Reduction In Limb Circumference Research Articles

Effectiveness of Lymphovenular Anastomosis and Complex Decongestive Therapy for the Treatment of Lymphedema in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Background: Lymphedema is a common breast cancer side effect, with an average incidence of 30%. The gold standard conservative treatment for lymphedema is complex decongestive therapy (CDT), which includes manual lymphatic drainage, compression therapy, skin care, and exercise. Lymphovenular anastomosis (LVA) is a microsurgical technique that intends to redirect excess lymphatic fluid to the venous circulation; this procedure is usually performed when conservative treatment fails. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of LVA and CDT for the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). Methods and Results: The search was performed in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, and LILACS. Inclusion criteria were (1) population: women with BCRL; (2) intervention: treated with LVA and CDT; and (3) outcome: primary outcome was lymphedema reduction. Secondary outcome was quality of life. Risk of bias and quality of study reporting were also assessed. The search found 3872 articles, with 5 articles meeting the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes) criteria, 4 pre-post studies, and one observational cohort study. The total sample included 2763 patients. Follow-up was variable. The follow-up varies from 7.8 to 120 months, with an average of 35 months. Lymphedema reduction was obtained in the five studies. Conclusion: The present systematic review suggests that for patients with lymphedema secondary to breast cancer, the combination of both treatments is effective in reducing the size of the limb and improving quality of life. Low-quality evidence was found for both limb circumference reduction and quality of life. Additional research effort is needed to reduce bias and improve the quality of evidence, in order to better inform clinical practice and enhance the care and well-being of patients with BCRL.

The Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet versus Moderate-Carbohydrate and Fat Diet on Body Composition in Patients with Lipedema.

IntroductionLipedema is a disorder characterized by an excessive accumulation of subcutaneous body fat, mainly bilateral and symmetrical accumulation of fat deposits, particularly in the lower extremities excluding feet. Pain (spontaneous or with palpation) and increased capillary fragility with bruising are also part of clinical presentation. It is estimated to occur in approximately 11.0% of women worldwide. Management of obesity among patients with lipedema is a key component in its treatment.PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of two diets: low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (LCHF) and medium-fat-medium-carbohydrate diet (MFMC) in body weight, body fat and limb circumference reduction in patients with lipedema.Material and MethodsThe studied women (n = 91) were divided into 2 groups and submitted to 1 of the 2 diets for 16 weeks. Anthropometric measurements such as body height [cm], body weight [kg], body fat percentage [%], body fat [kg], lean body mass [kg], and visceral fat level were collected at the beginning and end of the study.ResultsWe have not found any significant differences in anthropometric measurements at the baseline between groups. Body weight and all anthropometric parameters decreased significantly in both groups after 16 weeks of diets, excluding the circumference above the right ankle for the MFMC diet which did not change. The LCHF diet contributed to reduction of body weight (−8.2 ± 4.1 kg vs −2.1 ± 1.0 kg; p < 0.0001), body fat (−6.4 ± 3.2 kg vs 1.6 ± 0.8 kg; p < 0.0001), waist (−7.8 ± 3.9 cm vs −2.3 ± 1.1 cm; p < 0.0001), hips (−7.4 ± 3.7 cm vs −2.5 ± 1.3 cm; p < 0.0001), thighs and calves’ circumferences compared with the MFMC diet. We observed reduction of pain in the extremities and mobility improvement in LCHF group (data not shown).ConclusionThe LCHF diet was more effective than MFMC in body weight, body fat and lower limb circumferences reduction.

Gastroepiploic vascularized lymph node transfer for extremities’ lymphedema: Is two better than one? A retrospective case-control study

Single (SG-VLN) and double gastroepiploic vascularized lymph node transfer (DG-VLN) have shown promising results for the treatment of extremities' lymphedema. The literature search yields only few other cases describing outcomes following double VLN transfers, but no comparative studies have been produced so far. The aim of this study was to retrospectively examine and compare the effects of SG-VLN versus DG-VLN transfer. All patients diagnosed with extremities' stage II and III lymphedema who had undergone SG-VLN or DG-VLN between January 2012 and December 2018 were identified from two institutions' databases. Demographic and surgical data were collected. The primary endpoint was the comparison of the reduction in limb circumference (CRR) within 12 months post-surgery. Secondary endpoints included the reduction of cellulitis episodes and patients' quality of life improvement. Eighty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. At 12 months of follow-up, higher CRR values were observed in the double inset group (p<0.05*) both at above elbow/above knee (AE/AK) level (SG-VLN: 70.6% ± 0.6%; DG-VLN: 72.2% ± 0.7%) and at below elbow/below knee level (SG-VLN: 59.1% ± 1.3%; DG-VLN: 61.6% ± 3.7%). Subgroup analyses of the involved limb (upper vs lower) were consistent with the primary treatment effects. The reduction of cellulitis episodes did not differ between the two groups, while the DG-VLN group showed better results in the overall satisfaction function, symptoms, and mood domains of the LYMQoL questionnaire (p=0.04). The study suggests that either single or double transfer can produce excellent results, but double inset of the gastroepiploic VLNT flap may produce greater volume reductions both at 12 and 24 months. Further studies with a larger sample size are warranted to corroborate our results.

Endoscopic gluteus maximus tendon release for external snapping hip syndrome: a functional assessment

PurposeThe aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the clinical follow-up of patients with external snapping hip syndrome (ESHS) treated with endoscopic gluteus maximus tendon release and to compare the residual muscular strength and thigh circumference as an indirect outcome measure.MethodsPatients of all ages with external snapping hip syndrome were treated with endoscopic gluteus maximus tendon release. Outcome measures evaluated included: visual analog scale (VAS), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), and Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS). The gluteus maximus strength and the circumference of the thigh were also evaluated.ResultsAmong 25 patients, 23 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and one patient was lost to follow-up. The series included 22 patients, 6 males and 16 females with a mean age of 27.9 ± 13.4 years (range 16–76 years). All patients had resolution of the snapping symptoms after the procedure. The mean follow-up was 18 ± 9.3 months. All outcomes improved in a statistically significant manner: VAS value decreased from 6.8 (range 6–8) to 0.6 (range 0–4) (p < 0.001), mHHS increased from 48.6 (range 17.6–67) to 88.2 (range 67–94.6) (p < 0.001), NAHS increased from 49.0 (range 21.5–66) to 90.8 (range 66–98.75) (p < 0.001). A statistically significant reduction of operated limb thigh circumference compared to the contralateral side (3.7%) was also found, while there were no statistical differences regarding the strength of gluteus maximus muscles.ConclusionsEndoscopic gluteus maximus tendon release is an excellent surgical option to treat snapping hip syndrome. The evaluated muscle strength revealed no functional impairment. The significance of the limb circumference reduction has yet to be determined.Level of evidenceIV: retrospective comparative trial.

Efficacy of Microsurgical Treatment of Primary Lymphedema: A Systematic Review.

Treatment of lymphedema remains a challenging clinical problem. Lymphatic surgery has recently gained momentum as an effective method to treat both early- and late-stage disease. In particular, "physiologic" microsurgical techniques including vascularized lymph node transplant and lymphovenous bypass/anastomosis have been shown to be effective in treating even advanced lymphedema. Most published reports describe techniques and success in secondary lymphedema. Traditionally, physiologic surgery was not believed to be useful in the treatment of primary lymphedema where baseline lymphatic function is abnormal. However, recent studies have shown a benefit in these cases. The objective of this study is to evaluate outcomes and complications of physiologic microsurgical treatment for primary lymphedema. The electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and MEDLINE were searched using key words "primary lymphedema" and "surgery" (also vascularized lymph node transplant, lymphovenous bypass, microsurgery). Only human studies published between 2000 and 2021 were included. Studies that only included ablative or resection surgeries were excluded. A total of 10 studies comprising 254 patients with primary lymphedema who underwent 357 physiologic microsurgical operations were included. Lymphovenous bypass comprised 88% of cases, and in the patients who underwent vascularized lymph node transplant, all but 1 flap survived. Regardless of type of operative intervention, all studies showed a statistically significant improvement in lymphedema, through either reduction in limb circumference or edema volume or improvement in quality of life. Physiologic lymphatic surgery has shown success and improvement for patients with primary lymphedema. Based on current literature, physiologic surgical treatment of primary lymphedema should be considered when treating this patient population.

The Nodovenous Shunt and Reduction Surgery for Post-Filarial Lymphedema-Surgical Technique and Clinical Outcomes.

Background Most of the patients in our Indian setting present with grade 4 lymphedema in which no other surgical option is available and in these debilitating cases the nodovenous shunt followed by reduction surgery provides acceptable outcomes. We would like to describe the surgical technique used for the nodovenous shunt procedure and debulking surgery done in post-filarial lymphedema and share our experience with clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods This was a descriptive study. The study period was from 2010 to 2019. Patient records were reviewed retrospectively, and the data was analyzed. All patients with post-filarial lymphedema, operated by two surgeons, were studied. The surgical technique was described. Results In the study period, 16 patients with lymphedema were treated surgically. The number of procedures done was 32. In 14 of them nodovenous shunt followed by debulking surgery was done. Two of the patients with post-filarial lymphedema had multiple nodules following secondary skin changes and in them sculpting surgery was done following the nodovenous shunt. Most of the patients presented with grade 4 lymphedema. In all the patients there was significant (>5 cm) reduction in limb circumference postoperatively. Conclusion Nodovenous shunt followed by reduction surgery for lymphedema is a reliable surgical option to reduce disease morbidity in patients with post-filarial lymphedema.

Comparing the efficacy of a combination of artificial lymphatics in the form of silicone tube and compressive therapy versus compressive therapy only in upper limb lymphedema following axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial

Objectives of this Trial: The objectives of this trial were to compare the treatment of lymphedema by creating artificial pathways along with standard compressive therapy versus standard therapy alone in Stage 2 and 3 lymphedema. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 patients were randomized into two groups. Silicone group (n = 8) received the placement of fenestrated silicone tubes subcutaneously from the hand to scapular region along with standard compression therapy, and the control group (n = 10) received standard compression therapy only. Follow-up was for 6 months. Results: A mean reduction of limb volume in the silicone group was 887 ml (25%), whereas in the control group, it was 250 ml (8%) (P = 0.01). All patients, 8 (100%) of silicone group and only 4 (40%) of control group, had ≥10% limb volume reduction at the end of 24 weeks with P = 0.013. More number of patients in the silicone group had a mean reduction in limb circumference of ≥2 cm as compared to the control group at almost all points of measurements along the limb with P

Orthotopic transfer of vascularized groin lymph node flap in the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema: Clinical results, lymphoscintigraphy findings, and proposed mechanism

Vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) has become very popular in the treatment of secondary lymphedema. However, the mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the outcome of vascularized groin lymph node (VGLN) transfer using axilla as a recipient site in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) and (2) to provide radiological evidence of lymphangiogenesis in VLNT. Between August 2013 and June 2016, 30 consecutive patients with a mean age of 60 years underwent VGLN transfer for BCRL. A skinless VGLN flap nourished by the superficial circumflex iliac vessels was transferred to the axillary region of the lymphedematous limb. The outcomes were assessed clinically with limb circumference measurement and radiologically with lymphoscintigraphy. At a mean follow-up of 22.11 ± 7.83 months, 21 (70%) patients had reduction in limb circumference. The mean circumference reduction rate of the lymphedematous limb was 47.06% ± 27.92% (range, 0% to 100%). Eleven (37%) patients showed radiological improvement in postoperative lymphoscintigraphy that included 7 cases of faster contrast transport and 4 cases of visualization of transplanted lymph node. Patients with BCRL can benefit from orthotopic VGLN transfer. Lymphangiogenesis is supported by the appearance of transplanted lymph nodes in postoperative lymphoscintigraphy.

Multinational, pilot audit of a Velcro adjustable compression wrap system for venous and lymphatic conditions.

The aim of this small pilot audit was to record the performance of an adjustable Velcro compression wrap, ReadyWrap, and the experiences of patients and health-care professionals using the system as a self-care option for the management of venous and lymphatic leg conditions in both the treatment and maintenance phases. This audit was held within a 4-week review period. Participants included venous leg ulcer (VLU) patients with and without oedema, and patients with lymphoedema. Where open wounds were present they were managed with debridement, skin care and dressings according to clinical need. Lymphoedema patients received manual lymphatic drainage and skin care regimens as per standard practice. The Velcro system evaluated formed part of a treatment pathway with compression bandages and/or compression hosiery as clinically indicated. Patients, carers and health-care professionals applied the garments following assessment and training. Objective data recorded included change in circumferential measurements and improvement in wound status. Observation of health-care professionals, patients and carers with regard to the comfort and ease of application/removal of the device were recorded. There were 17 patients included in the audit. Within the 4-week period a reduction in limb circumference was recorded in all cases. Improvements in open wounds were recorded in most cases. Following the 4-week audit period 94% of the application of the device was performed by either the patient (59%) or the carer (35%) thereby reducing the health-care professional contact that was required for application. Early results in this small audit demonstrate that this adjustable Velcro compression wrap may provide a simple, clinically effective and patient-acceptable solution for self-care with compression. Use of this type of device could have the potential to reduce overall health-care burden by reducing necessary skilled treatment visits and/or cost while still achieving good clinical outcomes. Further studies are required to confirm this pilot study and provide additional data.

Physical exercises for breast cancer survivors: effects of 10 weeks of training on upper limb circumferences.

[Purpose] The aims of this study were to verify the effects on upper limb circumferences and total body extracellular water of 10 weeks of Nordic Walking (NW) and Walking (W), both alone and combined with a series of exercises created for breast cancer survivors, the ISA method. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty breast cancer survivors were randomly assigned to 4 different training groups and evaluated for upper limb circumferences, total body and extracellular water. [Results] The breast cancer survivors who performed NW, alone and combined with the ISA method, and Walking combined with the ISA method (but not alone) showed significantly reduced arm and forearm circumferences homolateral to the surgical intervention. [Conclusion] For breast cancer survivors, NW, alone and combined with the ISA method, and Walking combined with the ISA method should be prescribed to prevent the onset and to treat light forms of upper limb lymphedema because Walking training practiced alone had no significant effect on upper limb circumference reduction.

A case of deep vein thrombosis with postthrombotic syndrome cured by homoeopathic therapy

A 46-year-old woman consulted for right-sided deep vein thrombosis in external iliac, common femoral, superficial femoral and popliteal veins with extension along with postthrombotic syndrome. After homoeopathic consultation, she was prescribed Argentum nitricum in ascending LM potencies. Symptomatic relief was reported within 2 weeks of treatment, and gradually the quality of life improved after simultaneous reduction in pain due to other complaints of sciatica and osteoarthrosis. Venous Doppler studies repeated a year later showed complete resolution of the medical condition with homoeopathic drug therapy alone. The physical examination also revealed a reduction in limb circumference.

From Theory to Evidence

INTRODUCTION: Non-anatomic (distal) placement of vascularized lymph node (VLN) transfers have shown efficacy in the treatment of extremity lymphedema, but the mechanism by which these flaps provide relief of lymphedema remains unclear. Intrinsic lymphovenous connections have been previously shown to exist in the transferred flap. But, the long-term interaction of the VLN flap and surrounding lymphedematous extremity has not been previously investigated. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospective maintained database of patients who underwent VLN transfer was evaluated. Patients who underwent distal VLN transfer and had greater than one-year follow-up were identified. Lymphodynamic evaluation was performed using indocyanine green (ICG) on identified patients. Migration direction of dye and latency period was evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty patients were identified and met inclusion criteria. Average long-term follow-up was 27.3 months. The average circumference reduction of the affected extremity was 40.5%. Indocyanine green appearance within the VLN flap was found in all patients occurring on average in 178.3 seconds. In all cases, flow occurred in the distal direction (toward the flap) with proximal placement of dye. Latency period was found to inversely correlate with circumference reduction (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Distal, non-anatomic placement of VLN flaps provide sustained limb circumference reduction in extremity lymphedema patients with at least one year follow-up. Flap integration with the recipient site reliably occurs as witnessed with consistent ICG drainage, and occurs in the gravity-dependent direction. Faster clearance of ICG will result with improved limb circumference reduction.

An algorithm for screening and treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema.

256 Background: Currently, there is no clear-cut regimen for the treatment of breast cancer related lymphedema. There is evidence advocating both conservative and micro surgical therapy, with treatment effectiveness being dependent on the lymphedema stage. We propose a multidisciplinary screening program with the aim of preventing breast cancer related lymphedema progression and ensure disease regression by early identification and treatment initiation. This approach would ultimately reduce the negative functional, psychosocial and cosmetic consequences resulting from (chronic) lymphedema. Methods: All women with early stage breast cancer are included in this screening program. We use preoperative and sequential postoperative bilateral upper limb circumference measurements and patient perception to identify lymphedema. A difference of &gt; 2cm between post-operative and baseline circumference and patient perception of (refractory) swelling constitutes a diagnosis of lymphedema. Upon lymphedema diagnosis, patients are referred to a lymph therapist for initiation of conservative therapy in the form of complex decongestive physiotherapy. Therapy effect is evaluated after 1 month. In case of unsatisfactory symptom or limb circumference reduction, the patient is considered for surgical treatment. A plastic surgeon evaluates the possibility of microsurgical lymph vessel repair in the form of lymphatic-venous anastomoses or lymphatic-venous-lymphatic anastomoses. This minimal invasive surgery can improve lymph flow in the affected limb. If despite this, symptom improvement and patient satisfaction remains minimal, autologous lymph node transplantation is considered. Results: The aimed outcome parameters are 1) limb circumference reduction, 2) perceived symptom improvement: (refractory) swelling, 3) quality of life improvement, 4) limb range of motion improvement, 5) strength and sensory improvement, 6) restoration/improvement of lymph flow visualized by lymphoscintigraphy. Conclusions: A structured approach for a multidisciplinary treatment of breast cancer related lymphedema is proposed to reduce the negative functional, psychosocial and cosmetic consequences resulting from (chronic) lymphedema.

The short-term effects of low-level laser therapy in the management of breast-cancer-related lymphedema

Breast-cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic disease, and currently there is no definitive treatment for it. There are some therapeutic interventions targeted to decrease the limb swelling and the associated problems. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used in the treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema since 2007 in the US. The aim of this study is to review our short-term experience with LLLT in the treatment of BCRL. Seventeen BCRL patients referred to our lymphedema program between 2007 and 2009 were enrolled in this study. All patients had experienced at least one conventional treatment modality such as complex physical therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, and/or pneumatic pump therapy. LLLT was added to patients' ongoing therapeutic regimen. All patients completed the full course of LLLT consisting of two cycles. The difference between sums of the circumferences of both affected and unaffected arms (ΔC), pain score, scar mobility, and range of motion were measured before and after first and second cycles of LLLT sequentially. All patients were female with a median age of 51.8 (44-64) years. ΔC decreased 54% (15-85%) and 73% (33-100%), after the first and second cycles of LLLT, respectively. Fourteen out of seventeen experienced decreased pain with motion by an average of 40% (0-85%) and 62.7% (0-100%) after the first and second cycle of LLLT, respectively. Three patients had no improvement in pain after LLLT. Scar mobility increased in 13 (76.4%) and shoulder range of motion improved in 14 (82.3%) patients after LLLT. One patient developed cellulitis during LLLT. Patients with BCRL received additional benefits from LLLT when used in conjunction with standard lymphedema treatment. These benefits include reduction in limb circumference, pain, increase in range of motion and scar mobility. Additionally, two cycles of LLLT were found to be superior to one in this study.

The Contralateral Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneous Flap for Treatment of Lower Extremity Lymphedema

Lymphedema is common after inguinal lymphadenectomy or resection of groin tumors. Animal studies have shown success using the rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (RAM) flap as a treatment for lymphedema. Four patients with acquired lower extremity lymphedema were treated with a contralateral RAM flap with an inferior cutaneous pedicle left intact to facilitate lymphatic drainage into the unaffected groin. One patient also had lymphaticovenous anastomoses performed during flap transfer. All flaps survived with no postoperative complications. With a mean follow-up of 31 months, the mean reduction in limb circumference from the preoperative excess was 81% at the thigh, 70% at the calf, and 71% at the ankle. None of the patients with recurrent cellulitis had further incidences of groin cellulitis. Two patients required future flap debulking. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed in 1 patient and demonstrated reconstitution of lymphatic flow from the affected leg through the flap. According to this preliminary study, transfer of a contralateral RAM flap to the groin of a lymphedematous leg improves lymphedema and decreases the incidence of cellulitis.

Low-level laser therapy in management of postmastectomy lymphedema

The aim of this paper was to study the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema. Eleven women with unilateral postmastectomy lymphedema were enrolled in a double-blind controlled trial. Patients were randomly assigned to laser and sham groups and received laser or placebo irradiation (Ga-As laser device with a wavelength of 890 nm and fluence of 1.5 J/cm2) over the arm and axillary areas. Changes in patients' limb circumference, pain score, range of motion, heaviness of the affected limb, and desire to continue the treatment were measured before the treatment and at follow-up sessions (weeks 3, 9, 12, 18, and 22) and were compared to pretreatment values. Results showed that of the 11 enrolled patients, eight completed the treatment sessions. Reduction in limb circumference was detected in both groups, although it was more pronounced in the laser group up to the end of 22nd week. Desire to continue treatment at each session and baseline score in the laser group was greater than in the sham group in all sessions. Pain reduction in the laser group was more than in the sham group except for the weeks 3 and 9. No substantial differences were seen in other two parameters between the two treatment groups. In conclusion, despite our encouraging results, further studies of the effects of LLLT in management of postmastectomy lymphedema should be undertaken to determine the optimal physiological and physical parameters to obtain the most effective clinical response.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antivenom for local effects of green pit viper bites

Although systemic administration of antivenom can promptly reverse coagulopathy, efficacy on local effects of viper venom remains to be determined. Currently, there has been no proven specific treatment for snakebite patients with severe local effects. This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients bitten by green pit vipers (Trimeresurus albolabris or T. macrops) with marked limb swelling, but no severe coagulopathy requiring antivenom, were randomized to receive either equine F(ab')2 antivenom, or placebo. Twenty-eight cases were included, 14 in each group, and they had their limb circumferences measured on days 1, 2, 4 and 6 after interventions. The percentage reduction in limb circumference was significantly better in the antivenom group compared with the placebo group (ANOVA, P = 0.03), especially in the first 24 h (1.14 vs. 3.62%, in placebo and antivenom group, respectively, P = 0.014). The reduction in pain score was similar. The plasma venom levels were not different at presentation but lower in the antivenom group 24h after intervention (P = 0.033). These data suggest that intravenous antivenom could accelerate local oedema resolution in humans. However, the degree is not clinically significant, and, therefore, general use is not recommended.

Psychosocial benefits of postmastectomy lymphedema therapy

The effect of a comprehensive lymphedema management program was assessed in 25 patients in whom moderate to severe lymphedema had developed after surgery and/or radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Intensive treatment (4 weeks) involved massage, compression bandaging, and sequential pneumatic compression, with an adjunct program of education to provide skills in exercise, massage, bandage, and containment garment use. The intensive treatment phase was followed by a self-management phase based on the skills that had been acquired. A significant reduction in limb circumference and volume, with continuing improvement over 12 months of self-management, was observed. There was a decrease in need for physical assistance. Quality of life generally remained high and stable throughout the 12 months. Quality of life specific to lymphedema, however, declined during the intensive phase of treatment, but recovered and surpassed pretreatment levels during the self-management phase of treatment. Perceived comfort and strength in the lymphedematous limb improved, and perceived size decreased. The study confirmed that the combination of multimodal physical therapy and education for self-management reduces lymphedema and its adverse subjective consequences and maintains the improvement thus achieved.

Anthropometric changes associated with high altitude acclimatization in females.

AbstractThe anthropometric effects of prolonged high altitude exposure were studied in eight college women who lived on the summit of Pikes Peak (14,100 ft.) for 2.5 months. Acclimatization to altitude was associated with a decrease of skin‐fold thickness and a reduction in limb circumference, but little change in body weight. It was concluded that these changes reflected a loss of subcutaneous fat during the period of altitude exposure. Altitude exposure did not produce any alterations in trunk circumference at the umbilicus or buttocks, but it did cause an increase in the inspiratory chest circumference at the axillary level and a reduction in expiratory chest circumference at the subscapular level.