City Of Lima Research Articles

Damage limit states for confined masonry walls based on experimental test

Non engineering dwellings represents 83% of the stock of housing in emerging areas of Lima city. These dwellings are build with non-appropriated masonry bricks with walls that limits don´t meet the displacement control of the earthquake design standards NTE-030 and NTE-070. Considering the database of structural test of 33 years of experimental studies of the Structural Laboratory of CISMID, typical behavior curves are studied in order to propose damage limit state for masonry walls: build with industrial bricks, build with handmade bricks and build with horizontal hollow tubular bricks. Also, results of full-scale test on masonry house performed in the laboratory are studied. Ranges of inelastic development limit states of walls are proposed from the test results of full-scale test of the three types of masonry. Big difference in the capacity of walls with tubular bricks in comparison with the others types are found. Also limit drift values threshold are propose to be use in the analytical modelling of wall structures with handmade or tubular bricks. These proposal limits are smaller than the limit of NTE-030 standard.

Analysis of structural performance of existing rc building designated as tsunami evacuation shelter in case of earthquake-tsunami scenarios in lima city

In 1746, Lima Region was hit by a severe earthquake and a consecutive tsunami in Callao City caused 96% of casualties in the Callao City population. Under SATREPS Project [1], several studies were realized, and they concluded that a severe earthquake (Mw8.6~8.9) may occur in Lima City [2], following by tsunami which may hit a large coastal area. In that sense, harmful scenarios can occur. Based on last studies, and historical earthquake consequences in Callao City; Local government in La Punta, the most tsunami prone district in Callao, has designated 19 reinforced concrete (RC) buildings as tsunami shelters. Nevertheless, the lack of the structural vulnerability studies of these buildings in front of an earthquake and consecutive tsunami scenario, makes uncertain the good performance of the buildings. Guidelines of other countries such as Japan, The United States and Chile, are oriented to calculate the tsunami forces; nevertheless, these guidelines lack information about structural performance of buildings in front of earthquake-tsunami scenarios. This paper describes a methodology to assess the sequential action of the earthquake and the consecutive tsunami to evaluate the structural performance and the damage level to ensure the safety of buildings and their inhabitants.

Shear strength of brick mortar interface for masonry in Lima city

Masonry structures constitute a large proportion of the building inventory in Lima and in most cities in Peru, mainly because of their benefits in terms of low cost, good mechanical properties and easily worked. It was observed in the cyclic loading test of masonry walls carried out at CISMID that the modes of failures can be mainly generated by shear forces. Based on the previous information, it is known that diagonal cracking and slip of the mortar-brick joints are the dominant failure mechanisms of confined masonry walls. 
 In order to determine the mechanical behavior in the mortar-brick joint, an experimental program was carried out, by using industrial and handmade bricks. The test specimens were specifically designed to transmit pure shear along the bed joints under certain constant levels of compressive stress normal to the bed joint. The results of experimental shear tests are presented and discussed. It is then found a consistency between the behavior of masonry joints under shear with the Mohr Coulomb criterion. The shear failure capacity was influenced by the brick type, pre-compression load level and mortar type. It is also noticed in this experimental study that the pre-compressive stress normal to the bed joints significantly increase the shear strength of the mortar-brick joint.

Different paths and same destinations? An analysis of the convergence in Internet usage patterns between different age groups

AbstractThe present article delves into the understanding of the digital gap that divides the younger age groups from those who are older, specifically the young (17‐30), adults (31‐45), mature adults (46‐60), and older adults (61‐75). The analysis carried out in three capital cities of Latin America (Buenos Aires, Lima, and Guatemala City) finds that there is a pattern of convergence in the trajectory of Internet appropriation of users belonging to different age groups. However, the gap between the younger groups and the older group does not close completely, even after several years of experience using the Internet. Likewise, it is observed that the adoption of more sophisticated activities on the Internet is conditioned by characteristics specific to each age group.

Measurement of radon in soils of Lima City - Peru during the period 2016-2017

Lima City is situated on alluvial fan deposits of rivers flowing through geological formations that contain different levels of uranium. In this paper, a study is made on the average spatial and temporal behavior of radon gas in soils of Lima City. Radon concentration was determined using the LR-115 type 2 track detector during 36 periods, of 14 days each, in twenty holes distributed in the fifteen districts of Lima City. Radon concentration in soil pores ranged from 0.1 to 64.3 kBq/m3 with an average value of 5.6 kBq/m3. The average radon concentration in soil gas was about two times lower in winter than in the other seasons. High radon values during October/November 2017 were related to the earthquakes perceived in Lima City in that period. The highest radon concentrations were found in areas of alluvial deposits whose parental material has been removed from the Quilmaná and Huarangal volcanics by the Chillón and Huaycoloro Rivers. Soil gas radon concentrations were even higher in areas closer to volcanic and less distant from rivers. During the period of maximum flooding of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, due to the natural phenomenon “El Niño Costero”, anomalous high soil radon concentrations were observed in most of the measurement sites located near rivers. These high radon values were associated with ground vibrations caused by rock and debris avalanches in rivers and creeks.

Validez estructural de la Escala de Apoyo Social en el Trabajo en peruanos

Introduction and objectivesThis study obtained preliminary evidence for the validity of the internal structure and invariance of the Social Support at Work Scale, an integrated measure in the battery of UNIPSICO tests for the evaluation of psychosocial factors of resources. Material and method177 engineers participated (74% males) aged 19 to 64 years old from the city of Lima, Peru. The internal structure was examined through two models: the nonparametric approach of the Item Response Theory and SEM modeling; the differential functioning of items according to sex was tested and the reliability was estimated with Cronbach's alpha and Omega coefficients. ResultsA strong one-dimensional structure of the Social Support at Work Scale was verified with both approaches (factor loads between .46 and .82); no differential functioning was detected with respect to sex and the reliability coefficients were acceptable and very similar (.79). ConclusionsThe Social Support at Work Scale presents satisfactory results in terms of validity and reliability and opens the door to future research in the Peruvian context.

Respiratory symptoms in people attended in health facilities of the Ministry of Health in Lima, Peru

The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of symptomatic respiratory (SR) cases, according to the programmatic definition, among people who attend medical offices at first-level health facilities of the Ministry of Health in Lima under normal circumstances. The study also aims at identifying the percentage of patients with tuberculosis among the RS and among coughers over seven days. Cross-sectional study of patients attending consultations at 57 health centers. Patients with cough and phlegm lasting more than seven days and RS were identified and a sputum sample was taken to rule out tuberculosis by smear and culture. A total of 10,421 people was surveyed. A 2.7% had cough with phlegm for ≥7 days and only 1.1% were SR; 215 patients were screened for tuberculosis. Seven (5.9%) of the RS and eight (4.8%) of the patients with a 7-14-day cough had tuberculosis. The percentage of RS in the Ministry of Health's health facilities in Lima was less than the expected 5%, ranging from 0.8% in Callao to 1.5% in Lima City. The percentage of tuberculosis among coughers (lasting 7-14 days) and RS is consistent with the findings of other local studies. Consideration should be given to lowering the RS target to less than 5% and expanding tuberculosis screening to patients with cough ≥7 days at the Health Divisions with high tuberculosis incidence.

Potential contributions of pre-Inca infiltration infrastructure to Andean water security

Water resources worldwide are under severe stress from increasing climate variability and human pressures. In the tropical Andes, pre-Inca cultures developed nature-based water harvesting technologies to manage drought risks under natural climatic extremes. While these technologies have gained renewed attention as a potential strategy to increase water security, limited scientific evidence exists about their potential hydrological contributions at catchment scale. Here, we evaluate a 1,400-year-old indigenous infiltration enhancement system that diverts water from headwater streams onto mountain slopes during the wet season to enhance the yield and longevity of downslope natural springs. Infiltrated water is retained for an average of 45 d before resurfacing, confirming the system’s ability to contribute to dry-season flows. We estimate that upscaling the system to the source-water areas of the city of Lima can potentially delay 99 × 106 m3 yr−1 of streamflow and increase dry-season flows by 7.5% on average, which may provide a critical complement to conventional engineering solutions for water security.

Validity and reliability of the questionnaire that evaluates factors associated with perceived environmental behavior and perceived ecological purchasing behavior in Peruvian consumers

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine the metric properties of a questionnaire that evaluates environmental and ecological purchasing behavior, environmental personal norms, environmental identity and environmental social influence.Design/methodology/approachThe validity and reliability of the scales of the questionnaires were determined in a sample of 2445 consumers from Lima (Peru), selected through non-probabilistic sampling by quotas and by factorial analysis based on Classical Theory of Tests (CTT) and Structural Equations of Variance with Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS).FindingsThe results support the construct and discriminant validity of the instrument, as well as the internal consistency of all the subscales (Cronbach’s alpha between 0.662 and 0.8887 – composite reliability between 0.815 and 0.917).Research limitations/implicationsCustomers evaluated were only from Lima city. It would be important to evaluate, in future research, customers from other cities in Peru.Practical implicationsAlthough a large number of instruments have been designed, not all are based on integral theoretical models, and their metric properties were determined with methodological criteria that restrict their applicability. Therefore, there is a need to have valid and reliable instruments for the identification of environmental behavior and ecological purchasing.Social implicationsThis “new questionnaire” integrates the exploration of environmental behavior and ecological purchasing, along with the measurement of personal environmental norms, environmental identity and the social influence received from peers and teachers, to provide a comprehensive picture of the consumer behavior.Originality/valueThis research constitutes a theoretical and practical contribution to the understanding and evaluation of ecological behavior and some of its associated factors. Its main contribution is the adaptation of this instrument to the Peruvian context and the validation of an instrument that evaluates environmental and ecological purchasing behavior, personal environmental standards, environmental identity and environmental social influence.

Comparative evaluation of the Pachacamac, Puruchuco and Huaca Pucllana site Museum, according to the perception of tourism students in Metropolitan Lima

In this research, a comparative evaluation was carried out regarding the mentioned museums according to the perception of tourism students in Metropolitan Lima.The objective of the present investigation is “To prepare a comparative evaluation of the museums of Pachacamac, Puruchuco and Huaca Pucllana sites according to the perception of the visitor resident in the city of Lima”. To carry out this research work, several discussion sessions were held among the researchers where the situational reality of the Site Museums in the city of Lima was analyzed, we concluded that the most appropriate thing would be to develop a comparative evaluation of the main Site museums that has Metropolitan Lima.Once the research topic was chosen, the search and compilation of pertinent information was carried out through the internet, repositories, specialized magazines, articles, among other sources.As part of the results, the sample consisted of male and female participants. It was also made up of age groups that range between “0 - 20”, “21 - 40”, “41 - 60” years of age. The sample surveyed belong to the University Private A, University Private B, the National University A, the Institute A, the Institute B, the Institute C. On the other hand the museum that has been showing improvements over the years, is the Pachacamac Site Museum. Regarding the evaluation of the “Design of the Permanent Exhibition”, the Pachacamac and Puruchuco Site Museums obtained the (Very Satisfied) qualification and the Huaca Pucllana Site Museum obtained the (Satisfied) qualification.It is concluded that museums have a vital importance in the training of future professionals in the tourism sector, thus guaranteeing the sense of belonging on the part of all Peruvians and allowing the elaboration of a curricular mesh according to the Peruvian socio-cultural context within globalization.

Perception Citizen Security in the District of Magdalena del Mar, Lima 2018

The present study was carried out to determine the factors related to the employability of graduates of the university gastronomy career offered by the Le Cordon Bleu University in Lima, Peru. The population was comprised of 50 professors, 300 students from the last two cycles of the gastronomy career, 216 graduates and 83 potential employers in the city of Lima. The sample was determined at random: 114 students and 27 teachers, and graduates and employers in an unrestricted sample. Surveys were applied in person in the case of teachers and students, and virtual in the case of graduates and employers.It was concluded that the main factors were: 1) The factors under the students' perception are: that you always like to keep harmony with your classmates, believing that you will be a good professional if you get a job in your career, criminal records and judicial, adapting easily to new technological changes, respect for nature, and almost always dependence on the quality of a job has the logistics it provides; 2) The factors under the perception of the graduates were always the acceptance of their responsibility in the face of an error made, having an organized plan to find a job, marital status, knowing how to negotiate and resolve conflicts, demonstrating affection for their peers , and the dependence that the quality of a job has on the skill of the worker; 3) The factors under the teachers' perception were mostly good respect for the environment, management of technological tools, having a leader profile, being supportive and showing management of their emotions in complicated situations; 4) The factors under the employers' perception were mostly good to be ordered in their activities and the performance in the presentations of entrusted work.For the most part employers considered that graduates required training and this training should be in soft skills, more efficient behavior in the area of work, languages, and ability to synthesize and analyze.

Technological Infrastructure and Data Access in Police Districts: An Evaluation of the ICTs Use Against Crime in Lima, Peru

Purpose – With the rapid growth of cities, the functions of the police have been affected. The increase in the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), backed by access to a large amount of public and police information, represents an opportunity for improving the fight against crime and to manage time more efficiently.
 Methodology/approach/design – This paper analyzes the role played by ICT as tools for reducing crime in the city of Lima (Peru).
 Findings – The results obtained show that a better level of ICT infrastructure and greater access to information sources through the Internet in police stations discourages the level of crime. 
 Practical implications – In addition, these better levels of ICT presence in police stations generate a higher level of interaction and exchange of data and information between neighboring police stations.

Photographic manipulation and journalistic media credibility through photography

This paper aims to determine how photographic manipulation relates to the credibility of journalistic media through the photograph published in Los Angeles Times referred to the Second Gulf War, 2003. This research has a non-experimental crosscutting design, applicative type with descriptive, correlational and comparative levels, as well as inductive, deductive, analytical, statistical, and hermeneutic method. By units of analysis and population samples (taken from students in Lima and New York City) the general hypothesis, where photographic manipulation is significantly related to the credibility of journalistic media through the photograph published in Los Angeles Times referred to the Second Gulf War in 2003, was confirmed.

Incidencia del consumo y marcas en la experiencia de bienestar subjetivo entre jóvenes: una exploración cualitativa

Investigaciones señalan que el consumo se correlaciona con la experiencia de bienestar subjetivo. No obstante, es poca la literatura que trata sobre este fenómeno entre jóvenes. Este estudio exploratorio tiene por objeto conocer el modo en que estudiantes universitarios perciben que el consumo y las marcas intervienen sobre el bienestar subjetivo, e identificar los elementos que consideran en sus conductas de consumo destinadas a obtener bienestar. Se uso una metodología cualitativa de diseño fenomenológico, con estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Lima. El análisis siguió un proceso de codificación descriptiva. La experiencia de consumo y bienestar manifiesta ser un fenómeno relativo a cada persona, en particular su sentido de necesidad y marco valorativo de lo material, factores que parecen ser modulados por el entorno familiar. Los jóvenes encuentran en los actos de compra y las marcas un conducto para atender sus necesidades sociales, específicamente la pertenencia y aceptación en grupos.

Lima, un eterno espacio de aprendizaje

The city of Lima is seen as capital, metropolis or centralization space; nevertheless, it keeps in its streets the history of more than three hundred years of memory, identity and nation through its museums, mansions and tatters, considered as tourist attraction; but that in turn can generate propitious spaces to execute the teaching and learning process in a meaningful way. This paper will address the relationship between Lima and the promotion of identity from the school in the Social Sciences Area

La lucha por ser indígenas en la ciudad: El caso de la comunidad shipibo-konibo de Cantagallo en Lima

espanolEl numero de indigenas que en America Latina viven y reproducen su cultura en las grandes ciudades ha ido creciendo en las ultimas decadas. Los pueblos indigenas de la Amazonia peruana no son ajenos a esta dinamica, y existen algunos, como el pueblo shipibo-konibo que ha venido creando comunidades urbanas que les permiten reproducir su propia cultura en un nuevo contexto espacial. Este proceso se da, ademas, en un contexto dificil, en la medida en que el Estado peruano no reconoce oficialmente la existencia de comunidades indigenas urbanas. Esta situacion ha generado un proceso de movilizacion y lucha por el derecho a vivir como indigenas en la ciudad. El presente articulo busca discutir como la comunidad shipiba de Cantagallo ha venido luchando por la posibilidad de vivir como indigenas en la ciudad de Lima. EnglishThe number of indigenous people living in Latin America and reproducing their culture in large cities has been growing in recent decades. The indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon are no strangers to this dynamic, and there are some, such as the Shipibo-Konibo people that have been creating urban communities that allow them to reproduce their own culture in a new spatial context. This process is also taking place in a difficult context, insofar as the Peruvian State does not officially recognize the existence of urban indigenous communities. This situation has generated a process of mobilization and struggle for the right to live as indigenous people in the city. This article discuss how the Shipibo community of Cantagallo has been fighting for the possibility of living as indigenous people in the city of Lima.

Fluoride content in children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru.

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in children's dentifrices marketed in the city of Lima, Peru. Three samples of 23 dentifrices (4 without fluoride and 19 with fluoride) were purchased in different pharmacies in Lima, Peru. The TF and TSF concentrations found in the dentifrices were determined by ion-selective electrode, expressed in ppm F (μg F/g of dentifrice). The TF concentration in the majority of the fluoride toothpastes matched that shown on the label, except for one declared as 1450 ppm F by the manufacturer, whereas only 515.1 ppm F was found. The concentration of TSF found in the fluoride toothpastes ranged from 457.5 to 1134.8 ppm F. All the dentifrices were formulated with silica, but one also presented calcium carbonate. In conclusion, 83% of the children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru, were fluoridated, but only 53% contained a TSF concentration greater than 1000 ppm F, the minimum concentration required to provide an anticaries effect.

Early detection of chronic renal disease: coordinated work between primary and specialized care in an ambulatory renal network of Peru.

Introduction:The aim of the study was to report the implementation of a functional network for the early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with risk factors and the coordinated work between primary and specialized care in social security in Perú.Material and methods:A cross-sectional analysis of the data of patients evaluated in a health network in the city of Lima (2013 to 2016), older than 18 years, with risk factors for CKD, evaluated with serum creatinine and creatine albumin ratio in random urine (ACR). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with the finding of CKD.Results:The implementation included training in renal health, installation of a digital database, organization of laboratories, and empowerment of primary care. We evaluated 42,746 patients of which 41.8% were men, with median age 69.2 years. The most frequent cause of detection was hypertension (HBP): 23,921 (55.9%). The prevalence of CKD was 12,132 (28.4%), the most frequent stage of CKD was 3a: 4735 (39.0%). Of the total, 6214 (14.5%) patients had microalbuminuria and 1335 (3.1%), macroalbuminuria. The risk of CKD increased 2.5 times (95% CI: 2.3-2.7) in patients with diabetes (DM) and HBP, in men (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.2-1.3) and as age increased (> 77 years: OR 2.7, 95% CI: 2.5-2.8). The identification of the disease in the primary care setting is 60% less likely than in specialized care.Conclusions:One of every four patients are diagnosed with CKD, and the simultaneous diagnosis of DM and HBP and old age are the most important factors.

Usos de las redes sociales digitales para la acción colectiva: el caso de Ni Una Menos

The following article seeks to show the role that digital social networks play in the episodes of mobilization and collective action, through a case study: the march against violence against women that took place on August 13, 2016 in Lima and other cities of the country, under the slogan «Ni Una Menos».The study describes the ways in which the different tools and services of Facebook (status update, messenger, groups, fanpage) facilitate a series of indispensable processes for collective action: emergence of outrage, emotional activation, deliberation, coordination, organization and dissemination of information.It also shows that in the event that internal tensions arise in the process of mobilization, these are also reproduced in the spaces provided by digital social networks.

Configuración y reconfiguración de una imagen de santidad. Hagiografías sobre el jesuita limeño Francisco del Castillo (s. XVII-XX)

En la ciudad de Lima, en el siglo XVII, abundaron los candidatos a la santidad. Uno de ellos fue Francisco del Castillo, perteneciente a la Compañía de Jesús. Como era habitual en esos casos, para favorecer su postulación, se escribió una hagiografía poco después de su muerte, a la que se agregaron otras tres a lo largo del tiempo. En este artículo analizamos la imagen del sujeto que crearon y recrearon esas obras, las características de ellas, los objetivos que perseguían y la incidencia que tuvieron en la causa de beatificación del candidato. Esto en el marco de las políticas de santidad que, por una parte, postulaba la provincia peruana y, por otra, la Santa Sede.