Etiella Zinckenella Research Articles

Morphological comparison of tympanal organs between Phycitinae and Pyralinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Tympanal organ plays an important role for insects in perception, fleeing from predators, defense, finding and choosing sex, communication, and carrying out social interactions. It is positioned in different areas among various insect groups. Tympanal organ is in the abdomen in the Pyralidae family, many species of which are harmful to economically important agricultural products and storage products. This study was conducted to determine the importance of the tympanal organ in the classification of Pyralids. For this purpose, tympanal organs of 10 species (Pyralis farinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), Hypsopygia glaucinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), Endotrichia flammealis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), Dioryctria pineae (Staudinger, 1859), D. mendacella (Staudinger, 1859), Oncocera semirubella (Scopoli, 1763), Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke,1832), Acrobasis obliqua (Zeller, 1847), Myelois circumvoluta (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785), Ematheudes punctellus (Treitschke, 1833) in four tribus belonging to Pyralinae and Phycitinae were examined for the first time. Bulla tympani, fornix tympani, pons tympani, rugae odontinae, intersegmental thoraco abdominal membrane, processus spiniforme etc. structures of these species were described and photographed for the first time. The similarities and differences between taxa were analyzed.

Insect Pest Complex of Field Pea Crop

A study on diverse insect pest complex of field pea was made in both the years of experimentation i.e. during Rabi, 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Crop Research Centre, College of Agriculture, SVPUA&T, Meerut. As many as 15 insect species were recorded during the study period which belongs to different orders viz. Orthoptera (one species), Hemiptera (four species), Lepidoptera (seven species), Isoptera (one species) and Diptera (two species). All the major parts of this legume plant viz., pod/seed, leaf, root and stem were found to be infested by the insect pests. Sucking insect pests appear during the seedling and vegetative stage of crop i.e. 1st week of December to 2nd week of January. Gram pod borer, pea pod borer and blue butterfly are the pod borer complex that appeared from flowering to maturity stage i.e. 1st week of January to 2nd week of February. Among all the fifteen insect pests, only two pod borers, Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were found as major pests of field pea with severe economic status to this area during successive Rabi, seasons.

Overview of the spread of soybean pests in the Russian Federation

Soy is the most demanded and widespread leguminous culture in the world. She received this status due to the rich chemical composition of seeds and its wide use for food, technical and fodder purposes. The sown area under this crop is increasing every year. Soy is an attractive object for many insects. In its agrocenosis there are both useful and harmful species. The object of our research was soybean pests. The article analyzes publications in order to clarify the species composition and distribution of soybean pests in the last century to the present. The paper presents data on the distribution of soy phytophages in the main regions of soybean cultivation in Russia. Among the pests of soybeans in the Russian Federation there are both specialized and multi -stage species: leaf - shocking insects - Lepidoptera (scaly), Coleoptera (hard -winged), Hemiptera (semi -burned -winged), Homoptera (equivalent), Acariformes (ticks), Thysanoptera - thrips (Thrips sp.), insects damaging seeds - diptera (double -winged). The most common phytophages causing significant harm to soybeans in Russia are: Leguminivora glycinivorella Mats., Paraluperodes suturalis nigrobilineatus Motsch., Aphis glycines Mats., Loxostege sticticalis L., Etiella zinckenella Tr., Orthosia ella Butl, Pyrrhia umbra Hufn, Heliothis maritime Grasl. and Tetranychus urticae C.L.Kocn. According to the results of phytosanitary monitoring in 2022 in Primorsky Krai, the most common soybean pests were: soybean striped leaf beetle, polyphagous soybean leaf beetle, soybean moth and various types of bugs.

Direct and indirect plant defenses reduce damage by a generalist but not by a specialist pod borer

AbstractThe efficiency of different plant defenses is expected to vary depending on the combination and abundance of herbivores. Effectiveness of ant‐mediated defenses can also depend on ant activity and local ant assemblage, which can vary due to human activities such as intensive grazing. We used the plant Crotalaria pallida (Fabaceae), its two pod‐boring herbivores and the ants that visit the extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) to understand how chemical defense and ant–plant associations affect plant damage. We hypothesized causal relationships between plant chemical defense, ant presence on plants and herbivore damage in scenarios of constitutive and induced plant defenses and tested the different possible relationships using path analysis. The constitutive model explained the data more adequately, and each plant defense had different effects on each herbivore species. First, chemical defense significantly reduced damage by the generalist pod borer Etiella zinckenella but not by the specialist Utetheisa ornatrix. Second, ant presence reduced damage by the generalist, but had no effect on damage by the specialist. Third, a larger number of pods on the plant increased ant presence, as expected since more pods results in more EFNs. Finally, we show that these density‐dependent responses by ants mediate indirect cascades on herbivory and generate context‐specific responses reducing damage by E. zinckenella in sites with cattle grazing. In synthesis, we highlight that plant defenses have distinct effects on co‐occurring herbivores and that indirect defenses can mediate ecological cascades that generate context dependency in the efficiency of different defenses.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.

Detection of a novel Cry2Ab toxin against Etiella zinckenella Treitschke from the Bacillus thuringiensis serovar canadensis SP142 strain

The soybean (Glycine max) is an important crop. The pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) is one of the most serious insects that attacks various Leguminosae. Common insecticidal controls are ineffective because of the insect’s growth properties. Use of resistant crop varieties offers stabilisation of the yield and has benefits over the use of insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis is widely used as a bioinsecticide for pest control and a genetic material for pest-resistant transgenic plants. However, the resistance evolution of target insects is emerging as a major threat to the long-term efficacy of these applications. Studies on the detection of novel highly host-specific pesticidal proteins have been in urgent demand. A search for the source of Bt Cry toxins against E. zinckenella in the Vietnamese B. thuringiensis strain collection has been performed. The B. thuringiensis serovar canadensis SP142 is one of strains that resulted in more than 80% mortality to this pod borer. Its genome was estimated about 7.1 Mb and revealed a putative novel cry2Ab gene. The sequence analysis of cry2Ab gene revealed an open reading frame of 1 899 bp encoding a 633-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 70 kDa and 99.05% to 99.21% homology to known cry2Ab genes in the GenBank. There are eighteen different nucleotide sites which lead to five amino acid changes in Domain I and II. This gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and the purified Cry2Ab was toxic to E. zinckenella larvae with an LC<sub>50</sub> value of 1.74 µg/g diet. The novel Cry2Ab was designated as Cry2Ab39 by the Bacterial Pesticidal Protein Resource Center and its sequence was deposited in the GenBank (MN319700.1). This is a type of novel Cry2 toxin from B. thuringiensis against E. zinckenella, and it is important for breeding E. zinckenella-resistant soybeans.

On farm trials on management of pod borer complex in green gram

Pulses productivity in Rajasthan is lesser than the national average due to the poor management of the crop. Green gram, an important pulse crop, is attacked by different pod borer species like gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis and M. vitrata, spiny pod borer, Etiella zinckenella, etc. Pod borers directly feed on the pods and seeds causing appreciable deterioration in grain quality and quantity. Pod borer complex is a major constraint to increase production of green gram therefore the on farm trial (OFT) were undertaken by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lunkaransar of Bikaner for two consecutive years 2019 and 2020. The results on the management of pod borer complex in green gram indicated that maximum per cent reduction in larval population of pod borers was observed in 79.25 and 82.69 per cent in kharif 2019 and 2020, respectively, in recommended spray (emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.5 gm per litre water). The maximum benefit cost ratio of 2.77 and 4.00 were obtained in the recommended practices, while it was minimum 1.66 and 2.63 in farmers practice (quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.25 l ha−1) during kharif 2019 and 2020.

UJI EFEKTIFITAS EKSTRAK BIJI PINANG (Arecha cathecu L.) TERHADAP MORTALITAS HAMA PENGGEREK POLONG KEDELAI (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) DI LABORATORIUM

Pod Borer ( Etiella zinckenella ) is a major pest in soybean cultivation. The chemical pesticides used in agriculture are causing various detrimental effects on our health as well as on environment. Botanical pesticides such as betel nut ( Areca catechu L.) is an alternative pest control to reduce the use of synthetic chemical pesticides. This research was conducted in the plant pest laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University. This study was conducted in order to found a concentration of betel nut seed extract ( Areca catechu L.) which is effective to control E. zinckenella in soybean crops. The experiment using a completely randomized design with six treatments. Betel nut seed extract concentration are 0 g L -1 of water, 20 g L -1 of water, 40 g L -1 of water, 60 g L -1 of water, 80 g L -1 of water, and 100 g L -1 of water and each treatment was repeated four times. The result showed 40 g L -1 of water of betel nut seed extract is effective concentration and able to kill 80% E. zinckenella larvae.

The relationship of the morphological characteristics of some varieties of soybean on the attack itensity of the pod borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) in two different cultivation techniques

Soybean is one of the secondary crops that are often planted by the farmer. One of the most common pests that attack soybeans is the pod borer (Ettiela zinkenella T). One of the ways to control pests is by using varieties that are resistant to pod borer attacks. The research objectives were to examine the relationship between the morphological characteristics of soybean pods and to determine the handling with the lowest attack intensity. The experiment used a split plot design with two factors and three replications. The research material was the seeds of five soybean varieties, namely Detap-1, Dega-1, Anjasmoro, Biosoy, and Dena-1 which were planted in 2 different lands. The highter the trichome pods, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -68.321, if X=0 then Y=64.081 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.2532. The longer the pod trichomes, the higher the attack intensity with a value of 0.0683, if X=0 then Y=18.208 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.0007. The thicker the skin of the pod, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -68.321, if X=0 then Y=64.081 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.2532. The harder the skin texture of the pods, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -0.0308, if X=0 then Y=36.614 and for the R2 value in that relationship, 0.2355. The recommended technology treatment with Anjasmoro variety had the lowest attack intensity compared to other treatments.

Comparison of the Number of Population and Attacks Intensity of the Pod Borer (Etiella zinckenella) on Some Varieties of Soybean Crown with Two Cultivation Techniques in Dry Land

Dry land is land that is never flooded or inundated most of the time of the year. Soybeans tend to be planted after the rice harvest in the dry season (MK-I). Soybean planting can be done with two cultivation technologies. The need for soybeans continues to increase along with the increase in population. Efforts to increase soybean productivity have obstacles, one of which is pest attack. One of the most common pests that attack soybeans is the pod borer (Etiella zinckenella I); This research was conducted in Stanggor Village, West Praya District, Central Lombok Regency, from September to December 2020. The experiment used a split plot design with two factors and three replications. The research material was the seeds of five soybean varieties, namely Detap-1, Dega-1, Anjasmoro, Biosoy, and Dena-1 which were planted in 2 different lands, the first land was planted using recommended techniques, and the second was planted using traditional techniques; From these statements, it is known that the use of varieties has no effect on the population of pod borer larvae. The intensity of the pod borer attack is influenced by the environment related to the use of cultivation technology on the life of the pod borer pest, and the pod characteristics of each different soybean variety cause different attack preferences on plants. The population of pod borer larvae has a strong relationship with the intensity of the attack, this is presumably because the higher the pest population, the higher the need for food.

A study of life cycle of vegetable pests in Ranchi

The study is done to investigate the different pests found in the vegetables in Ranchi. The pests who damage these vegetables are Plutella xylostella (cauliflower pest), Earias vittella (Okra Pest), Etiella zinckenella (pea pod borer) and Thysanoplusia orichalcea (coriander leaf pest). The pests’ life cycle was studied in detail by culturing the insect in the laboratory. Pest problem is one of the major constarints for getting good yield in the agricultural crops. India also suffers a huge loss in crop yield due to pests and diseases each year. The study of life cycle of the pests show that the insects undergo metamorphosis and the larval stage is the damaging phase of the life cycle. The use of pesticides to kill the pests causes environmental pollution which has become an increasing problem.

Antixenosis of soybean promising lines and the level of resistance against Etiella zinckenella, the pod borer

This study aimed to determine the antixenosis of soybean genotypes and the resistance to pod borer. 16 successful lines of soybean were used. Planting dates were arranged in a way to integrate the flowering period of 16 promising lines of soybean. For two days, a pair of four-day adult pod borers were infested in each plant at the R4 stage. The result revealed that the difference in soybean promising lines had a major impact on the population of egg and larva, and on the pod damage severity. The lowest egg (1 egg/plant) was identified in Grb/Myp-16 and GH-Gn-8, while the lowest larval population (1 individual/plant) was in GH-Gn-8. The lowest impaired pod intensity was found on Grb/Myp-16 and Brg/Myp-13. The weight of the seed ranged from 2.4 to 6.5 g/plant. The trichome density ranged from 28.3-72/mm 2 with three different positions (leaning, skewed and upright). In summary, four soybean promising lines were consistently resistant to pod borer, Brg/Myp-13, Grb/Myp-16, GH-Gn-8, and GH/KR-13. The resistance was antixenosis or non-preference as both a place to lay eggs so as a feed. These lines had the possibility as a genetic source to improve resistance to Etiella zinckenella.

Soybean pest control in tidal swamp, South Kalimantan

Pest is one of the problems in soybean development area on tidal swamp. Every year, pest attacks cause 15-20% soybean production lost. The study was conducted within oil palm plants, on tidal swamp, Barito Kuala, Southern Kalimantan, in the dry season of 2016. The research was arranged in a randomized block design each treatment was replicated 6 times nested within treatment. Treatment consists of: 1. Untreated plot, 2. Bioinsecticides (Mixed SBM 50 g/l + SlNPV 2 g/l) based on monitoring (4x), 3. Bioinsecticides (Mixed SBM 50 g/l + S/NPV 2 g/l) weekly (6x), 4. Chemical insecticides based on monitoring (4x). The results showed that the pests found were Spodoptera litura, Plusia calsites, Lamprosema indicata, Riptortus linearis, Nezara viridula and Etiella zinckenella. All of them with low population numbers. But at 65 days after planting (DAP), population of S. litura was very high and caused plant damage up to 80%. Monitoring based bioinsecticides and weekly bioinsecticides application effectively suppressed low population and plant damage than chemical treatment based on monitoring. Soybean productivity achieved were 1.623 t/ha; 1.8 t/ha and 1.725 t/ha by monitoring based bioinsecticides, weekly bioinsecticides and chemical control based on monitoring respectively

PRIMER REGISTRO DE Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) AFECTANDO SEMILLAS DE Alstroemeria spp. NATIVAS EN VALPARAÍSO, CHILE

Etiella zinckenella is a cosmopolitan pest of worldwide distribution that mainly attacks species of the Fabaceae family, particularly soybean as it is considered the main host for the insect. The larvae enter the pods and feed on the seeds, producing feces that accumulate and cause seed loss. In Chile, E. zinckenella has been reported in the Metropolitan Region, but there is no information about the host in which it was detected. During the period February-March 2019, populations of native Alstroemeria spp. (A. angustifolia, A. cummingiana and A. marticorenae) were surveyed in the sector of Rodelillo Alto, Vina del Mar, and fruits were collected in order to identify the causal agent of perforations detected in them. In the capsules collected, the presence of E. zinckenella larvae feeding on the seeds was recorded. The determination of the insect at the species level was carried out with a morphological analysis of the larvae, confirmed through observation of the genitalia of adult females and males during rearing. This study is the first report on detection and identification of E. zinckenella in native Alstroemerias populations in Chile.

Impact of Planting Date, N. Fertilization and Infestation Rate by Cowpea Worm Etiella zinckenella, (Treitschke) Treated with Trichogramma evanescens, (Westwood) on Dry Seed Yield of Cowpea Vigna unguiculata, L.

Two-field experiments were carried out during two-successive summer-seasons (2015-2016) at Vegetables-Research-Farm, Kaha-Qalubia-Governorate, Egypt. Study aim to investigate three-dates effect of sowing (1st-April, mid-April and 1st-May) and two-mineral nitrogen recommended doses 100 and 50% under field of Etiella zenckenella controlled by (Trichogramma),and their interactions on growthing, nutrient concentration, yield and components of cowpea-plants (Vigna unguiculata L.). Obtained results showed, first sowing-date was desirable significant effect on growth, yield and components i.e. seed number/pod, weight 100-seeds and seed yield/feddan in both seasons. Also, 1st-sowing-date×60kg/fed N-dose with Trichogramma releasing recorded, highest vegetative growth characteristics, yield traits, highest nitrogen concentration, phosphorus, potassium and protein-content in seeds. Also, full nitrogen dose (60kg/Fedd.) along with Trichogramma utilization at all sowing-dates gave best growth parameters and seed yield. Infested%/pods decreased after Trichogramma treatments with about 54.1, 42.4 and 39% in 1st-season and 82.3, 82 and 78.5%, in 2nd, at 1-April, Mid-April and 1-May, when compared with control. However, significant differences in infested%/pods were observed between three planting-dates. Moreover, infestation% increased by delaying planting-date in both seasons. No significant differences were found in percent reduction of % infested pods between 1st and 2nd planting-dates of cowpea treated with Trichogramma. Itcould be recommended release of egg parasitoid T. evanescens combined with select 1-April planting-date against E. zinckenella.

Study of the Efficiency of the Entomophage Habrobracon Hebetor Say to Control the Number of Etiella zinckenella Tr. on Soybean Crops

Soybean is a valuable crop in many countries of the world. The world sowing area of soybeans is about 100 million hectares. It is grown in the main agricultural regions of 90 countries. To obtain a stable yield level, it is necessary to take into account the activity of arthropod organisms, both harmful and beneficial. The species composition of arthropods of soybean agro enosis in the central zone of Krasnodar Krai has been determined. 227 species of insects and 2 species of mites were identified, including 98 species of phytophages damaging soybeans and 129 species of entomophages. These insects are distributed in 9 orders, 51 families. The most dangerous phytophages of soybeans account for 9.3% of the total number of species. Cotton moth (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn), lima-bean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella Tr.) and common spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) are widescalephytophages. We assessed the biological efficacy of the ectoparasite Habrobracon hebetor Say against E. zinckenella, this approach does not provide for total destruction, but regulation of the number by restoring the natural mechanisms of regulation. Artificial breeding of the entomophage and its early introduction into soybean cenosis allows us to effectively control the number of E. zinckenella. We described the prospects of using entomohages in green farming technologies.

Harmfulness of pea pod borer (Etiella Zinckenella Treitschke 1832) on soybeans in the Eastern Forest – Steppe of Ukraine

Harmfulness of pea pod borer (Etiella Zinckenella Treitschke 1832) on soybeans in the Eastern Forest – Steppe of Ukraine

The species composition of the harmful entomofauna of soybean crops in the conditions of rice paddies

Goal. To determine the species composition of soybean phytophages under rice checks.
 Methods. The main field method with related phenological observations and analyzes. The study of the species composition of soybean pests was carried out in rice paddies of the Institute of Rice of the NAAS by collecting all objects with their subsequent identification. The survey was carried out once every 3—7 days: the first counts were in the third decade of May, when the plants were in the germination phase. Recorded plants were placed diagonally. On the experimental site, five plants were examined in 20 places.
 Results. Studies have been carried out to clarify the species composition of harmful entomofauna in soybean crops under the conditions of rice checks in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Found 20 species of phytophagus from 7 rows and 11 families and one species of spider mite: мeadow moth (Margaritia sticticalis L.); thistle, or vanessa thistle (Vanessa cardui L.); grass bug (Lygus rugulipennis Popp.); alfalfa bug (Carpocoris fuscispinus Boh.); alfalfa stink bug (Piezodorus lituratus F.); tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.); scoop-gamma (Autographa gamma L.); alfalfa moth (Chloridea viriplaca Hfn.); green horse (Tettigonia viridissima L.); Italian Prussian (Calliptamus italicus L.); large cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.); Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb.); six-point leafhopper (Macrosteles laevis Kib.); striped leafhopper (Psammotettix striatus L.); nosy tree (Aelia rostrata Bsh.); striped nodule weevil (Sitona lineatus L.); gray bristly weevil (Sitona crinitus Hfn.); cotton scoop (Helicoverpa armigera Hfn.); acacia moth (Etiella zinckenella Tr.), two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.).
 Conclusions. As a result of research in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, 20 species of phytophagous insects from 7 rows, 11 families and one species of tick were found in soybeans. The vast majority of pests in terms of numbers are among the Lepidoptera — 38%. These species damaged soybeans during the growing season and influenced the formation of the yield.

Genome sequence of a Vietnamese Bacillus thuringiensis strain TH19 reveals two potential insecticidal crystal proteins against Etiella zinckenella larvae

The soybean pod borer Etiella zinckenella was considered to cause the most severe damage to soybean crop in many Asian countries. However, Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore-forming bacterium which is widely and effectively used for insects and nematodes management strategies as an eco-friendly biopesticide. Therefore, in this study, a whole genome of a promising indigenous Bt strain TH19 was sequenced and two potential insecticidal cry1 genes were revealed. Homology comparisons showed that the amino acid sequences of determined Cry1 proteins were 100% similar to those of the known truncated Cry1Aa4 and full length of Cry1Ia34 proteins in the NCBI database. The recombinant Cry1Aa4 and Cry1Ia34 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Insecticidal bioassays with neonatal larvae of E. zinckenella indicated that the toxicities of purified Cry1Aa4 and Cry1Ia34 intensely impacted to E. zinckenella lives, and their combination acted the most efficiently with relative LC50 values of 59.80 ng/cm2, 89.99 ng/cm2 and 38.33 ng/cm2. The histopathological modifications detected in midgut tissue included brush border membrane lysis, vesicles formation, disintegration of the apical membrane, and microvilli breakages. These results demonstrated that Cry1Aa4 and Cry1Ia34 proteins of Bt strain TH19 could account for key factors in biopesticide products against E. zinckenella.

Effect of several types of insecticide on predator population and damage intensity due to soybean pest attack in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Spodoptera litura was one of the pests that caused soybean seed yield decrease in South Sulawesi. In order to challenge the pests, farmers still largely choose chemical insecticides. This research aimed to establish effectiveness level of several insecticide types that were frequently used by farmers. The design used was Randomized Block Design with 7 treatments (6 insecticide types and 1 control) with 3 replications. The insecticide types examined were: 1) acephate 75%, 2) thiamethoxam 200 g/L + chlorantraniliprole 100 g/L, 3) permethrin 200 g/L, 4) chlorpyrifos 550 g/L + cypermethrin 60 g/L, 5) deltamethrin 50 g/L, 6) profenofos 500 g/L, and 7) polyculture, soybean + corn (control). The result showed that insecticide type of thiamethoxam 200 g/L + chlorantraniliprole 100 g/L was the most effective insecticide to control S. litura with soybean leaves damage intensity (15.19%) and population of Bemisia tabaci whitefly (5.07 tails plant-1). However, thiamethoxam 200 g/L + chlorantraniliprole 100 g/L mostly killed Lycosa sp. predator (0.63 tails plant-1) and Crocothemis servillia (3.26 tails plant-1). The highest predator population was found in multiple cropping of soybean and corn, C. servillia (3.94 tails plant-1), and Lycosa sp. (3.26 tails plant-1). The insecticide of chlorpyrifos 550 g/L + cypermethrin 60 g/L were effective to control soybean pod borer pest Etiella zinckenella (2.40%). Furthermore, insecticide of deltamethrin 50 g/L was effective to control Aphis glycines pest (2.05 tails plant-1). Several types of insecticides are effective in controlling S. litura, N. viridula, and B. tabasi pests, but these insecticides are also effective in killing predators. The highest predator population is soybean-corn intercropping. Keywords: Soybean, insecticides, pests, intensity of damage, predators, seed yields.

Inventarisasi dan Identifikasi Hama Utama Kedelai Pada Fase Pertumbuhan Generatif Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine Max (L.) Merril) Di Kebun Percobaan Manggoapi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Papua

This study aimed to inventory and identify the types of insect pests that damage soybean plants in the generative phase and describe the symptoms of damage caused. The results showed that there were 6 (six) main insect pests that caused damage to soybean plants in the generative phase, namely Phaedonia inclusa, Nezara viridula, Riptortus linearis, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Etiella zinckenella, and Lamprosema indicata. It was suspected that the presence of these 6 types of insects was influenced by two factors, namely internal factors (the characteristics possessed by the insect itself such as the ability to reproduce, the nature or how to maintain themselves and also the age of the insect) and external factors that was climatic factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall (Jumar, 2000). The 6 pests were found to damage soybean plants by biting and chewing plant parts, but there were also those that damaged plants by piercing and sucking plant fluids.