Lignocellulosic Waste Research Articles

Exploring and understanding the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of waste lignocellulose biomass using gradient boosting regression machine learning model

The production of bio-oil is a complex process influenced by various parameters. Optimizing these parameters can significantly enhance bio-oil yield, thus improving process efficiency. This study aims to develop a predictive model for bio-oil yield using the Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) technique. It also seeks to identify the key factors affecting bio-oil yield and determine the optimal conditions for maximizing production. The GBR model was constructed using data collected from the literature. The model's performance was evaluated based on its determination coefficients for training and testing datasets. Optimization studies were conducted to identify the best conditions for bio-oil production. The GBR model demonstrated high precision, with determination coefficients of 0.983 and 0.913 for the training and testing datasets, respectively, indicating its effectiveness in predicting bio-oil yield. The optimal conditions for maximizing bio-oil yield were identified as 20 min of pyrolysis time, a temperature of 771 °C, and 524W of microwave power. The two-way PDP analysis provided valuable insights into the interactive effects of temperature with other factors, enhancing the understanding of the dynamics of the bio-oil production process. This study not only identifies the most impactful variables for bio-oil yield but also offers critical guidance for optimizing the production process.

Chemical pretreatment optimizes thermophilic enzyme activity in lignocellulosic and lipid-rich sesame waste composting

Chemical pretreatment optimizes thermophilic enzyme activity in lignocellulosic and lipid-rich sesame waste composting

Earthworm modifies microbial community and functional genes for lignocellulosic waste valorization: Isolating plant-growth-promoting bacteria via next generation sequencing

The primary motivation of this study is the lack of knowledge regarding the shift in microbial community and functional compositions in lignocellulosic waste-based composting and vermicomposting systems. To date, the next-generation sequencing approaches have scantily been made for the isolation of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms from vermicomposting systems. Therefore, two types of lignocellulosic waste (paddy straw and food waste) are mixed with and without cow dung in different ratios and vermicomposted with Eisenia fetida, while using a series of aerobic composting as a control. Significant decreases in pH, organic C (∼3 fold), and XRD-derived crystallinity are seen most evidently in the paddy straw-food waste (1:1) mixtures upon vermicomposting (compared to composting) along with a concurrent increment of nutrients (NPK) (∼2–3.5 fold). Significant augmentation (P < 0.01) in microbial activity (biomass and respiration) and growth (bacteria and fungus) is observed under vermicomposting. A considerable shift in taxonomic diversity, accompanied by differential functional diversity of the microbial communities, is detected between paddy straw-food waste (1:1) vermicompost and compost after 60 days of incubation. The overall gene volume is greater in the vermibed than in the compost, and genes of a few well-known microbial communities with good plant growth promoting traits (e.g., Beijerinckiaceae and Propionibacteriaceae) are exclusive to the vermicompost. Additionally, genes associated with beneficial microbial activities, such as amino acid transport, nuclear structure development, and lipid transport, are found to be more abundant in vermicompost than in compost. These data are helpful in identifying suitable feedstock for isolating scalable microbial species with beneficial traits. Subsequently, six multi-dimensional plant-growth-promoting endophytic bacterial species are isolated from both the vermibed and earthworm guts. Interestingly, close genetic resemblances are found for a few of these isolates with the metagenomically detected genes. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify the practical utility of next-generation sequencing-based metagenomic analyses for the meaningful isolation of economically viable microbial species from vermicomposting systems that might replace a sizeable portion of the chemical fertilizers used in agriculture.

Conjugated polymers decorated lignocellulosic nanocomposites for malachite green contaminated water remediation

Various novel conjugated polymer composites were synthesized via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization on lignocellulosic waste, notably Azadirachta indica sawdust. The composites, including Azadirachta indica/polyindole (AIS/PIn), Azadirachta indica/polyaniline (AIS/PAn), Azadirachta indica/polythiophene (AIS/PTh), and Azadirachta indica/polypyrrole (AIS/PPy), were investigated for their porous structure, ease of synthesis, unique adsorptive properties, and adjustable morphology. The synthesized composites were characterized using SEM/EDS, TEM/SAED, XRD, BET, TGA, and FTIR, revealing detailed insights into their structural and morphological features. The potential of these composites as efficient adsorbents for removing malachite green (MG) dye from water was a vital focus of this research. Batch experiments were conducted to assess the impact of various factors on adsorption, such as adsorbent/adsorbate contact time (0–280 min.), adsorbent dosage (0.4–20.0 g/L), initial adsorbate concentration (25–100 ppm), pH (2–13), and temperature (30–60 °C). The results indicate a remarkable removal efficiency of 89.98 % for MG with an initial concentration (Co) of 50 mg/L, achieved within 120 min using 0.4 g/L of AIS/PIn at a pH above 8.3. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model provided the best fit for the experimental data, with maximum adsorption capacities of 384.61 mg g−1 for AIS/PIn, 344.82 mg g−1 for AIS/PAn, 277.77 mg g−1 for AIS/PTh, and 256.41 mg g−1 for AIS/PPy. This suggests monolayer adsorption. The adsorption kinetics conformed to a pseudo-second-order model, with the process being endothermic, feasible, and associated with positive entropy, thereby underlining its favorability and spontaneity. The desorption studies determined that 0.1 M HCl was the most effective desorbing agent compared to NaOH, NaCl, CH3COOH, and H2O. The spectral and effect of pH analyses suggested that the adsorption mechanisms might involve multiple interactions, prominently including electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and n-π interactions. Based on the findings, it is submitted that the conjugated polymer decorated biomass composite adsorbents exhibit reasonable recyclability over multiple cycles, versatility, and potent efficacy as low-cost adsorbents for eliminating MG dye from aqueous systems.

Mechanistic studies of phytoremediative eradication of brilliant green dye from water by acid-treated Acacia concinna lignocellulosic waste

A rapidly growing problem for life on earth is contamination of fresh water which is addressed in this article. By taking a glimpse on the causes of contaminations, persistent organic pollutants, especially synthetic dyes got prominent role. Here, out of commonly used techniques, adsorption using plant wastes was chosen for phytofiltration of such dyes. A natural adsorbent from plant source was selected and processed with acid, characterized with FTIR and SEM and then checked the efficacy on cationic dye brilliant green. Phytofiltration of dye was done to check the effectivity of both untreated (OA) and acid treated (OA-AC) form of Acacia concinna biowaste. Results were obtained, evaluated and presented here, giving maximum adsorption capacities (Qm) of AC and OA-AC 95.24 and 909.09 mg.g−1, respectively following Langmuir, pseudo second order kinetics and spontaneous exothermic nature, indicating their suitability to adopt on larger scale wastewater treatment effectively using green technology.

WITHDRAWN: Prospects of graphene quantum dots preparation using lignocellulosic wastes for application in photofermentative hydrogen production

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a novel carbon nanomaterial from the graphene family due to their unique physicochemical properties and diverse range of applications. However, in terms of the sustainable utility of GQDs, their synthesis methods are the main roadblock because of their high production costs and the release of toxic byproducts during the production processes. Thus, the search for sustainable and economical fabrication methods for preparing GQDs is one of the most essential areas of research for their practical applications. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) wastes are a prime choice for the fabrication of GQDs due to their high carbon and cellulose content, which are favorable for being employed as precursors and reducing agents Additionally, LCBs are a prime source of potential bioenergy production, which is currently a key research hotspot to combat environmental pollution, global warming, and energy crises. Therefore, the present review provides feasibility for sustainable and environmentally friendly fabrication of GQDs using LCB wastes for their possible utility in cellulosic biofuel production technology improvement. Furthermore, the prospective of using these GQDs as catalysts in bioenergy production for the development of low-cost biomass-based biofuel production technology has been discussed along with the existing limitations and their sustainable recommendation.

Recovery of Proteases and Protease Inhibitors from Ganoderma spp. Cultivated in Amazonian Lignocellulose Wastes.

Ganoderma spp. are a great source of bioactive molecules. The production and recovery of bioactive molecules vary according to strain, growth substrate, and extraction solution. Variations in protease and their inhibitors in basidiomata from a commercial strain (G. lingzhi) and an Amazonian isolate (Ganoderma sp.) cultivated in Amazonian lignocellulosic wastes and extracted with different solutions are plausible and were investigated in our study. Basidiomata from cultivation in substrates based on açaí seed, guaruba-cedro sawdust and three lots of marupá sawdust were submitted to extraction in water, Tris-HCl, and sodium phosphate. Protein content, proteases, and protease inhibitors were estimated through different assays. The samples were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). Tris-HCl provided higher protein extraction from Ganoderma sp. and higher caseinolytic, gelatinolytic, and fibrinolytic activity for G. lingzhi cultivated in açaí. Water extracts of Ganoderma sp., in general, exhibited higher trypsin and papain inhibitor activities compared to G. lingzhi. Extracts in Tris-HCl and sodium phosphate showed more intense protein bands in SDS-- PAGE, highlighting bands of molecular weights around 100, 50, and 30 kDa. FTIR spectra showed patterns for proteins in all extracts, with variation in transmittance according to substrate and extractor. Water extract from Amazonian Ganoderma sp. cultivated in marupá wastes are promising as a source of protease inhibitors, while the Tris-HCL extract of G. lingzhi from açaí cultivation stands out as a source of proteases with fibrinolytic, caseinolytic, and gelatinolytic activities.

Biofoams with untapped enzymatic potential produced from beer bagasse by indigenous fungal strains

White rot fungi are promising organisms for the production of mycelial-based biofoams, providing a sustainable means of valorizing lignocellulosic wastes. This study explores the utilization of two indigenous fungal species, isolated from Argentina and belonging to the genera Trametes, for producing biofoams from brewery waste. The resulting biofoams exhibited an average density of 0.30 g cm−3, a Young’s modulus of approximately 1 MPa, and a compressive stress of around 19 MPa. Additionally, the variation of laccase activity throughout the biofoam production process was evaluated. Surprisingly, residual laccase activity was detected in the biofoams following oven drying at temperatures of 60, 80, and 100 °C. This detection highlights the untapped enzymatic potential of the biofoams and positions them as promising green catalysts for various biotechnological applications.

Novel insights into the estimation of theoretical methane yield from lignocellulosic waste based on formula modification

Novel insights into the estimation of theoretical methane yield from lignocellulosic waste based on formula modification

Mushroom-A Nutritious and Environment Friendly Crop: A Review

Mushroom is very nutritious and environment friendly crop additionally to numerous medicinal values. Mushroom contain low protein amount than the animals but way more in case of plants. Except iron it contain higher amount of fiber, essential amino acids and minerals. It is not only a vegetable of full of nutrients as Vitamin D but also it has a property that can prevent cancer, HIV-1 AIDS (a serious disease in human being) and others diseases. It is a crop which requires minimum resources and space to cultivate, which is grown in all over the world and with minimum cost throughout the year. It has a marvelous prospective and petition for growing a nutritious food item with superb taste from agricultural waste substrates that are rich and low expensive for growing, mushroom is a very environmentally friendly crop; lignocellulosic waste material can be also converted into food, feed and fertilizers by its cultivation. However, the consumption and production of mushrooms is much lower than other crops, so the investment in the mushroom industry is not very large.

Enhanced biobutanol production with sustainable Co-substrates synergy from paper waste and garden waste with municipal biowaste

Synergy in the co-processing of lignocellulosic wastes and municipal biowaste (MB) can unlock their potential for biobutanol production. This study assessed the potential for biobutanol production through the co-processing of lignocellulosic waste and MB. Specifically, it compared the co-processing of paper waste with MB to that of garden waste and MB. Ethanol organosolv pretreatment served as a dual-function process for both pretreatment and detoxification purposes. Initial fermentation of hydrolysates from untreated paper waste using Clostridium acetobutylicum produced 0.9 g/L of acetone and ethanol but no detectable butanol. Organosolv pretreatment led to a significant increase in acetone and ethanol production but did not yield butanol. Co-processing paper waste with MB using organosolv pretreatment resulted in the production of 2.8–3.2 g/L butanol, along with increased acetone and ethanol production. Furthermore, co-processing a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of paper waste and MB under mild and severe pretreatment conditions produced 45.5 g and 43.4 g butanol, respectively, compared to 34.8 g and 14.4 g butanol when processing these waste streams separately. The study also explored the positive impact of co-processing garden waste with MB, a distinct lignocellulosic source, enhancing acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) yield by 27–40%. These findings highlight the potential of synergistic waste co-processing for achieving a more suitable balance of nutrients to enhance biobutanol and ABE production from biowastes. Additionally, the simultaneous treatment of lignocellulosic waste and municipal biowaste offers a simplified approach to waste processing, contributing to advancements in sustainable biomass utilization and bioenergy production.

Positive influences of the application of inoculated lignocellulosic waste compost on the agronomic potential of a sandy loam soil

Positive influences of the application of inoculated lignocellulosic waste compost on the agronomic potential of a sandy loam soil

Harnessing Lignocellulosic Waste‐Derived Carbon Materials for Green Electrochemical Applications

AbstractPhytoremediation and constructed wetlands are widely employed processes for the decontamination of soils and waters. These sustainable, effective, and cost‐efficient technologies rely solely on the use of plants. However, the application of these processes results in the accumulation of lignocellulosic residues, like it occurs with natural wetlands, which present a significant challenge due to the potential entry into the food chain of the adsorbed pollutants or the risk of initiating uncontrolled fires due to the accumulation of dead biomass. Nevertheless, rather than being perceived as a drawback, this can be seen as a potential source of materials. Carbonaceous materials are gaining increasing significance in the field of electrochemistry, normally improving their features through some type of thermal treatment. In this study, different types of thermal treatments applied to lignocellulosic wastes are reviewed pointing out pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Additionally, four environmental and energy electrochemical applications where this type of waste has been used as precursors of electrode materials are briefly examined: energy storage (supercapacitors, Li−Na‐ion batteries), hydrogen production (H2), microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Recent research findings, as discussed throughout this review, suggest a promising future for the utilization of lignocellulosic waste in electrochemical applications.

Edible mushroom production in Ecuador: opportunities for biotechnological use of agricultural byproducts

Recent studies estimate that there are between 1.5 and 5.1 million fungi species on Earth, and 150.000 of them have been taxonomically classified. Approximately 2.000 are suitable for food and medicinal applications, but only 35 are cultivated commercially. In Ecuador, 100.000 species are available, although only 5.000 have been taxonomically characterized. Mycoculture is the production of fungi under controlled conditions. Edible mushrooms are saprophytes, and they grow on decomposing organic substrates, mainly on lignocellulosic agricultural by-products such as sawdust, straw, bran and bagasse. Mushroom cultivation turns waste into resource, reducing pollution. Ecuador is an agriculture-based economy, and many lignocellulosic wastes are produced from permanent crops such as cocoa, African palm, sugar cane and coconut. Ecuador's inhabitants are looking for healthy and environmentally friendly products, leading to an increase in demand for locally produced mushrooms, which show high nutritional values and medicinal properties. At the global level, current studies show that edible mushroom production moves around 42 billion dollars annually, projected to 62 billion by 2023. China is the leading producer, with more than 7 million tons per year reported in 2016, followed by the United States, Italy, France and Spain. The increasing rate of edible mushroom global production stands at about 11%. Keywords: fungi; waste; transformation; biotechnology; mycoprotei

Edible mushroom production in Ecuador: opportunities for biotechnological use of agricultural byproducts

Recent studies estimate that there are between 1.5 and 5.1 million fungi species on Earth, and 150.000 of them have been taxonomically classified. Approximately 2.000 are suitable for food and medicinal applications, but only 35 are cultivated commercially. In Ecuador, 100.000 species are available, although only 5.000 have been taxonomically characterized. Mycoculture is the production of fungi under controlled conditions. Edible mushrooms are saprophytes, and they grow on decomposing organic substrates, mainly on lignocellulosic agricultural by-products such as sawdust, straw, bran and bagasse. Mushroom cultivation turns waste into resource, reducing pollution. Ecuador is an agriculture-based economy, and many lignocellulosic wastes are produced from permanent crops such as cocoa, African palm, sugar cane and coconut. Ecuador's inhabitants are looking for healthy and environmentally friendly products, leading to an increase in demand for locally produced mushrooms, which show high nutritional values and medicinal properties. At the global level, current studies show that edible mushroom production moves around 42 billion dollars annually, projected to 62 billion by 2023. China is the leading producer, with more than 7 million tons per year reported in 2016, followed by the United States, Italy, France and Spain. The increasing rate of edible mushroom global production stands at about 11%. Keywords: fungi; waste; transformation; biotechnology; mycoprotein

Utilizing Maize Cob Media as a Replacement for Nutrient Agar Media in the Growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Bacteria are microorganisms that require adequate media and nutrients to grow and develop. The media commonly used to grow bacteria is Nutrient agar media, but the price of Nutrient agar media is quite expensive. Corn cobs are lignocellulosic wastes that contain nutrients that can meet the nutritional requirements of bacterial growth media. This study aims to investigate the viability of corn cobs as a cost-effective alternative to Nutrient agar media. Specifically, we explore the variance in bacterial colony growth when utilizing corn cobs as a growth medium for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Employing a true experimental design with a posttest-only control structure, we analyze the treatment's effects using the One Way ANOVA test and Independent Sample T-test. These statistical methods enable us to discern differences between groups utilizing corncob media with and without added sugar.Our findings reveal noteworthy insights into bacterial colony growth. For Escherichia coli, the average number of colonies on corncob media with sugar was 222 CFU/ml, on corncob media without sugar, it was 164 CFU/ml, and on Nutrient agar media, it reached 361 CFU/ml. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, colonies on corncob media with sugar averaged 871 CFU/ml, on corncob media without sugar, they averaged 657 CFU/ml, and on Nutrient agar media, they reached 942 CFU/ml.Statistical analysis using the One Way ANOVA test for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated p-values &lt;0.05, signifying significant differences in their growth on corncob media with sugar, corncob media without sugar, and Nutrient agar media. Furthermore, the Independent Sample T-test results for both bacterial strains yielded p-values &lt;0.05, indicating dissimilar growth patterns on corncob media with sugar compared to corncob media without sugar.In conclusion, our study underscores significant disparities in the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria among Nutrient agar media, corncob media with sugar, and corncob media without sugar. Notably, we observed a marked increase in bacterial colony counts on corncob media with sugar and corncob media without sugar.

Benefits from co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel for biofuels production: Experimental investigations

The application of renewable fuels and waste for energy production is crucial environmentally and economically. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel (RDF) offers a promising pathway for valuable products that combine various benefits including enhanced energy recovery, waste valorisation, improved product quality, and environmental sustainability. Consideration of specific feedstocks and optimization of process parameters are necessary to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of the co-pyrolysis process. This work presents investigations of the co-pyrolysis process of lignocellulosic biomass wastes (rye straw and agriculture grass) and RDF. These biomasses ensure efficient decomposition. The RDF, high in carbon (78.5 %) and hydrogen (11.8 %), was predominantly plastic based. Based on Py-GC-MS studies at 600 °C, it was observed that the addition of RDF to biomass caused a significant decrease in the share of organic oxygen compounds among the released decomposition products. Laboratory tests were performed in a fixed-bed reactor for raw biomass and RDF and 1:1 and 3:1 biomass to RDF mass ratio. The results demonstrated that the yield of char production decreased with the addition of RDF, which promoted the bio-oil yield. Despite, RDF pyrolysis meets problems, it was proved that co-pyrolysis of biomass and RDF is a good solution for their utilization.

Multi-objective optimization of lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktail production from Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola TDW-48 by artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) strategy and its application in lignocellulose waste bioconversion

Multi-objective optimization of lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktail production from Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola TDW-48 by artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) strategy and its application in lignocellulose waste bioconversion

Biodegradation of Cellulosic Wastes and Deinking of Colored Paper with Isolated Novel Cellulolytic Bacteria

Biofuels are the cheapest source of energy, and the continuous decline of traditional sources of energy with the increasing population leads to looking for alternatives to reduce the consumption of traditional sources of energy. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes and cellulosic wastes is not a new approach for fuel production but a cheap and accessible way for the production of fuel. Bacillus is one of the major species that can act as a source of diversified enzymes. In this study, it was emphasized on screening and isolation of a novel, characterization, and best catalytic action on both celluloses and proteins in the presence of different carbon and nitrogen sources. It was observed the effective catalytic breakdown of cellulose with the crude enzyme to glucose allowed fur for fermentation with Saccharomyces, ultimately leading to the generation of alcohol. The study aims to isolate the microbes that can produce cellulases and enzymes and could be used for biodegradation to produce ethanol in the reaction. The maximum enzyme activity was achieved at 3.112 UI with optimized pH and temperature, and the maximum conversion of sugars into alcohol was about 70% in the newspaper, cartons, colored paper, and disposable paper cups. An essential observation was the decolorization of the origami craft paper within 24 hours. The study was involved in enhancing the maximum Enzyme activity of cellulases from different cellulosic raw materials. Hence, it was achieved by JCB strain, optimization of pH, temperature, and acids for the biodegradation. The presence of peaks at 3200 and 2900 was a confirmation of ethanol bonds in the biodegradation reaction mixtures.

Co-hydrothermal conversion of kitchen waste and agricultural solid waste biomass components by simple mixture: study based on bio-oil yield and composition

The co-hydrothermal conversion of kitchen waste and lignocellulosic biomass solid waste into bio-oil holds the potential to revolutionize the production of multi-source biomass hydrothermal bio-oil. In this study, the interaction between kitchen waste and agricultural solid waste during the hydrothermal conversion process was investigated, focusing on the yield and properties of the resulting bio-oil, the obtained bio-oil was characterized. Results reveal that the Maillard reaction plays a pivotal role in influencing the production of hydrothermal bio-oil during the co-hydrothermal conversion process. Proteins and amino acids, in particular, exhibit a strong promotional effect on the generation of hydrothermal bio-oil. The introduction of kitchen waste did not significantly change the chemical and elemental composition of the bio-oil derived from agricultural solid waste. However, the specific content of compounds within the hydrothermal bio-oil varied widely. When compared to single-component hydrothermal bio-oils derived from lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose respectively, the addition of kitchen waste resulted in a notable enhancement of the bio-oil's overall calorific value and a reduction in its oxygen content. The findings of this study have the potential to pave the way for sustainable and economically viable processes for multi-source biomass hydrothermal bio-oil preparation.