or inhibit the polyproteins (pp1a and pp1b) responsible for viral replication. Therefore, sweet lime has potentialities to provide an inhibitory and a complementary therapeutic effect against RNA viruses, mainly SARS-CoV-2. About the antiviral activities, more clinical trials are needed to prove its efficacy; however, reviewing current knowledge, is one of the potent antioxidant, inflammatory fruits available and affordable almost worldwide.

Application of Doyle and Doyle method for DNA isolation from pamelo yellow orange (Citrus maxima Merr), lime orange (C. limon) and sunkist orange (C. sinensis)

Various species of the genus Citrus have grown naturally and were cultivated in Indonesia as a mega-biodiversity country. In recent years, the nutritional content and antioxidant activity of citrus fruits has been used to prevent of the various chronic and degenerative human diseases including potential as an antidote to viruses. Development of the potential and superiority of Indonesian oranges including Pomelo yellow orange (Citrus maxima Merr), lime orange (C. limon) and Sunkist orange (C. sinensis) are needed to be done with molecular characterization that begins with DNA isolation. The study was conducted with the aim of applying the Doyle and Doyle method for DNA isolation to all of the three types of oranges. The method for isolate DNA from plant usually use Cethyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS). The aim of this study is to isolate DNA from the orange leaves of Pomelo Yellow Orange, Lime Orange and Sunkist Orange with the Doyle & Doyle method. The results of the isolation of orange DNA were measured using NanoDrop. The results showed that the DNA of the three oranges had purity of pomelo yellow oranges 1,83, limes 1.8 and sunkist oranges 1,51. The concentrations obtained from each of the oranges were Yellow Bali Citrus 532 ng / µl, Lime Citrus 664.5 ng / µl and Sunkist Orange 888.6 ng / µl.

First report on efficacy of Citrus limetta seed oil in controlling cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in red Sahiwal calves

The objective of the study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of Citrus limetta seed oil (CLO) for controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. C. limetta seeds were collected as a waste product from different juice corners. CLO was obtained after extraction of seeds on soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane as solvent. It was characterized through Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy (GC-HRMS) to determine the presence of active constituents. In vitro bioassays were performed using adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). In vivo acaricidal efficacy of CLO was performed on red Sahiwal calves using ear bag method. Clinical safety of CLO was evaluated by observing haematological parameters and skin irritancy assay. Results of GC-HRMS showed that mainly fatty acids such as linoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid were present in the CLO. CLO in the concentration of 125 mg/mL (CLO8) exhibited 100 % mortality in both AIT and LPT. CLO significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the number of ticks from 35 to 5.05 and 3.24 on 144 h after treatment with CLO7 and CLO8, respectively. CLO was found clinically safe without producing erythema and edema on skin. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (11.48 g/100 mL), total leucocytes count (4.32 106/cumm), total erythrocytes count (6.80 106/cumm), and packed cell volume (34.39 %) were normal and controlled. CLO may be used as effective and safe drug therapy for controlling R. microplus ticks.

Adsorption and Inhibiting Mild Steel Corrosion in Natural Lemon and Lime Citrus Fruit Juices by Alanine

Adsorption and Inhibiting Mild Steel Corrosion in Natural Lemon and Lime Citrus Fruit Juices by Alanine

Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Starch and Modified Bee Wax on Properties of Sweet Lime Pomace Based Biodegradable Containers

Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Starch and Modified Bee Wax on Properties of Sweet Lime Pomace Based Biodegradable Containers

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Citrus limetta (sweet lime) peel waste

The fast development of nanomaterials in the quest for green, eco-friendly routes for new products often culminates in the utilization plant biomasses for the synthesis of sustainable nanoparticles. In this study, an eco-friendly, and cost-effective method has been established for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using sweet lime peel extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The CuONPs formed were almost agglomerated spherical in shape with a discrete rough appearance. The particle sizes measured from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ranged from 90-175 nm. The results revealed the cost effective, time saving, renewable, green and sustainable route for CuONPs to be formed. This may open a new avenue of methods to reuse sweet lime peels.

Green Synthesized Cu@Carbon Quantum Dots for Histidine and Arsenate Sensing

In this work, we report green synthesis of Cu-doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs), abbreviated as Cu@CQDs, using CQDs derived from Citrus limetta waste pulp, as a reducing and capping agent. Synthesis parameters are optimized in terms of synthesis temperature and thus optimized Cu@CQDs are characterized for their structural and optical properties. They exhibit a surface plasmon peak at ~575 nm and are of size ~6 nm. The as prepared Cu@CQDs are studied for colorimetric and absorbance based sensing of histidine and arsenate (As (V)), respectively. The imidazole side chain of histidine act as a coordinating ligand, and the results into aggregation of Cu@CQDs, leading to their color change from colorless to blue. With this approach, Cu@CQDs is found to detect histidine with high selectivity and in a wide concentration range of 10 to 100 mM. The detection limit is further found to be 17.82 mM, Moreover, the rich surface functionalities of Cu@CQDs are also utilized for absorbance based detection of As (V) detection. The Cu@CQDs were found to detect As (V) in 10-1000 ppb concentration range with a detection limit of ~18 ppb (standard deviation ~0.03).

Elimination of methyl violet 2B dye from water using Citrus limetta leaves-activated carbon modified by copper-ferrite nanoparticles

ABSTRACT In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared by calcination of Citrus limetta leaves and then modified by copper-ferrite nanoparticles (CuFe2O4). Afterward, AC/CuFe2O4 composite was used to remove methyl violet 2B (MV2B) dye from aqueous solution. Structural properties of AC/CuFe2O4 composite was determined by BET, SEM, EDX/Mapping, FTIR, Raman, TGA and DLS analyses. The specific surface area of the AC/CuFe2O4 composite was obtained 91.4 m2/g. Also, the maximum uptake efficiency of MV2B dye was obtained to be 97.85%, which achieved at pH 7, contact time of 120 min, temperature of 25°C, initial dye concentration of 10 mg/l and adsorbent dosage of 10 g/L. Moreover, the kinetic study showed that the adsorption data are more consistent with the quasi-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999). In addition, the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.981) better described the equilibrium behavior of the sorption process. Furthermore, the maximum uptake capacity was obtained to be 80.65 mg/g, which is a significant amount. Besides, thermodynamic data showed that the adsorption of MV2B using the AC/CuFe2O4 composite was spontaneous and exothermic. Also, the reusability of the AC/CuFe2O4 composite showed that the composite can be reused for up to four cycles.

Green synthesis of spherical TiO2 nanoparticles using Citrus Limetta extract: Excellent photocatalytic water decontamination agent for RhB dye

In this research work, TiO2 nanoparticles has been prepared by eco-friendly green synthesis technique using Citrus Limetta extract which is rarely used. The citric acid present within the extract acted as reducing and capping agent for nanoparticles resulting pure TiO2 nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) analysis. The synthesized nanoparticles are approximately 80–100 nm in size, spherical in shape and distribution of the nanoparticles was almost uniform all over the sample. The calculated band gap of nanoparticles was 3.22 eV which confirmed the formation of anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles. The enhanced photocatalytic activity with respect to time and catalyst concentration was examined for RhB acting as a model dye which is better than many reported results. Almost 90% dye was degraded within 80 min which shows its excellent photocatalytic efficiency.

Active Biodegradable Films Based on Sweet Lime Peel Residue and Its Effect on Quality of Fish Fillets

Residual sweet lime peels after the extraction of essential oil by solvent free microwave extraction were used for developing biodegradable film. Glycerol as a plasticizer, soya lecithin as an emulsifier and sweet lime essential oil (0, 1, 2 and 3%) as an active agent was employed. Developed films were analyzed for their mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties. The films (with 3% essential oil) which reported highest antimicrobial property against E. coli (24.24 ± 2.69 mm) were wrapped on fish fillet and stored at the refrigerated condition for 12 days. The quality of fish fillets was evaluated every 4 days and compared with polyethylene wrapped and control fish fillets. The active film wrapped sample showed less surface microbial count (3.28 ± 0.16 log cfu/cm2) compared to polyethylene wrapped sample. The hardness values were increased during storage and cohesiveness and springiness of all wrapped samples decreased from day 0 to day 12.

Effect of Process Parameters on Extraction of Pectin from Sweet Lime Peels

Pectin is a heterogeneous polysaccharide found in the cell wall, middle lamellae of many fruits and vegetables, and is widely used as gelling agent, emulsifier and stabilizer in food industry. In keeping the importance of pectin in the food industry, ultrasound-assisted extraction of pectin from sweet lime peel was investigated. The individual and interactive effect of solid-solvent ratio, ultrasound power intensity and sonication time on the pectin yield, equivalent weight and methoxyl content were studied and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The maximum pectin yield (36.4 g/100 g), equivalent weight (740.3 mg) and methoxyl content (7.1%) was obtained under optimal condition (solid-solvent ratio of 1:24.3 g/ml, ultrasound power intensity of 80 W/cm2 and sonication time of 18.4 min). Significant (p < 0.05) effect of process parameters was found in all responses of pectin extracted from sweet lime peel. It was also revealed from the present study that ultrasound-assisted extraction of pectin from sweet lime peel is an efficient approach toward waste valorization and extraction of pectin with high yield and good quality attributes.

Detection of fraud in lime juice using pattern recognition techniques and FT-IR spectroscopy.

The lime juice is one of the products that has always fallen victim to fraud by manufacturers for reducing the cost of products. The aim of this research was to determine fraud in distributed lime juice products from different factories in Iran. In this study, 101 samples were collected from markets and also prepared manually and finally derived into 5 classes as follows: two natural classes (Citrus limetta, Citrus aurantifolia), including 17 samples, and three reconstructed classes, including 84 samples (made from Spanish concentrate, Chinese concentrate, and concentrate containing adulteration compounds). The lime juice samples were freeze‐dried and analyzed using FT‐IR spectroscopy. At first, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for clustering, but the samples were not thoroughly clustered with respect to their original groups in score plots. To enhance the classification rates, different chemometric algorithms including variable importance in projection (VIP), partial least square‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA), and counter propagation artificial neural networks (CPANN) were used. The best discriminatory wavenumbers related to each class were selected using the VIP‐PLS‐DA algorithm. Then, the CPANN algorithm was used as a nonlinear mapping tool for classification of the samples based on their original groups. The lime juice samples were correctly designated to their original groups in CPANN maps and the overall accuracy of the model reached up to 0.96 and 0.87 for the training and validation procedures. This level of accuracy indicated the FT‐IR spectroscopy coupled with VIP‐PLS‐DA and CPANN methods can be used successfully for detection of authenticity of lime juice samples.

First record of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) and a tritrophic relation with parasitoids in a citrus orchard in Pará state, Brazil

ABSTRACT Citriculture is a growing industry in Pará state, Brazil, but information regarding fruit flies and their associated parasitoids in this region is lacking. To address this gap in knowledge, we collected oranges (Citrus sinensis), lime oranges (C. sinensis), common sweet limes (C. limettioides), citrons (C. medica) and mandarins (C. reticulata). We recorded field infestation by Anastrepha obliqua in C. sinensis under natural conditions for the first time in the study region, and a tritrophic relationship between C. sinensis, A. obliqua, and the parasitoids Opius bellus and Asobara anastrephae was identified.

Hesperidin-rich ethanol extract from waste peels of Citrus limetta mitigates rheumatoid arthritis and related complications.

The aim of this study is to explore the possible pharmacological effects of fruit waste that may have a key role in converting the fruit waste into pharmaceutical agents. Citrus limetta (Rutaceae) is an important commercial citrus fruit crops used by juice processing industries. C. limetta peels are perishable waste material, which creates a big challenge in juice processing industries. Initial pharmaco-chemical profile of peels' extracts revealed that the ethanol extract (ClPs) has promising anti-inflammatory activity and rich in hesperidin content. In vivo experimental pharmacology profile of ClPs against arthritis and related complications revealed that oral administration of ClPs significantly reduced the arthritis score and arthritis index in elbow and knee joints against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Biochemical parameters include pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A), and C-RP level in blood serum of CIA rats further confirmed the anti-arthritic profile of ClPs. Further individual experiments related to arthritis-related complications in experimental animals demonstrated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic potential of ClPs in dose-dependent manner. The result of this study suggests the suitability of ClPs as a drug-like candidate for further investigation toward the management of arthritis and related complications.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Citrus Limetta on Wistar Albino Rats Hrishabh Jangid*, Mohammad Mukim, Rahul Ancheria, Ankit Sharma Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota, Rajasthan, India

The methanolic extract of citrus limetta (MECL) peel was screened for hepatoprotective activity in hepatotoxic wistar albino rats induced via paracetamol (PCM) and carbon tetra chloride (CCL4). Hepatoprotective activity of MECL was measured by estimating biochemical parameters such as AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), SGPT (serum glutamine pyruvate transferase), SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase). It was observed that administration of PCM, CCL4 decrease the level of proteins and increased the level of serum marker enzymes which is an evidence of existence of hepatotoxicity in rats. The present results provide strong evidence that MECL inhibits hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4 and PCM. The hepatoprotective action was much more significant at the dose of 2ml/kg when compared to 1mg/kg.&#x0D;

Amino acid profile of the peel of three citrus species and its effect on the combination of amino acids and fatty acids Chlorella vulgaris

Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris that is characterized by fast growth has been studied for the production of amino acid and fatty acid. Mass cultivation of C. vulgaris is necessary to achieve economically feasible production of microalgal products. In this study amino acid from lemon (Citrus limon), sweet lemon (Citrus limetta), and pomelo (Citrus maxima) peels were used as an inexpensive nutrient source for the cultivation C. vulgaris to improve fatty acid and amino acid content. The total content of amino acids were 42.3 g/100 g for lemon, 23.9 g/100 g for pomelo, and 21.9 g/100 g for sweet lemon. The main amino acids of the selected citrus peels were proline, serine, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, ornithine, glutamic acid, lysine, and valine, most of which are glucogenic that contain sufficient nutrients for mixotrophic cultivation. The citrus peels’ amino acids differentially increased the amount of saturated (1.5–3.6 fold), monounsaturated (1.5 fold), omega-7 monounsaturated (1.3–5.8 fold) fatty acids and non-essential amino acids (1.8–2.2 fold) in C. vulgaris. The results suggest that growth of C. vulgaris in citrus peel amino acid supplemented medium increases unsaturated fatty acid production that citrus peel has potential for use in the mass cultivation of C. vulgaris.

Sorption kinetics of an eco-friendly and sustainable Cr (VI) ion scavenger in a batch reactor

In the present work, Cr (VI) was successfully biosorbed and reduced to less toxic Cr (III) by using chitosan coated MnO2 nanoparticles synthesized through green route using curcumin and Citrus limetta peel extract. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of chromium loaded nanoparticles confirmed that most of the Cr (VI) ions were reduced to Cr (III). Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic images showed that these nanoparticles were spherical in shape, crystalline in nature, ranged from 14 to 24 nm in size. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino groups on its surface. The dynamic light scattering showed a size distribution of nanoparticles as 299.50 ± 25.32 nm. High Brunauer- Emmett-Teller specific surface area (76.19 m2/g) of these nanoparticles provided more active sites for binding of chromium ions. Energy dispersive X-ray and ultimate analysis indicated the presence of Mn, O, C, H, and N. These elements were the major components of these nanoparticles and confirmed the presence of chitosan on nanoparticle surface. The lower value of pHzpc (3.17) proved the suitability of acidic pH values for conducting biosorption experiments. The values of dimensionless numbers and diffusivity coefficients indicated that biosorption was controlled by film and pore diffusion. Pseudo-second order (R2 = 0.99) and Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.99) showed a better goodness of fit over other kinetic and isotherm models. The thermodynamic study showed that biosorption was exothermic and spontaneous. But, the enthalpy is endothermic and the reaction is entropy driven. Results showed that these nanoparticles have high Cr (VI) uptake capacity (92.19 mg/g) and can be reused over several cycles of adsorption–desorption.

Biocidal activity of citrus limetta peel extract mediated green synthesized silver quantum dots against MCF-7 cancer cells and pathogenic bacteria

Monodispersed silver quantum dots (Ag QDs) of sub 5 nm range are prepared through a facile and size-controllable green synthesis route using sweet lime (Citrus limetta) peel (SLP) extract. Powder X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of face-centered-cubic structured Ag QDs which is corroborated by selected area electron diffraction. The Ag QDs show an absorption maximum at ~415 nm due to characteristic surface plasmon resonance. The Ag QDs prepared at 80 °C exhibit high photoluminescence quenching, indicating low recombination rate and high lifetime of photoexcited electrons. The examination of SLP extract by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy reveals the presence of citrate and carbohydrate biomolecules that could be responsible for the formation of small and stable Ag QDs. The cytotoxic studies indicate that the synthesized Ag QDs are able to effect 71% cancer cells death at 100 µg/mL concentration. Moreover, Ag QDs exhibit minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 50 μg/mL against all the selected pathogenic bacteria. Present findings suggest that Ag QDs obtained by SLP extract mediated green synthesis can be employed as a low-cost and eco-friendly biocidal agent.

Petitgreine essential oil of &lt;i&gt;Citrus limon&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Osbeck varieties and hybrids when growing in wet subtropic conditions

The article presents data on the content and composition of petitgrain essential oil of six varieties and hybrids of lemon growing in open ground in a humid subtropical climate (Republic of Abkhazia): Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck'Odishi', C. limon 'Large-fruited', hybrids C. limon 24517 and 31375, small-fruited limetta ( Citrus limetta Risso) and sweet lemon ( C. limetta 'Chontipico'). The leaves of the studied varieties contain from 0,18 to 0,42% of essential oil (wet weight) straw-colored with lemon aroma. In the essential oil of the 'Large-fruited' variety, hybrid 24517 and small-fruited lime, citral isomers and D-limonene predominate, which cause a pronounced lemon aroma of the oil. The 'Odishi' essential oil has a lemon-pink aroma with floral notes, which is explained by the predominance of citronellal and citronelol in it. Sweet lemon petitgrain oil has similar floral notes, with linalool and citronellal as the major components. A mixed lemon-floral-woody aroma is possessed by the essential oil from the leaves of hybrid 31375, in which, in addition to citral and linalool, sabinene is present. The 'Large-fruited' variety is characterized by the highest content (0,42%) and quality of petitgrain oil.

Antioxidant Properties in Methanol Extract of Kernels of Commonly Marketed Indian Fruits

ABSTRACT In the present study, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the methanol extracts of kernels obtained from the selected fruits such as Mangifera indica, Citrus sinensis, Citrus limetta, Punica granatum, and Carica papaya commonly marketed in India and their antioxidant properties were studied. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in kernel extracts (measures in mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g fresh weight and mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g fresh weight, respectively) varied significantly with species (p <0.05) and ranged between 2.35–7.79 and 0.16–1.17, respectively. Antioxidant activities in kernel extract in terms of 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2, 2ʹ-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and ferric reducing antioxidant power (expressed in µM ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g fresh weight) was found maximum in M. indica (102.8, 182.3 and 48.8, respectively) among the tested fruits. Cluster analysis based on biochemical attributes indicated that the kernel of M. indica is biochemically different from other kernels. Thus the present study concludes that the kernel of M. indica should be scaled up for industrial utilization as it possesses significantly higher antioxidant activities as compared to other kernels.