Thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and downstream processing represents an attractive alternative in biomass-to-liquid fuels (BtL) production. There are several thermochemical conversion routes that not only can produce fossil-like fuels but also can simultaneously produce a wider range of fuels in terms of gasoline and diesel profiles. In this work, synthesis, evaluation, and integration of conversion of softwood biomass to liquid transportation fuels are investigated within a systematic framework. Five BtL conversion processes were presented by combining promising thermochemical conversion, upgrading, and separation technologies. Process flowsheet setups and simulations are performed with Aspen Plus version 8.8. The total production processes are evaluated with both products profiles and costs indicators for capital, energy, and total annual costs. Finally, opportunities for process integration to improve the process performance are explored for four integration scenarios. The base cas...